论济阳坳陷新构造运动的成藏效应

济阳坳陷新构造运动的构造形迹主要表现为断裂和背斜构造,特别是复活性大断裂及其裂缝,在济阳坳陷油气成藏过程中起着关键性作用。经研究认为,新构造运动诱发和推动油气以断裂系统模式从烃源岩中排出,提高了烃源岩的排烃效率和排烃动力,影响油气运移取向,控制主要油气藏呈北东—南西向展布;输导或封挡油气,洼陷内小断裂和微裂缝等隐蔽输导体系可输导油气形成砂岩透镜体油气藏;控制油气幕式充注成藏;多种输导体系沟通新近系大型披覆背斜圈闭和丰富的烃源岩,形成了如孤岛、埕东等大中型油气田。笔者将新构造运动在油气成藏过程中所起的作用总称为成藏效应,其研究成果有助于重新认识盆地油气资源,并揭示油气成藏机理、成藏模式和成藏规律。     

伊通盆地梁家～五星构造带油气成藏规律

伊通盆地梁家～五星构造带存在有效烃源岩、优质储层、良好盖层及有利的圈闭和保存条件,因而具备优越的油气成藏条件。通过地层回剥技术恢复烃源岩的生烃史,可知双阳组、奢岭组和永吉组烃源岩进入生烃门限和大量排烃的时间不同,因此所产出的流体性质存在差异。利用盐水包裹体的均一温度,沉积埋藏史及热史综合研究,确定工区油气经历了二期的充注与成藏过程,建立了油气的成藏模式。油气成藏遵循:"切源断层控制油气的输导;储层质量控制油气的充注;构造和砂体控制油气的分布;烃源岩成熟度决定油气藏的类型"的规律。     

准噶尔盆地西北缘油气成藏演化的包裹体地球化学研究

准噶尔盆地西北缘地区是叠合盆地“多源多期”油气成藏的一个典型实例。本文通过对油气运聚过程中的“化石”记录——包裹体进行研究，采用储层游离烃和包裹体烃成分对比分析，有机包裹体光性特征鉴别，流体包裹体均一温度结合地层埋藏-热史，以及有机包裹体红外光谱特征分析，确定了油气来源与成藏期次。再结合烃源岩生排烃史和构造发育史，恢复了复杂的油气成藏演化过程：①中晚二叠世，下二叠统佳木河组烃源油沿断裂和输导层运移至石炭系-二叠系圈闭中聚集；②晚三叠世到早侏罗世，下二叠统风城组烃源油沿断裂、不整合和输导层运移，在二叠系-三叠系的各套储层中聚集；⑧早白垩世至今，佳木河组的天然气，以及中二叠统下乌尔禾组烃源油推动早期的原生油藏向上倾方向运聚。     

塔里木盆地和田古隆起对奥陶系油气成藏的控制作用

和田古隆起作为塔里木盆地三大古隆起之一,随着勘探程度的加大,古隆起演化及其对油气成藏控制作用的研究尤显不足.基于对构造、锆石定年、油气包裹体等资料分析,揭示和田古隆起经历了多期构造叠加改造阶段,并控制了寒武系烃源岩的生排烃、奥陶系储层的形成和油气的运聚.在加里东中期-海西早期,和田古隆起控制了奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层的发育;玉北1井于奥陶系鹰山组风化壳中油包裹体成熟度资料表明,鹰山组风化壳存在至少两次油气充注;在加里东晚期-海西早期,存在一期成藏,残留为沥青.烃类包裹体以及与其共生的气液两相盐水包裹体均一温度处于100~110 ℃,结合埋藏史判定包裹体捕获时间为海西晚期.海西晚期,和田古隆起进入埋藏阶段,下伏寒武系烃源岩此阶段达到生烃高峰,奥陶系圈闭定型,油气沿不整合及断裂运移充注,在和田古隆起高部位及岩溶斜坡区有利于油气聚集,构成了和田古隆起的主成藏阶段;在喜山期,和田古隆起发生反转,奥陶系古油藏调整、改造,油气向北运移,麦盖提斜坡奥陶系构造枢纽带是油气成藏的有利区带,玉北地区中西部成为油气的有利靶区.      

内蒙古海拉尔盆地油气成藏期次分析

利用储层自生伊利石测年法、烃源岩生排烃史法和包裹体均一温度法等综合分析了海拉尔盆地油气成藏期次。综合分析表明:海拉尔盆地油气成藏期主要分为两个大的阶段:第一阶段油气成藏时期在距今120～80 Ma,相当于伊敏组沉积时期—青元岗组沉积早期,是海拉尔盆地各凹陷最主要的成藏时期,油气大规模注入储层时期应该在距今105～90 Ma,相当于伊敏组二、三段沉积时期,此时期为烃源岩大量生排烃时期,油气运移动力充足,有利于油气发生运移并聚集成藏;第二阶段为青元岗组沉积至今,青元岗组沉积以来,发生过近东西向的挤压反转,使已形成的油气藏重新调整,同时二次生成的油气继续注入成藏。优质的烃源岩、断裂和稳定的厚层泥岩是控制研究区油气藏形成和分布的主要因素。     

海拉尔盆地贝尔凹陷油气成藏期次分析

应用储层自生伊利石测年法、烃源岩生排烃史法和包裹体均一温度法等综合分析海拉尔盆地贝尔凹陷油气成藏期次。分析结果表明海拉尔盆地贝尔凹陷油气成藏期主要分为两个大阶段:第一阶段油气成藏时期在距今120~80 Ma,相当于伊敏组沉积时期—青元岗组沉积早期,是海拉尔盆地贝尔凹陷最主要的成藏时期,油气大规模注入储层时期应该在105~90 Ma,相当于伊敏组二、三段沉积时期,此时期为烃源岩大量生排烃时期,油气运移动力充足,有利于油气发生大规模的运移并聚集成藏;第二阶段为青元岗组沉积至今,青元岗组沉积以来,发生过近东西向的挤压反转,使已形成的油气藏重新调整,同时二次生成的油气继续注入成藏。     

油气穿越未成岩断裂运移富集成藏模式与主控因素 ——以珠江口盆地恩平凹陷为例

恩平凹陷隆起带远离洼陷生烃中心,油气以侧向运移为主。基于浅层断裂埋藏浅、活动晚、封闭性弱的特征,提出穿断成藏模式成功地指导了隆起带勘探,发现一批商业性油田。对恩平凹陷南、北隆起带浅层主要油田成藏特征进行剖析,阐述了浅层油气穿越未成岩断裂运移富集成藏模式及其成因机制。断层岩弱成岩导致有限油柱封闭高度与油气强充注是其形成机制,弱成岩是关键。断裂-输导砂体-构造脊构成多次穿断运移的地层格架,油气充注强度与圈闭汇聚能力的平衡控制穿断运移路径上圈闭的富集程度,断-储排替压差控制穿断过程中油气垂向侧向分流。穿断运移成藏模式对浅层油气成藏具有一定借鉴意义。     

含油气流体包裹体测试与应用问题综述

在梳理含油气盆地流体包裹体测试常用技术以及流体包裹体在油气成藏研究中应用现状的基础上,结合塔里木盆地、准噶尔盆地、东海陆架盆地流体包裹体分析测试及应用研究经验,提出石英次生加大边中包裹体的可测性、均一温度测试对象的选取、后期演化对包裹体颜色分析的影响、肉眼鉴别包裹体荧光颜色的误差等包裹体分析测试时需注意的问题;提出包裹体GOI值受地应力场、储层非均质性等多重因素影响,在用于充注强度或古油藏研究时需谨慎;提出非连续埋藏型储层中包裹体均一温度数据的利用需要充分结合圈闭演化、输导体系演化、烃源岩生排烃演化等成藏条件演化,不宜简单利用均一温度厘定成藏期次.     

东濮凹陷濮卫洼陷油气成藏期分析

综合利用断裂和圈闭发育史、油藏饱和压力、烃源岩主生排烃期、储层流体包裹体均一温度等方法对东濮凹陷濮卫洼陷油气成藏期进行了分析,并提出对于存在剥蚀厚度比较大的地区在利用饱和压力方法计算成藏期时应结合埋藏史。研究认为,该区主要为两期成藏,分别为古近纪末期和新近纪末期—第四纪,且东西两侧油气成藏期存在差异,东侧濮城地区两期成藏,在古近纪末期和新近纪末期—第四纪均发生油气充注成藏,而西侧卫城地区仅在古近纪末期存在油气充注成藏,为一期成藏。     

鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区延长组低渗透油藏成藏期次研究

主要对陇东地区延长组流体包裹体特征进行了研究,结合烃源岩生烃史、原油成熟度,综合分析研究区的成藏期次。流体包裹体镜下观察与荧光特征显示陇东地区延长组存在两期油气包裹体：第一期油气包裹体在单偏光下呈灰褐色或深褐色的液烃包裹体,丰度较低,盐水包裹体均一温度主峰为75~95 ℃;第二期油气包裹体以气液烃包裹体为主,液烃表现为无色或淡黄色的单偏光特征与浅黄色至蓝绿色的荧光特征,丰度较高,盐水包裹体均一温度主峰为75~95 ℃与100~120 ℃。结合烃源岩生烃史与原油成熟度认为,陇东地区延长组存在三期成藏：距今约为140~130 Ma的早期低熟油小规模充注时期;发生于120~100 Ma,与烃源岩生烃高峰期相对应的中期成熟度大规模成藏期;距今约为100~40 Ma的晚白垩世构造抬升调整成藏时期。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the