鲁西邹平盆地中生代火山岩的演化:对地幔源区的约束

邹平盆地中生代火山岩可分为三个亚组：中、下亚组具有相似的岩石组合,岩性主要为玄武岩-粗面玄武岩-玄武质粗面安山岩-粗面安山岩;上亚组岩性主要为粗面安山岩。火山岩由早期基性向晚期中偏碱性方向演化,与正常岩浆房酸度增高的岩浆分异趋势相同。具有Rb、Ba、Sr等大离子亲石元素（LILE）和轻稀土元素（LREE）富集,Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素（HFSE）相对亏损,类似于岛弧火山岩的地球化学特征。Nb／La、Hf／Sm比值随MgO的降低而升高或基本不变,说明高场强元素亏损是岩浆的原始特征。各亚组火山岩相似的稀土配分模式和微量元素蛛网图,表明它们具有共同的岩浆源区和密切的成因联系,分离结晶起了关键性作用。La／Nb、La／Ta、Ba／Nb比值较高,说明成岩物质可能主要来自岩石圈地幔。拆沉的大陆中、下地壳部分熔融形成的熔体与古生代岩石圈地幔（亏损的地幔橄榄岩）的相互作用是岩石圈地幔富集的重要方式,随之该富集地幔在陆内岩石圈伸展和区域热异常的双重作用下发生减压部分熔融而形成具有岛弧特征的邹平盆地火山岩。     

北喜马拉雅带早侏罗世OIB型玄武岩发现： 锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学及岩石成因

±1.2Ma（n=16,MSWD=3.6）,为早白垩世早期,代表了岩浆的结晶时代。地球化学特征表明,岩石具有低K2O?中MgO及高TiO2?P2O5?TFeO特征,（La/Yb）N为4.4~10.3,δEu=0.89~1.07,富集Rb?Ba?Th等大离子亲石元素及Nb?Ta?Zr?Hf?Ti等高场强元素,为大陆边缘裂谷背景的具有OIB型地球化学特征的拉斑玄武岩。库局OIB型玄武岩与含石榴石、尖晶石二辉橄榄岩部分熔融（Gt > Sp）有关,显示出岩石圈地幔物质的印记。岩石成因模式可以解释为正在孕育的地幔柱诱导的上涌软流圈物质与岩石圈地幔物质混合后在拉张背景下发生减压熔融的产物,这种地幔热柱或热点可能与Kerguelen热点的早期活动有联系,岩浆演化过程中发生了橄榄石和单斜辉石的分离结晶作用,在侵位过程中遭受了一定程度下地壳混染。早侏罗世库局OIB型玄武岩的发现填补了北喜马拉雅带东端早侏罗世岩浆活动记录,为认识特提斯喜马拉雅带中段早侏罗世构造演化提供基础资料。     

特提斯喜马拉雅北带中段遮拉组OIB型玄武岩地球化学及岩石成因

遮拉组OIB型玄武岩分布于特提斯喜马拉雅北带中段,围岩为泥质粉砂岩、粉砂质泥岩。地球化学特征表明,岩石具有较明显的低K_2O、中MgO和高TiO_2、P_2O_5、TFeO特征,(La/Yb)_N值为3.79～12.50,δEu=0.92～1.12,其稀土配分曲线呈略右倾的轻稀土富集模式,在原始地幔标准化蛛网图上,富集Rb、Ba、Th等大离子亲石元素及Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf、Ti等高场强元素,为大陆边缘裂谷背景的具有OIB型地球化学特征的碱性玄武岩。遮拉组OIB型玄武岩与含石榴石、尖晶石二辉橄榄岩部分熔融(Gt> Sp)有关,显示出岩石圈地幔物质的印记。玄武岩中捕获锆石年龄可能说明其源区存在古老的大陆碎块。岩石成因模式可以解释为正在孕育的地幔柱诱导的上涌软流圈物质与岩石圈地幔物质混合后在拉张背景下发生减压熔融的产物,这种地幔热柱或热点可能与Kerguelen热点的早期活动有联系,岩浆演化过程中发生了橄榄石和单斜辉石的分离结晶作用。     

胶莱盆地晚白垩世不同地幔源区的两种基性岩浆——诸城玄武岩和胶州玄武岩的对比

采用全岩K-Ar法获得山东省胶莱盆地诸城玄武岩的形成年龄为76M，胶州玄武岩的形成年龄为72Ma，代表了发生在晚白垩世的地幔岩浆事件，但两地岩浆产物具有不同的地球化学性质。诸城玄武岩主要为粗面玄武岩，富集轻稀土元素（LREE），微量元素组成类似于洋岛玄武岩（OIB），（^87Sr/^86Sr）t=0．7060-0．7080，εNd（t）=-3．0--5．1，介于洋岛玄武岩和中生代富集的岩石圈地幔之间，表明软流圈来源的岩浆中混入了富集岩石圈地幔来源的岩浆，是软流圈地幔与岩石圈地幔相互作用的结果。胶州玄武岩主要为碱性玄武岩，比诸城玄武岩更富集轻稀土元素，微量元素组成类似于诸城玄武岩，但Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素不显示亏损，Sr-Nd同位素组成也存在明显差别，（^87Sr/^86Sr）t=0、70350-0．70355，εNd（t）=5．4-5．8，与山东省新生代火山岩的地球化学特征类似，类似于洋岛玄武岩（OIB），表明岩浆起源于亏损的软流圈地幔。研究显示出晚白垩世以来胶莱盆地软流圈地幔不均匀上涌和逐渐成为玄武岩浆主要源区的趋势。     

土耳其中部阿哲格尔火山湖新生代玄武岩的地球化学与岩石成因

阿哲格尔火山湖玄武岩是位于卡帕多利亚火成岩省(CVP)东部的第四纪火山岩之一。与CVP中其他火山岩相比,玄武岩具有演化程度较低,成分上更接近原始岩浆的特征。玄武岩记录了两期深部岩浆活动:橄榄石捕掳晶Fo值高达89,尖晶石包裹体具有低Cr~#、高Al的特征,表明了早期岩浆源区可能为受俯冲板片流体交代的岩石圈地幔;除样品TCA02外,玄武岩ΣCe/ΣY比值为1.39~2.11,~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd比值为0.51287~0.51288,Th/Nb比值为0.15~0.16,具有大陆裂谷玄武岩的特征,反应了晚期的碱性岩浆起源于软流圈地幔。与CVP早-中更新世钙碱性岩浆相对比,晚期碱性岩浆的高场强元素(如Nb、Ta)具有弱的负异常,K、Ba等大离子亲石元素富集程度较低,揭示了岩浆在上升演化过程中存在富集交代的岩石圈地幔物质的加入。     

老挝南部帕莱通双峰式火山岩锆石U-Pb定年及岩石地球化学特征

老挝南部帕莱通（Phlaythong）矿区出露了一套双峰式火山岩组合,其基性端元为致密块状玄武岩,酸性端元为流纹岩。流纹岩的锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄为（229.0±2.0）Ma,属中-晚三叠世,代表双峰式火山岩形成时代。地球化学数据显示：玄武岩SiO₂质量分数均值为50.70%,富TiO₂、MgO、CaO和TFeO,具较低的全碱和P₂O₅,富集LILE(Sr、Rb、Ba、Th)和轻微亏损HFSE,轻稀土略微富集,Eu负异常不明显;流纹岩具有高的SiO₂（平均质量分数为76.33%）和全碱,富钾（w(K₂O）＞w(Na₂O)）,极低的TiO₂、MgO、CaO和TFeO,富Th、U和Zr,明显亏损Ta、Nb、Ba、Sr和Ti,轻稀土富集,显示明显的Eu负异常（δEu=0.31~0.82）特征。初步研究表明,玄武岩和流纹岩来自不同的岩浆源区,玄武岩由亏损的软流圈地幔受陆壳物质混染作用形成,流纹岩为壳源物质受幔源岩浆底侵加热之后熔融的产物。结合南海-印支地块构造演化特征,认为该双峰式火山岩形成于大陆板内裂谷环境。     

西秦岭甘肃夏河县腾布—日周早白垩世玄武岩年代学、地球化学及构造意义

甘肃省夏河县腾布—日周一带发育早白垩世多禾茂组(K1d)火山岩地层,该套地层属于典型的陆内裂谷沉积组合。岩石组成主要为玄武岩,底部偶见复成分砾岩。岩相学及岩石地球化学特征表明腾布—日周玄武岩为钠质碱性橄榄玄武岩,富集LREE及Nb、Ta、La、Zr等,亏损Rb和K等,稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分曲线及微量元素原始地幔标准化蛛网图,均与世界典型的OIB型玄武岩相似。但是Th/Nb=0.055～0.060,平均为0.057(OIB为0.08),Zr/Nb=6.9～8,平均为7.25(OIB为5.83),Th/La=0.07(OIB为0.11),又与之不同,表明玄武岩岩浆来自软流圈地幔,同时受到地壳物质混染。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素年龄为(106.27±1.3) Ma,另外麦秀山一带多禾茂组中产以Classopollis-Osmundacidites为主的孢粉组合。认为该玄武岩是西秦岭晚中生代大陆裂谷岩浆作用的产物,但是未发育典型的双峰式火山岩,多禾茂组有陆相红层建造,上部万秀组发育类磨拉石建造。因此裂谷作用很可能夭折于岩石圈拉张的早期阶段,并未发展到陆间裂谷阶段。     

三江北段贡觉三叠纪火山岩年代学、地球化学特征及其地质意义

三江北段贡觉三叠纪火山岩是金沙江古特提斯洋向西俯冲消减及随后的弧陆碰撞造山作用的产物,主要由玄武岩、安山质熔结凝灰岩和安山岩等组成,对探讨金沙江古特提斯构造-岩浆演化过程具有重要意义.对贡觉火山岩进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年和全岩主、微量元素研究.其中代表性样品安山质熔结凝灰岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果显示,锆石23个分析点的206Pb/238U年龄为243~233 Ma,206Pb/238U加权平均年龄为238.3±1.3 Ma（MSWD=1.7,n=23）,代表了岩浆的结晶年龄为中-晚三叠世.地球化学分析表明,火山岩以低钛（0.52%~0.91%）、中镁（3.38%~7.22%）、富钠（3.63%~4.66%）、贫钾（0.09%~4.05%）、富集轻稀土元素（LREE/HREE=4.09~13.27）和大离子亲石元素（Th、U、La、Sm）、亏损高场强元素Nb和Ta（Nb=2.51×10-6~24.5×10-6、Ta=0.22×10-6~1.89×10-6）为特征,La/Nb值（2.13~2.89）较高、Nb/Th值（1.12~1.62）相对较低,具有与岛弧型或晚碰撞造山型火山岩相似的主-微量元素组成特征.贡觉中-晚三叠世火山岩代表了金沙江古特提斯演化过程中晚碰撞造山阶段的岩浆响应,推测是晚碰撞过程中残留的金沙江洋壳物质与岩石圈地幔物质相互作用的结果.      

东天山板块缝合带石炭纪火山岩地球化学和Sr-Nd同位素特征及其大地构造意义

对东天山沿康古尔塔格缝合带分布的企鹅山群和梧桐窝子组火山岩的地球化学特征及Rb-Sr和Sm-Nd同位素进行了系统研究。结果显示：企鹅山群火山岩富集LREE,Eu异常变化较大（从明显负异常到微弱正异常）,富集Sr、Ba和U等大离子亲石元素,相对亏损Nb、Zr、Ti等高场强元素,Sr-Nd同位素特征是I_Sr=0.703 97~0.704 26,ε_Nd(t)=5.61~6.99,具有亏损地幔性质,表明其岩浆源区可能来自古生代期间被古亚洲洋俯冲板片释放的流体/熔体交代过的岩石圈地幔楔;梧桐窝子组玄武岩富集轻稀土元素(LREE)和大离子亲石元素,而高场强元素没有明显负异常,样品的ε_Nd值都在9以上,I_Sr(330 Ma)为0.704 71~0.705 33,表明梧桐窝子组玄武岩可能来自亏损的软流圈地幔的部分熔融。企鹅山群和梧桐窝子组火山岩在Zr-Zr/Y判别图解中分别落在岛弧拉斑玄武岩（IAB）和板内玄武岩（WPB）范围内,表明企鹅山群可能为准噶尔洋盆向南俯冲形成的石炭纪岛弧火山岩,而梧桐窝子组火山岩可能形成于在弧后盆地的基础上拉张为裂陷槽的伸展环境。     

扬子地块西南缘大红山群变质基性岩的地球化学研究及构造意义

扬子地块西缘近年报道了大量古元古代晚期的地层和侵入岩体,这些地层和岩体的构造环境多数被认为与大陆裂谷相关,而位于扬子西缘的~1.7Ga大红山群一直缺少相关的地球化学证据。本研究对大红山群两种变质基性岩——石榴(斜长)角闪岩(A组)和绿帘斜长角闪岩(B组)的主微量元素进行了地球化学分析,并对其构造环境进行了判别。A、B两组变质基性岩基本具有相似的地球化学性质:主量元素SiO2含量集中于46%~50%,MgO含量较低(5%~6%),但A组FeOT(平均14.28%)远高于B组FeOT(平均3.26%),可能与A组后期发生铁矿化作用有关;两组角闪岩的REE配分模式较一致:A组(La/Yb)N=1.52~4.67和B组(La/Yb)N=1.34~4.50,显示LREE轻微富集,Eu异常、Ce异常均不明显:Eu/Eu*=0.82~1.24,Ce/Ce*=0.93~1.05,两组样品稀土元素特征均具有类似富集型洋中脊玄武岩(E-MORB)的特征;二者的微量元素配分模式也基本一致:相容元素Cr、Co、Ni含量变化较大,不相容元素相对富集,Nb、Ta、Ti负异常不明显,Zr、Hf轻微负异常,其微量元素配分模式区别于岛弧玄武岩和OIB,而与E-MORB较一致。大红山群变质基性岩的地球化学性质可与东川群的基性侵入岩进行类比。A、B两组变质基性岩的原岩为拉斑玄武岩,通过不活动元素构造判别图解推断其构造属性为与富集地幔有关的大陆裂谷环境。变质基性岩中未受陆壳混染样品(Nb/La≈1)的微量、稀土元素地球化学特征显示其岩浆源区可能为富集地幔,结合前人已发表的相关εNd(t)推测大红山群变质基性岩的岩浆源区为不均匀的岩石圈地幔。同样,据扬子西缘相关火山岩的εNd(t)、εHf(t)值推测,扬子西缘1.8~1.5Ga变质火成岩的岩浆源区可能为不均匀的岩石圈地幔。本研究为扬子西缘1.8~1.5Ga大陆裂谷环境的构造岩浆活动提供了新的地球化学证据,大红山群与其同时代火成岩及地层的存在,共同表明了扬子西缘曾在古-中元古代发生了一系列与大陆裂解有关的构造岩浆事件,这期事件是哥伦比亚大陆裂解在扬子西缘的响应。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the