东濮凹陷西斜坡盐湖相原油地球化学特征与油源分析

东濮凹陷西斜坡油气成因与成藏机理复杂。采用色谱-质谱、傅立叶变换离子回旋共振质谱(ESI FT-ICR MS)、单体烃碳同位素等地球化学方法对东濮凹陷西斜坡原油特征及成因进行了剖析。共分出两种成因类型原油,第Ⅰ类为马寨地区原油,具有较低Pr/Ph(均值0. 39)和C29-/C30-藿烷(均值0. 33)、较高C35-/C34-藿烷(均值1. 56)和二苯并噻吩/菲值(均值0. 27)等强还原性、盐湖相原油特征,主要来自马寨次洼沙三下—沙四上亚段烃源岩;第Ⅱ类为胡庆-邢庄地区原油,盐湖相特征不及第Ⅰ类,主要来自柳屯、海通集洼陷埋深 3 000 m的沙三下—沙四上亚段烃源岩。ESI-FT ICR MS检测到深部原油含有热稳定性较低的硫化物,其硫同位素也偏高,指示TSR对深部油气的改造作用。观察到西斜坡地区烃源岩具有明显不同的两种热演化趋势,反映膏盐岩对烃源岩生烃演化显著的控制作用。西斜坡已发现原油大多具有低熟、早期成藏特征,与海通集、柳屯洼陷深部较高热演化程度烃源岩较为发育不太匹配,指示研究区具有潜在的深部油气勘探前景。     

东濮凹陷原油含硫化合物的分布特征及其应用

东濮凹陷盐湖相原油中杂原子化合物研究薄弱。采用高分辨率质谱结合色谱-质谱技术,对东濮凹陷盐湖相、淡水湖相原油中的含硫化物进行了检测。结果表明,原油中含有丰富的含硫化合物,S1和O1S1占绝对优势,咸水相原油富含S1类、淡水相原油相对富集O1S1类,指示O1S1/S1具有原始沉积环境指示意义。东濮盐湖相原油中的硫化物富含碳数为C27-35、C40的化合物,与原油中丰富的甾类、藿烷类与β-胡萝卜类化合物碳数相吻合,指示菌藻类、色素类生源的重要贡献。随成熟度增加,硫化物缩合度增加、烷基侧链碳数范围降低,相关参数DBE6/DBE12-S1、DBE3+6/DBE12+15+18-S1等可用于辅助评价原油成熟度。东濮低熟油含有丰富的低热稳定性硫化物,指示富硫干酪根和/或富硫大分子低温降解是低熟油形成的重要机制之一。     

东营凹陷原油单体烃碳同位素特征及其在油源识别中的应用

为揭示东营凹陷部分复杂成因油气的来源,对该区原油、烃源岩单体烃碳同位素进行精细特征分析与油源追踪。东营凹陷不同成因原油具有不同正构烷烃单体烃碳同位素特征。沙三段淡水成因原油碳同位素曲线分别以nC₁₅、nC₃₂为主峰,碳同位素总体偏重、前峰极其富集13C;沙四段咸水成因原油一般以nC₂₃为分界线,近似呈对称的双峰分布,δ¹³C值较沙三段成因原油的轻。沙三段、沙四段成因原油碳同位素分别与沙三段、沙四段烃源岩的聚类相关。牛庄洼陷沙三中段透镜体岩性油气藏原油单体烃碳同位素值介于沙三段、沙四段烃源岩之间,与沙四段烃源岩及相关原油具有更好的相关性,验证以往关于牛庄洼陷沙三中段隐蔽油气藏原油为沙三段、沙四段成因的混源油观点。东营凹陷南斜坡孔店组原油碳同位素总体相对较轻、近直线型分布,与孔店组烃源岩、黄骅坳陷孔店组成因原油的碳同位素曲线聚类相关,指示其与孔店组烃源岩具有成因联系。在正常油窗范围内,成熟度对东营凹陷烃源岩及相关原油碳同位素的影响较小,后者主要受控于母源与古沉积环境。单体烃碳同位素可以很好地应用于东营凹陷油气成因与油源研究,该方法是对以往生物标志物地球化学研究的补充与深化。     

南堡凹陷混源油分布与主力烃源岩识别

南堡凹陷油气源尚不清晰.首次采用单体烃碳同位素、结合生物标志物对全凹陷范围的原油和烃源岩进行了精细地球化学研究.分析表明, 拾场次洼沙三段烃源岩(Ⅰ类)发育高丰度的4-甲基甾烷与硫芴系列、贫伽玛蜡烷, 单体烃碳同位素为"斜直线型", 相关原油分布于高柳深层; 南堡凹陷南部沙二+三段源岩(Ⅱ类)伽玛蜡烷较发育, 但4-甲基甾烷不太发育, 其他特征类似于Ⅰ类源岩, 相关原油发现于潜山; 南堡凹陷沙一段-东三段烃源岩(Ⅲ类)富含重排甾烷与孕甾烷系列, 单体烃碳同位素较轻且近"W"型, 相关原油主要分布于南堡4、5号构造带.发现南堡油田1、2号构造带、老爷庙、高柳中浅层原油具有界于Ⅱ、Ⅲ类源岩(及相关原油)间的同位素与生标特征, 系混源油, 定量预测出混源油中沙二+三段源岩的贡献最高达82%.本研究关于Es₂₊₃系南堡凹陷重要的油气源的认识不同于以往研究, 为该区进一步油气勘探提供了重要依据.      

塔里木盆地英买力地区原油地球化学特征与族群划分

塔里木盆地英买力地区油气成因复杂,采用多馏分、多组分化学成分分析及单体烃碳同位素分析途径,对该区海相、陆相油进行精细分析。结果表明,英买力油田主要有两大类油组,分别是南部YM2井区的海相油(I类)和北部YM7井区的陆相油(Ⅱ类),各自具有典型的海相油与陆相油的特征。进一步分析表明,两大油组内部仍有分异。将第二油组进一步分为两亚类,以中、古生界产层为主的正常黑油和重质油为一类(Ⅱa),以古近系为主的凝析油为另一类(Ⅱb)。两亚类原油正构烷烃单体烃同位素稍有差异,芳烃组成与分布具有显著差异。较之于Ⅱa原油,Ⅱb原油富含联苯系列与氧芴系列、不同类型芳烃系列中以低分子量同系物占绝对优势,其正构烷烃单体烃碳同位素更重,与相邻的羊塔克地区原油表现出一定的相似性,表明两者之间有一定的成因联系,前者可能为混源油,由位于库车坳陷中拜城凹陷提供两种陆相烃源岩。英买力地区陆相油并非以往确认的一种成因类型,可能至少由两套性质迥异的中生界烃源岩供烃。英买力地区第一类海相油(I类)尽管生物标志物特征相近,但分析原油的单体烃碳同位素具有显著差异,同样存在油气混源的可能。英买力地区海、陆相原油特征与成因的深入剖析,对于该区精细油源确认、油气成藏机制乃至油气资源评价具有重要意义。     

辽河盆地东部凹陷原油的碳同位素组成特征

通过对辽河盆地东部凹陷原油的饱和烃、芳烃的碳同位素组成特征、原油同位素类型和单体烃同位素特征进行研究 ,发现整个东部凹陷原油及其组分的碳同位素值偏重 ,指示其源岩有机质中藻类和低等水生生物的贡献较少 ;饱和烃—芳烃的碳同位素值关系揭示东部凹陷大部分原油样品与沙河街组沙三段烃源岩的特征相近 ,而南部和北部地区少数样品表现出负的碳同位素异常 ,与该区中生界源岩样品的接近 ,推测原油中可能混入了中生界来源的油气。南部地区各样品的碳同位素类型曲线和单体烃的碳同位素曲线均相似 ,揭示了两者具相同的油气来源。北部地区各原油样品的单体烃的碳同位素类型曲线间具有相似的分布特征 ,但茨榆坨地区的原油样品的碳同位素值比牛居地区的系统偏轻 ,可能是成熟度相对较低引起的 ,表明茨榆坨地区原油具有早期成藏的特征。原油的碳同位素组成特征是研究油气来源和成藏特征分析的一种重要手段。     

渤海湾盆地南堡油田原油特征与油源分析

南堡油田是渤海湾盆地近年发现的油气储量可观的新油田,为揭示该油田原油特征与成因,对43个原油样品、31块泥岩样品进行详细的地球化学研究与油源对比。依据特征生物标志物、单体烃碳同位素分析,将南堡油田原油分为3种类型:Ⅰ类,南堡1、2号构造带古近系+新近系原油;Ⅱ类,南堡3、4、5号构造带古近系+新近系原油;Ⅲ类,南堡凹陷已发现奥陶系潜山原油。Ⅰ类原油以较低的重排甾烷/规则甾烷,较高的甾烷/藿烷、4-甲基甾烷/C29规则甾烷、伽马蜡烷/C30藿烷值及正构烷烃单体烃碳同位素相对偏重等特征区别于Ⅱ类原油;Ⅲ类原油以较高成熟度、正构烷烃单体烃碳同位素总体偏重等特征不同于Ⅰ、Ⅱ类原油。油源对比结果表明,Ⅰ类原油为沙二+三段、东三段—沙一段烃源岩的混合贡献,Ⅱ类原油主要来源于东三段—沙一段烃源岩,Ⅲ类原油主要来源于沙二+三段烃源岩。首次明确提出南堡1、2号构造带古近系+新近系原油主要为沙二+三段烃源岩的成烃贡献,沙二+三段烃源岩为南堡油田主力烃源岩之一,这对南堡油田油气资源评价和勘探方向决策具有参考意义。     

东濮凹陷盐湖相原油氮/氧化合物分布特征及其应用

东濮凹陷盐湖相原油中杂原子化合物研究薄弱。采用高分辨率质谱技术、结合色谱-质谱,对东濮凹陷盐湖相、淡水湖相原油、烃源岩中的含氮、氧化合物进行了检测。结果表明,原油中含有丰富的氮、氧化合物, N₁、O₁和O₂占绝对优势;随成熟度增加,N₁和O₁类化合物相对丰度增加、O₂类化合物相对丰度降低、氮/氧化合物的缩合度增加、烷基侧链碳数范围降低,提出了多项氮、氧化合物的成熟度辅助识别指标,建立了DBE₁₅/DBE₉-N₁和DBE₁₅⁺/DBE₁₄^--N₁与折算镜质体反射率之间的定量关系式。通过对氮、氧化合物的油-油、油-岩对比,认为东濮凹陷盐湖相原油主要来自成熟烃源岩。基于高分辨率质谱的氮、氧化合物具有重要的成熟度评价、油源对比、油气运移示踪的应用前景。     

塔中隆起原油特征与成因类型

塔里木盆地塔中隆起油气性质多样、分布与成因复杂, 为揭示油气的特征与成因, 对塔中及外围104个原油样品进行了精细地球化学研究.依据单体烃碳同位素、特征生物标志物分析, 将塔中原油分为4种类型: (1) 寒武系成因原油, 具有较重正构烷烃单体烃碳同位素(-29.6‰~-29.1‰)、甲藻甾烷较发育及C₂₇、C₂₈、C₂₉规则甾烷呈反“L”型或线型分布等特征; (2) 中、上奥陶统成因原油, 具有较轻的正构烷烃单体烃同位素(-34‰~-35.6‰)、甲藻甾烷等不太发育与C₂₇、C₂₈、C₂₉规则甾烷呈“V”型分布等特征; (3) 富含含硫芳烃-二苯并噻吩原油, 主要分布于塔中4井区; (4) 混源油, 单体烃碳同位素特征界于Ⅰ、Ⅱ类原油之间, 是塔中最为主要的原油类型.油-油对比与油气性质分析表明, 塔中地区至少有两套主力烃源岩供烃.塔中部分原油生物标志物显示寒武系-下奥陶统成因特征, 而单体烃碳同位素却与中上奥陶统成因原油更为接近, 这种不同馏分的不一致现象系不同成因原油混源的结果, 反映单一应用生物标志物指标有其局限性.塔中油气性质具有分带、分块、分层特征, 反映叠合盆地多源、多期成藏、储层非均质性等多种特性.      

渤海湾盆地渤中凹陷原油地球化学特征研究

渤海湾盆地油气资源十分丰富、类型多样。通过对渤中凹陷19个原油样品地球化学特征的系统研究,揭示了该区不同类型、不同性质原油在物理性质、化学组成、生物标志物分布与组成、正构烷烃单体烃碳同位素等方面的差异。研究表明,渤中凹陷存在凝析油、正常油和生物降解原油。凝析油具有低密度、低粘度、低含蜡、饱和烃含量高,非烃、沥青质和芳烃含量低的特征,生物降解原油则反之。凝析油和生物降解原油中的重排补身烷丰度都大于8β（H）-补身烷的丰度,C24四环萜烷丰度低。渤中凹陷原油正构烷烃单体烃碳同位素组成分为两类：一类具有较轻的碳同位素组成,其同位素值介于-2．75％～-2．95％之间;另一类的碳同位素组成则较重,一般介于-2．40％--2．75％之间。     

柴达木盆地西部第三系咸水湖相原油地球化学特征

在系统分析柴达木盆地西部各油田40余个原油样品碳同位素和饱和烃、芳烃组成的基础上,全面剖析了该地区第三系湖相原油的地球化学特征.研究结果表明,这些原油具有特殊的碳同位素组成和异常的生物标志物分布.其全油碳同位素偏重(-26‰～-24‰);正构烷烃系列单体烃碳同位素分布曲线呈水平状,表现出类同于海相有机质的碳同位素组成特征.它们的生物标志物中正烷烃系列兼具奇碳和偶碳优势双重碳数分布模式;呈强植烷优势,Pr/Ph值大多<0.6;伽玛蜡烷普遍异常丰富,C35藿烷含量高,表征高盐、厌氧的咸水湖相沉积环境性质.芳烃组份以萘、菲系列为主,而二苯并噻吩等含硫有机化合物相对含量较低,反映该地区咸水湖相原油源岩沉积相的特殊性.柴西各油田原油地球化学参数在区域上呈规律性变化趋势,与其源岩沉积相的时空变迁相一致.     

四环聚异戊二烯类化合物:中国东部断陷湖盆新分子化石

渤海湾盆地海域断陷湖盆歧口凹陷古近系烃源岩及原油样品中,检测出丰富的四环聚异戊二烯类化合物。四环聚异戊二烯类化合物（C₃₀TPP）具有两个异构体,能有效地区分渤海湾盆地海域歧口凹陷沙三段（Es₃）烃源岩和沙一段（Es₁）烃源岩形成的混源原油,是湖相原油的油源对比研究中的新分子化石。四环聚异戊二烯类化合物与水体盐度之间有密切关系,沉积环境水体盐度越高,其丰度越高。随热演化程度增大,原油的四环聚异戊二烯类化合物（TPP）丰度逐渐降低。四环聚异戊二烯类化合物（TPP）具有湖相有机质输入的很强专属性,可用于判识湖相原油研究,在研究湖相沉积环境有机质的油源对比、沉积环境及热演化规律中具有重要地质-地球化学意义。     

塔里木盆地一类新海相原油的地球化学特征

对塔中52等井奥陶系储层产出的原油进行的分析结果表明,它们的三环萜烷系列较为特殊,主要表现为其相对丰度呈C19>C20>C21>C23>C24>C25>C26阶梯状的模式,C24四环萜烷异常丰富,且其丰度远高于C26三环萜烷,这一分布模式一般出现在淡水沼泽相和浅湖相沉积地层与原油中。在三萜烷分布特征上,其伽马蜡烷含量很低,甾烷系列和藿烷系列的分布与组成特征与该地区来源于中上奥陶统烃源岩的海相原油十分接近,同时它们的全油均具有轻的碳同位素组成,其δ13Ｃ值都小于-30‰,具有海相成因原油的特征。而塔中12井上奥陶统良里塔格组4-5段烃源岩中生物标志物的分析结果进一步证实了该类原油与那些富含宏观藻残片,且有机质类型偏腐殖型的上奥陶统海相烃源岩关系密切,是该地区油气勘探中值得关注的对象。      

Geochemical characteristics of saturate hydrocarbons in crude oils and source rocks of the Qaidam, Tarim, Tupran basins, NW China

Based on the systematic analyses of fifteen typical crude oils and ten typical potential source rocks col-lected from the Qaidam,Tarim and Turpan basins,Northwest China,the geochemical characteristics of the oils and source rocks were investigated and oil-source rock correlations undertaken.The oils and source rocks deposited in saline lacustrine environment from the western Qaidam Basin were characterized by n-alkanes with even car-bon-number preference in the C20-C28 range,low pristane/phytane(Pr/Ph) ratios(less than 0.5),and high abundances of C27 steranes,gammacerane and C35 hopanes.The oils and source rocks deposited in marine environment from the Tarim Basin were characterized by n-alkanes with even carbon-number preference in the C14-C18 range,relatively low Pr/Ph ratios(near to 1),high abundance of C28 steranes,and relatively high gammacerane.In contrast,the oils and source rocks deposited in terrigenous bog environment from the Turpan Basin were characterized by relatively high Pr/Ph ratios(oil samples greater than 6) high abundance of C29 steranes,and relatively low gammacerane and C31-35 hopanes.The higher amounts of C37 and C38 n-alkanes of source rocks from the western Qaidam Basin and the Tarim Basin suggest an origin of these alkanes from functionalized C37 and C38 n-alkadienes and alkenones in prymnesiophytes living in lacustrine and marine environments.Oil-source rock correlations suggest oils in the west-ern Qaidam Basin were derived from the Oligocene Lower Ganchaigou Formation(E3),oils in the Tabei and Tazhong uplifts from the Tarim Basin have a genetic relationship with the Middle-Upper Ordovician source beds.Oils in the Turpan Basin generally fall into two genetic types.Most oils in the Taibei depression from the Turpan Basin were derived from the Lower-Middle Jurassic coal measures,but the fewer oils in this region are a mixed source derived from the Lower-Middle Jurassic coal measure and the Upper Permian source rocks.     

Origin of sulfur rich oils and H2S in Tertiary lacustrine sections of the Jinxian Sag,Bohai Bay Basin,China

Very high S oils (up to 14.7%) with H₂S contents of up to 92% in the associated gas have been found in the Tertiary in the Jinxian Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, PR China. Several oil samples were analyzed for C and S stable isotopes and biomarkers to try to understand the origin of these unusual oil samples.The high S oils occur in relatively shallow reservoirs in the northern part of the Jinxian Sag in anhydrite-rich reservoirs, and are characteristic of oils derived from S-rich source rocks deposited in an enclosed and productive stratified hypersaline water body. In contrast, low S oils (as low as 0.03%) in the southern part of the Jinxian Sag occur in Tertiary lacustrine reservoirs with minimal anhydrite. These southern oils were probably derived from less S-rich source rocks deposited under a relatively open and freshwater to brackish lake environment that had larger amounts of higher plant inputs.The extremely high S oil samples (>10%) underwent biodegradation of normal alkanes resulting in a degree of concentration of S in the residual petroleum, although isoprenoid alkanes remain showing that biodegradation was not extreme. Interestingly, the high S oils occur in H₂S-rich reservoirs (H₂S up to 92% by volume) where the H₂S was derived from bacterial SO₄ reduction, most likely in the source rock prior to migration. Three oils in the Jinxian Sag have δ³⁴S values from +0.3‰ to +16.2‰ and the oil with the highest S content shows the lightest δ³⁴S value. This δ³⁴S value for that oil is close to the δ³⁴S value for H₂S (∼0‰). It is possible that H₂S was incorporated into functionalized compounds within the residual petroleum during biodegradation at depth in the reservoir thus accounting for the very high concentrations of S in petroleum.     

Petroleum Origins and Accumulation Patterns in the Weixinan Sag in the Beibu Gulf Basin, Using Subsag B as an Example

Crude oil has been discovered in the Paleogene and Neogene units of the Weixinan Sag in the Beibu Gulf Basin. To determine the source and accumulation mode of this crude oil, 12 crude oil samples and 27 source rock samples were collected and an extensive organic geochemical analysis was conducted on them. Based on the geological conditions and the analytical results, the types, origins and accumulation patterns of crude oil in the study area were elucidated. Except for a shallowly-buried and biodegraded crude oil deposit in Neogene rocks, the crude oil samples in the study area were normal. All of the crude oils were derived from lacustrine source rocks. According to biomarker compositions, the crude oils could be divided into two families, A and B, distinctions that were reinforced by differences in carbon isotope composition and spatial distribution. Oil-source correlation analysis based on biomarkers revealed that Family A oils were derived from the mature oil shale at the bottom of the second member of the Liushagang Formation, while the Family B oils formed in the mature shale of the Liushagang Formation. The Family A oils, generated by oil shale, mainly migrated laterally along sand bodies and were then redistributed in adjacent reservoirs above and below the oil shale layer, as well as in shallow layers at high structural positions, occupying a wide distribution range. The Family B oils were generated by other shale units before migrating vertically along faults to form reservoirs nearby, resulting in a narrow distribution range.     

Geochemical Characteristics of Crude Oils from Zao-V Oil Measures in Shenjiapu Oilfield

The geochemical characteristics of crude oils from Zao-V oil measures in the Shen-jiapu oilfield are systematically described in terms of the fractional composition of crude oils, GC characteristics of saturated hydrocarbon fraction of crude oils and the characteristics of their bio-markers. The deposifional environment, type and evolution of the biological source are also discussed. All pieces of evidence such as low saturated hydrocarbon fraction, high resin and asphalt, high isoprenoid alkane, weak odd-carbon number predominance ( CPI ranging from 1.23 to 1,29, OEP ranging from 1.14 to 1.16) and low sterane and terpane maturity parameters show these crude oils are immature oils. Low Pr/Ph ratios (0.66 -0.88) and high gammacer-ante/C31 hopane ratios ( 0.59 - 0.86 ) indicate the source rocks were formed in a slightly saline to brackish reducing lake depositional environment. Gas chromatographic characteristics of the saturated hydrocarbon fraction and the predominance of C30 hopane in terpane series and C29 sterane in sterane series indicate the biological source of the crude oils is composed mainly of bacterial and algal organic matter, and some algae are perhaps the main contributor of organic matter to the source rocks.     

东濮凹陷膏盐岩对烃源岩成烃演化的控制作用及其石油地质意义

东濮凹陷北部盐湖相膏盐岩极其发育,膏盐岩对烃源岩性质及生烃特征的影响研究薄弱。采用地质与地球化学相结合途径,探讨了含膏盐岩层系烃源岩特性及其成烃演化规律。结果表明,盐区与无盐区烃源岩的特性有很大差异,北部盐湖相含盐区深灰色、褐色等暗色页岩有机质丰度一般大于15%,有机质类型以Ⅱ1型和Ⅰ型为主,是区内主要的优质烃源岩;南部淡水湖相无盐区主要发育有利生气的Ⅱ—Ⅲ型干酪根,反映东濮凹陷烃源岩的质量及生烃潜能与膏盐岩的发育密切相关。观察到膏盐岩影响烃源岩的成烃演化进程,当膏盐层厚度为50 m时,生油窗的范围显著增加;随着盐岩厚度(>50 m)的增加,湿气窗的范围也逐渐增加;当膏盐岩厚度约400 m时,生油窗范围开始减小,湿气窗的范围仍有增加趋势。膏盐岩对烃源岩“生油气窗”的影响是基于其较高的热导率属性,通过影响地温场而实现。以地质解剖为依据,建立了文留地区含膏盐岩层系烃源岩成烃演化模式。东濮凹陷含膏盐岩层系烃源岩的演化特征对该凹陷及同类含膏盐岩盆地油气勘探具有重要指示意义。