内蒙古阿扎哈达铜铋矿床流体包裹体和碳-氧-硫-铅同位素地球化学研究

阿扎哈达石英脉型铜铋矿床位于二连—东乌旗多金属成矿带中段。铜铋热液矿化过程从早到晚可以分为3个阶段,分别为石英-黄铁矿-黄铜矿阶段(Ⅰ)、石英-黄铁矿-黄铜矿-辉铜矿-辉铋矿-自然铋-萤石阶段(Ⅱ)和晚期石英-方解石阶段(Ⅲ)。铜铋矿化主要产于Ⅱ阶段石英脉中。流体包裹体类型主要为气液两相包裹体。测温结果显示Ⅰ阶段富气相包裹体均一温度变化范围为224~427 ℃,盐度(w(NaCl_eq)为16.0%~22.4%;富液相包裹体均一温度为229~410 ℃,盐度为9.2%~22.2%。Ⅱ阶段富气相包裹体均一温度为245~343 ℃,盐度为17.8%~20.5%;富液相包裹体均一温度为180~361 ℃,盐度为10.5%~21.3%。Ⅲ阶段富液相包裹体均一温度为132~262 ℃,盐度为3.4%~19.4%。成矿热液整体上属于中温、中等盐度流体。单个包裹体激光拉曼分析表明气液相成分主要是H₂O,含少量CH₄,指示成矿流体属于NaCl-H₂O±CH₄体系。C-O同位素数据(δ¹³C_V-PDB值范围为-6.7‰~-1.4‰,δ¹⁸O_V-SMOW值为-2.4‰~+11.5‰)表明成矿流体主要来源于岩浆水,晚阶段有大气降水的混入。黄铁矿S同位素组成(1.3‰~9.5‰)指示成矿物质主要来源于岩浆热液,并有部分地层物质加入。黄铁矿Pb同位素组成²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb、²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb和²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb值变化范围分别为38.081~38.229、15.561~15.602和18.270~18.383,所有数据点均落在造山带铅范围内,表明成矿物质主要来源于侵位的花岗岩,同时地层提供了部分成矿物质。结合流体包裹体和同位素地球化学研究,文章认为温度下降及水岩反应是导致矿质沉淀的重要机制。     

陕西商南三官庙金矿床流体包裹体及C-H-O-S稳定同位素研究

三官庙金矿床位于秦岭造山带南秦岭北部逆冲推覆构造带内,为断裂构造控矿的热液型矿床。热液成矿期划分为成矿早阶段(S1)、主阶段(S2)和晚阶段(S3)。成矿主阶段流体包裹体的完全均一温度T_h为150~420 ℃,盐度为2.1%~24.1%;成矿晚阶段T_h为81~190 ℃,盐度为5.6%~22.2%。包裹体研究显示,在成矿主阶段温度>250 ℃时,以流体混合作用为主而导致矿物沉淀;在成矿主阶段温度<250 ℃及成矿晚阶段,以流体沸腾作用为主而导致矿物沉淀。成矿主阶段成矿流体的δD_V-SMOW为-84.4‰~-77.0‰,δ¹⁸${{\text{O}}_{{{\text{H}}_{2}}\text{O}}}$为5.0‰~5.7‰,成矿流体来源以岩浆水为主,同时混入了外来流体。成矿流体的δ¹³C_ΣC为-13.5‰~-5.2‰,反映碳为岩浆来源并受到低温蚀变的影响。黄铁矿单矿物δ³⁴S_CDT为-2.73‰~-1.31‰;毒砂单矿物δ³⁴S_CDT为-3.36‰~0.03‰,反映成矿物质硫为典型的单一岩浆来源。综上分析,认为三官庙金矿床为岩浆热液成因,其成矿机制为:印支期末,在钠长(角砾)岩形成过程中,含金热液流体沿断裂构造运移,在距离钠长(角砾)岩较远地段的层间破碎带内,成矿流体发生混合及沸腾作用,促使成矿物质发生沉淀,最终形成三官庙金矿床。     

小秦岭大湖金钼矿床地质特征及成矿流体

小秦岭地区位于华北克拉通南缘,赋存许多大型-超大型的金矿床,大湖金钼矿床位于小秦岭北矿带。大湖金钼矿床成矿具有多期多阶段特点,包括热液期和表生期,根据矿脉穿切关系、矿石的矿物组成以及结构、构造研究,热液期分为4个成矿阶段,即石英-钾长石-辉钼矿阶段(Ⅰ)、石英-黄铁矿-自然金阶段(Ⅱ)、石英-多金属硫化物-自然金阶段(Ⅲ)和石英-碳酸盐阶段(Ⅳ)。流体包裹体岩相学、激光拉曼成分分析和冷热台测温结果表明,大湖金钼矿的初始成矿流体属H₂O-CO₂-NaCl体系,包裹体分为三种类型,即CO₂-H₂O型包裹体(C型)、水溶液型包裹体(W型)和纯CO₂型包裹体(PC型)。成矿Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ阶段包裹体均一温度范围分别为275.3~350.0 ℃、260.0~312.7 ℃、245.3~287.6 ℃和237~251 ℃,流体盐度范围为5.2%~16.7%,密度为0.777~1.108 g/cm³,为中-高温、中-低盐度、低密度流体,与变质流体特征一致。均一温度从Ⅰ阶段→Ⅳ阶段呈逐渐下降趋势,盐度从Ⅰ阶段→Ⅲ阶段逐渐降低,Ⅳ阶段沸腾作用使流体中的气体组分逸出,导致剩余流体的浓缩盐度增高。流体成矿压力范围为58.0~196.3 MPa,对应成矿深度范围为3.0~7.1 km。矿区普遍存在的围岩蚀变表明水岩反应强烈,氢同位素δD为-90‰~-44‰,成矿流体氧同位素δ¹⁸O_水范围为2.1‰~5.9‰,属于变质热液范围;在δ¹⁸O_水-δD组成图解投图中落在变质水范围左下侧,Ⅱ、Ⅲ阶段样品的δ¹⁸O_水较Ⅰ阶段整体左移,表明高温变质流体与围岩(斜长角闪岩等变质岩)发生水岩反应,导致同位素互换平衡。大湖金钼矿床受区域近东西向断裂构造控制,属典型的断控脉状矿床,成矿流体以变质水为主,矿床主要特征与典型的造山型金矿特征相符。     

甘肃省鹿儿坝金矿流体包裹体研究:对流体演化和成矿机制的探讨

西秦岭地区矿产丰富,金资源储量巨大。国内学者对于该区域的众多金矿床开展了大量成矿流体性质及来源的研究工作,但是并没有形成统一的认识;此外,西秦岭礼(县)—岷(县)成矿带,合作—鹿儿坝—崖湾金、汞、锑多金属成矿亚带的成矿流体研究工作比较薄弱。鹿儿坝金矿床为该成矿带的一个代表性金矿床,其赋存于三叠统浊积岩建造中,属于微细粒浸染型金矿。主成矿阶段热液石英脉及方解石脉中流体包裹体主要为H₂O气液两相包裹体,少见纯气相包裹体、纯液相包裹体、CO₂-H₂O三相包裹体。包裹体均一温度范围为81~247 ℃,盐度范围为1.23%~10.98%。流体包裹体气相成分以水为主,还有少量的CH₄、CO₂、H₂等。氢、氧同位素实验数据表明,流体中δD_V-SMOW值变化范围为-84.4‰~-96.0‰、δ¹⁸O值的变化范围为-4.20‰~6.45‰,表明成矿流体来源并非单一,可能为岩浆水与大气降水混合来源。此外,构造体制的转换造成流体沸腾,导致了大规模金等物质沉淀、聚集、成矿。     

陕西旬阳地区小河金矿硫铅同位素组成及地质意义

小河金矿是近年来在南秦岭中带发现的中型金矿床,矿石类型为微细浸染型,矿床受地层和构造双重控制。在野外工作基础上,根据矿物组合及穿插关系划分了4个成矿阶段:Ⅰ,成矿早期少硫化物石英脉成矿阶段;Ⅱ,石英脉、黄铁矿、毒砂成矿主阶段;Ⅲ,石英脉-多金属硫化物成矿主阶段;Ⅳ,方解石、石英脉成矿晚阶段。其中Ⅱ、Ⅲ阶段是主要金矿化阶段。不同阶段样品的原位硫同位素结果显示:成矿早阶段石英脉期的黄铁矿δ³⁴S值为20.80‰~25.77‰,均值为23.59‰;主成矿期II阶段中黄铁矿、毒砂δ³⁴S值为15.46‰~19.12‰,均值为17.5‰;主成矿期Ⅲ阶段中方铅矿、闪锌矿δ³⁴S值为11.35‰~16.78‰,均值为13.88‰。硫同位素特征指示硫以沉积硫为主,成矿过程可能存在低δ³⁴S值热液的持续加入。金属硫化物Pb同位素测试结果显示²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb为17.882 1~18.367 4,²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb为15.614 0~15.674 1,²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb为38.016 3~38.934 2,指示小河金矿铅主要源于地壳,同时伴随幔源铅的混入。综合矿床地质特征及硫、铅同位素地球化学特征,认为小河金矿成矿过程可能存在流体混合作用。     

冈底斯西段罗布真浅成低温热液型金银矿的成矿流体演化:来自流体包裹体、H-O同位素的证据

西藏昂仁县罗布真金银矿位于冈底斯成矿带西段,其大地构造位置属于南拉萨微陆块,矿体受北西西的断裂构造控制,呈脉状、透镜状产于始新世帕那组火山岩中。按照矿石工业类型分类,矿石类型可分为角砾岩型、石英脉型和蚀变岩型等三类,主要金银矿石矿物为自然金和碲银矿等。矿区广泛繁育不同特征的热液脉体,通过系统的野外观测以及全面的岩相学研究,依据矿物共生组合、脉体切穿关系及蚀变特征,将热液脉体从早到晚划分为石英-黄铁矿阶段(S1)的石英-黄铁矿大脉、玉髓华石英-金-多金属硫化物阶段(S2)的石英-金属硫化物网脉、石英-碳酸盐矿物阶段(S3)的石英-方解石细脉。罗布真金银矿床热液脉体主要发育气液两相流体包裹体(富液两相包裹体、富气两相包裹体)和含子矿物(碳酸盐矿物)三相流体包裹体。本文在野外地质调查的基础上,对不同成矿阶段的石英脉进行了流体包裹体的岩相学观测、显微测温、成分分析以及H-O同位素测试。S1阶段流体包裹体的形成温度集中在310~330 ℃,盐度(w(NaCl_eq))集中在5.0%~10.1%,密度介于0.60~0.80 g/cm³;S2阶段流体包裹体的形成温度集中在240~280 ℃,盐度介于3.0%~7.0%,密度介于0.70~0.90 g/cm³;S3阶段流体包裹体的形成温度集中在121~215 ℃,盐度集中在1.0%~5.0%,密度集中在0.85~1.00 g/cm³。拉曼分析表明,罗布真金银矿的流体包裹体成分以H₂O为主,并含有少量的CO₂、N₂、CH₄等气体及方解石子晶。各热液脉体石英中流体包裹体的δ${{\text{D}}_{{{\text{H}}_{2}}\text{O},\text{V-SMOW}}}$值的变化范围为-106.1‰~-97.5‰,δ¹⁸${{\text{O}}_{{{\text{H}}_{2}}\text{O},\text{V-SMOW}}}$值的变化范围为-7.33‰~-7.13‰,展示其成矿流体主要源自火山岩围岩中的循环地下水,在早阶段还有少量岩浆水的加入。成矿流体在岩浆作用驱动下,沿着断裂从深部封闭体系运移到浅部的开放体系,迅速突破临界状态减压沸腾并产生相分离导致金属硫化物沉淀,形成矿化。随着含矿热液成矿物质及金属硫化物的大量析出,流体温度、盐度迅速降低,金属矿物成矿作用随之结束。罗布真金银矿床的成矿流体为中低温、低盐度、中低密度并含有少量CO₂、N₂、CH₄等气体的流体,具有典型的浅成低温热液矿床成矿流体的特征。     

内蒙古大井铜锡多金属矿床矿石中Cu-S同位素特征及成矿预测

内蒙古大井铜锡多金属矿床是大兴安岭成矿带代表性矿床之一,矿区位于内蒙古东部林西县境内,成矿地质条件良好。矿床矿石中同位素特征及与成矿的关系研究薄弱。本文通过对矿体中黄铜矿Cu同位素,黄铜矿、黄铁矿S同位素和Pb同位素的研究表明:黄铜矿δ⁶⁵Cu 值总体范围为 -0.46‰+0.32‰,平均值为0 ‰,2σ误差平均值约为0.03‰;黄铜矿、黄铁矿δ³⁴S值总体范围为 +0.076 ‰+3.00‰,平均值为+1.83‰,且δ³⁴S值分散程度也较小,整体较均一,属于岩浆硫的同位素特征;Pb同位素数据整体变化很小,具体为²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=18.29118.353,²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb =15.50115.574,²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb =38.05138.265。结合区域前人的研究表明,大井矿Cu同位素的变化是由于硫化物-岩浆分异过程导致,大井矿矿石黄铜矿δ⁶⁵Cu的变化可能指示了矿化阶段成矿硫化物的演化方向,δ⁶⁵Cu逐渐降低的方向可能存在隐伏矿体,研究区域东部生产区域与外围预测未生产区域具有一致的Cu同位素特征,Cu同位素证据表明大井矿外围预测区可能存在深部隐伏矿体。     

甘肃两当湘潭子金矿床地质特征及成因

甘肃两当湘潭子金矿位于西秦岭造山带东段,金矿体主要受北西西向断裂控制,与区内发育的中酸性岩脉空间关系密切。显微观察和电子探针分析表明,Au主要赋存在黄铁矿和毒砂中,矿体中黄铁矿Co/Ni特征显示黄铁矿的成因与岩浆作用有关。通过稀土元素分析发现,矿石的稀土元素特征与岩体的稀土元素特征基本一致,而与地层围岩有明显差异。对矿石中的黄铁矿进行硫同位素测试,硫化物δ³⁴S值介于-5.7‰~2.0‰之间,均值为0.38‰,δ³⁴S值频数分布比较集中,具有以近零为中心的塔式分布特征,表明矿石中硫的来源与岩浆作用有关。通过氢氧同位素分析,湘潭子金矿区矿石的δ¹⁸${{\text{O}}_{{{\text{H}}_{2}}\text{O}}}$值介于3.44‰~9.65‰之间,均值为6.29‰,δD介于-120.10‰~-79.00‰之间,均值为-100.47‰,表明本区成矿流体主要来自岩浆水。铅同位素特征显示湘潭子金矿区铅的演化与岩浆作用和造山运动关系密切。通过对比研究可知湘潭子金矿的主成矿时代为印支晚期。湘潭子金矿是印支晚期含成矿物质和流体的岩浆上侵,受浅部断裂系统控制的脉状矿体。湘潭子金矿的发现及成因研究对西秦岭地区找矿方向具有重要的意义。     

南秦岭柞水—山阳矿集区夏家店金矿床黄铁矿微量元素和氢、氧、硫同位素对矿床成因的制约

为了研究柞水—山阳矿集区夏家店金矿床成因,采用LA-ICP-MS和LA-MC-ICP-MS技术分析夏家店金矿床矿体及围岩样品中黄铁矿原位微量元素及氢、氧、硫同位素组成特征。结果表明,该矿床黄铁矿的Co/Ni 比值为0.11~0.76,说明其与沉积作用有关。矿石中黄铁矿的δ³⁴S值(-9.40‰~7.16‰)与围岩碳质板岩的δ³⁴S值(-8.84‰~10.64‰)接近,黄铁矿的δ³⁴S均值(2.47‰)基本落在岩浆硫的范围内,指示矿石硫可能由地层硫和岩浆硫混合而成。氢、氧同位素测试结果表明,夏家店矿床成矿流体可能主要来自岩浆水,成矿后期有大气降水的加入。综合矿床地质特征、成矿温度、金赋存状态等特征和黄铁矿微量元素、硫同位素组成可知,夏家店金矿床属于卡林型金矿,其成矿流体主要来自岩浆水,成矿后期有大气降水加入;其成矿物质是由深部岩浆与地层混合而成。     

库车坳陷东部吐格尔明地区天然气地球化学特征及油气充注史

库车坳陷东部油气地质条件复杂,天然气成因与油气充注时间存在争议,油气充注史不明,制约其油气勘探进程。利用天然气组分、碳同位素组成、流体包裹体岩相学与均一温度等分析测试数据,结合沉积埋藏史及构造演化史,研究了库车坳陷东部吐格尔明地区天然气地球化学特征、天然气成因类型及油气充注时间,分析了油气充注成藏过程。结果表明:吐格尔明地区天然气组分以甲烷为主,甲烷含量为75.56%~90.11%,干燥系数为0.79~0.93;δ¹³C₁和δ¹³C₂值为-35.73‰~-33.80‰和-26.41‰~-25.30‰,天然气成因类型属于成熟阶段的煤成气。吐格尔明地区侏罗系砂岩储层发育两类流体包裹体,分别为黄色液态烃包裹体和蓝白色荧光的气液烃包裹体、灰色的气烃包裹体,表明该区存在两期油气充注,第一期为13~7 Ma的原油充注,第二期为2.6 Ma以来的天然气充注。康村组早中期,吐格尔明地区烃源岩形成的原油充注至宽缓背斜圈闭中保存;库车组晚期,侏罗系克孜勒努尔组与阳霞组发育良好的源储组合,天然气近距离充注成藏。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.