塔里木盆地哈得逊油田东河砂岩油藏原油特征和倾斜油-水界面成因初探

塔里木盆地哈得逊油田东河砂岩油藏内部存在着由北向南原油密度等物性呈现规律变化的特征.西北部的"重质油"（密度>0.34 g/cm³）与中-南部的"轻质油"（密度<0.34g/cm³）来源于同一套烃源岩,但原油族组成、原油成份等方面的特征存在着较大的差别.东河砂岩油藏的原油可能不是直接来自于烃源岩,而是来源于古油藏,原油物性的差异是晚喜马拉雅运动导致晚海西期形成的古油藏发生调整并在运移过程中造成的成份分异等原因所致.哈得逊鼻隆构造高点至今仍在迁移,东河砂岩油藏正处于充注、调整之中,导致了其油-气-水界面的大幅度倾斜.     

中质油掺稀密度优化分析

稠油掺稀开采过程中,掺稀油密度选择不当不仅会影响降黏效果,甚至会造成油井沥青质析出而使油井无法正常生产。对掺稀降黏时不同密度中质油的分子活化能、Zeta电位及掺稀时溶解焓的理论及实验分析结果表明,随着中质油密度增大,分子活化能在密度为0.91g/cm3之后开始迅速增大,降黏效果明显降低;而Zeta电位值呈先增大后减小的趋势,并在密度为0.90~0.91g/cm3之间出现最高值,表明中质油密度在0.90~0.91g/cm3之间原油胶体体系最稳定;掺稀油溶解焓的测定结果亦表明,中质油密度在0.91g/cm3附近溶解焓最低,此时,掺稀降黏最有利。     

珠江口盆地番禺低隆起轻质原油地球化学特征及其对比研究

珠江口盆地番禺低隆起轻质原油的密度小于0.83 g/cm3,饱和烃质量分数高(71%～93%),不含沥青质等.从原油族组成、轻烃特征、碳同位素、生物标记化合物等方面综合分析了原油的地球化学特征.轻质原油的姥鲛烷/植烷峰面积比值高(6.1～7.4),碳同位素较重(-27.09‰～-26.48‰)、重排甾烷相对含量较高、重排甾烷/规则甾烷峰面积比值为0.65～0.95,C304-甲基甾烷相对含量较低,双环倍半萜烷相对含量较高,双环倍半萜烷/五环三萜烷峰面积比值为3.33～18.09.研究表明轻质原油的成熟度较高(镜质体反射率Ro＞1.0%),原油母岩的沉积环境为弱氧化条件,母质以陆源高等植物输入为主,细菌和藻类也有少量贡献;运用轻烃参数,金刚烷化合物、生物标记化合物的相对含量和碳同位素值及系列指标进行的油油和油源对比研究表明,轻质原油具有相同母源和成因,油源可能主要为珠江口盆地白云凹陷渐新统恩平组煤系烃源岩.     

二连盆地宝勒根陶海凹陷烃源岩生物标志化合物特征与油源对比

二连盆地宝勒根陶海凹陷虽然取得了很好的勘探成果,但油气成藏基础研究还非常薄弱。依据生物标志化合物特征对烃源岩进行分类,在此基础上开展油族划分和油源对比研究。地球化学特征表明,研究区有效烃源岩可划分为三类:第一类烃源岩为腾格尔组一段（K₁bt₁）中上部“高有机质丰度、低成熟度、高C₂₇甾烷相对含量、高伽马蜡烷含量、低Pr/Ph比值”烃源岩;第二类烃源岩为K₁bt₁下部“高有机质丰度、中等成熟度、中等C₂₇甾烷相对含量、中等伽马蜡烷含量”烃源岩;第三类烃源岩为阿尔善组（K₁ba）“较高有机质丰度、较高成熟度、低C₂₇甾烷相对含量、低伽马蜡烷含量、高Pr/Ph比值”烃源岩。依据生物标志化合物特征,油砂中的原油可划分成4个油族:油族1为K₁bt₁未熟油,原油来源于第一类烃源岩;油族2为K₁bt₁成熟油,原油来源于第二类烃源岩;油族3为K₁bt₁未熟油与K₁bt₁成熟油的混合油,原油来源于第一类烃源岩和第二类烃源岩;油族4为K₁bt₁成熟油与K₁ba成熟油的混合油,原油来源于第二类烃源岩和第三类烃源岩。从油气来源预测有利区,K₁bt₁烃源岩所指向的有利区的面积为26.85 km2,K₁ba烃源岩所指向的有利区面积为79.30 km2。     

应用高分辨率质谱分析苏丹高酸值原油成因

苏丹Muglad和Melut盆地是苏丹乃至整个中、西非剪切带最富含油气的盆地,所发现的原油主要为中质油(重度为20°～34°API),其次为重质油(重度小于20°API),普遍高含沥青质、高含蜡、高酸值、低含硫。为了探讨高酸值原油的成因,选择了苏丹地区18个不同酸值的原油样品,尝试高分辨率质谱分析上述原油有机酸的组成。结果表明,高酸值原油的有机酸主要由环烷酸组成;环烷酸的平均相对分子质量随降解作用程度增加而增大,分子碳原子数分布范围变宽;环烷酸以一环、二环、三环环烷酸为主。生物降解作用是形成高酸值原油的主要原因。     

乍得Bongor强反转裂谷盆地高酸值原油成因

乍得Bongor盆地是受中非剪切带影响发育起来的中、新生代陆内强反转裂谷盆地,反转和走滑构造是盆地最显著的构造特征。所发现的原油主要为中质油(重度为20°～34°API),其次为重质油(重度小于20°API),普遍高含沥青质、高含蜡、高酸值、低含硫。为了探讨高酸值原油的成因,作者选择了该盆地15个不同酸值的原油样品,尝试应用高分辨率质谱分析原油有机酸的组成。分析结果表明,高酸值原油的有机酸主要由环烷酸组成;环烷酸碳原子数分布范围较宽,且以一环、二环、三环环烷酸为主。生物降解作用是形成高酸值原油的主要原因,而构造反转造成盆地抬升,则加速了生物降解作用的发生。     

重液材料多钨酸钠在青海湖沉积物重力分离中的应用

多钨酸钠是一种无毒、易配制、可循环使用、密度高的新型无机重液.本文利用多钨酸钠重液,用离心机重力分离的方法将青海湖沉积物分成低(≤1.9g/cm3)、中(1.2-2.8g/cm3)、高(≥2.8g/cm3)三个密度组分,平均回收率为96.5%.重力分离后的沉积物测试分析发现,有机质主要分布在富粘土矿物的中密度组,揭示了粘土矿物的表面吸附是青海湖底沉积物有机质的主要赋存形式.     

塔里木盆地塔河油田原油与源岩对比研究

塔河油田是我国迄今为止在古生界海相碳酸盐岩层系中发现的最大的油气田,但是原油的油源目前仍然是一个有争异的问题。对塔河油田原油和寒武系、奥陶系烃源岩进行了地球化学分析,研究了生物标志化合物组成和分布特征,进行了油源对比。原油和烃源岩中正构烷烃、类异戊二烯烃、甾烷和萜烷组成及分布特征,显示了塔河油田原油与寒武系、奥陶系烃源岩具有亲缘关系,这与塔河油田长期成藏和多期成藏,从而允许寒武系、奥陶系烃源岩持续供油的地质事实相符合。研究认为,塔河油田原油与寒武系、奥陶系烃源岩中一些生物标志化合物组成的差异,可能与它们起源于有机质不同演化阶段有关,这一点应在研究具有高演化有机质特征的油源对比时予以重视。     

白云凹陷原油金刚烷化合物研究

针对白云凹陷油气共存的分布格局,轻质油藏、挥发性油藏及凝析油气藏中原油或凝析油因常规的甾萜类异构化参数等均已接近或达到其平衡值,难以有效判断其成熟度,导致无法准确界定该区挥发性油藏及凝析油为原生热成因抑或油藏受晚期天然气改造而成的次生成因的问题.本次研究采用气相色谱-质谱-质谱(GC-MS-MS)方法对白云凹陷原油及凝析油中金刚烷类化合物进行分析及绝对浓度测定,通过金刚烷参数指标对已发现原油及凝析油成熟度进行了界定,并探讨凝析油成因.研究表明,白云凹陷不同构造原油及凝析油成熟度差异大,白云主洼北部番禺低隆起和白云东洼凝析油金刚烷浓度在5000～10000μg/g之间,为高成熟阶段与天然气伴生的原生性凝析油,根据金刚烷指标参数推算的等效镜质组反射率(Rc)为1.3％～1.6％;白云东洼原油、白云主洼东部凝析油与挥发性油藏、油藏轻质油以及白云西洼挥发油、轻质油金刚烷浓度多在4000μg/g以下,为生油高峰后期产物,根据金刚烷指标参数推算的Rc为1.1％～1.3％,且白云主洼东部、白云西洼凝析油及挥发油可能为成熟阶段的原油遭受天然气改造而成的次生凝析油或挥发油.     

塔里木盆地轮南地区碳酸盐岩油气藏原油酸值的分布特征及其形成机制

轮南地区是塔里木盆地北部的主要含油气区,该地区奥陶系原油中酸值含量普遍较低,分布范围在0.01～1.41mg KOH/g,大多数原油属于低含酸原油,少数属于含酸原油或高酸原油,酸值在平面上表现出明显的"西高东低"特征。通过原油物性对比、地球化学分析及成藏过程的研究发现,原油的酸值与其母质类型、成熟度、生物降解程度及油气充注史均有一定的关系,尤其与生物降解作用密切相关。通过对原油生物标志化合物的分析,判定该区含酸原油为混合成因,这与油气成藏过程分析结果是一致的。原油中酸性物质含量会影响原油的性质,原油的酸值与物理性质具有明显的相关关系,轮南地区油气性质差异明显,具有"西油东气"的分布格局,原油的密度、胶质沥青质含量、含硫量等也具有"西高东低"的分布特点,而气油比、含蜡量等则表现为相反的分布特征。     

小太平山油砂油地球化学及生物降解特征

采用小太平山同一层位不同深度且连续的油砂样品,对油砂油的地球化学及生物降解特征进行分析。小太平山油砂油在生物降解作用下产生了丰富的25-降霍烷,常规藿烷和甾烷也发生了一系列变化。由于分子结构和稳定性不同,抗降解能力不同,C_(21)/C_(23)三环萜烷、伽马蜡烷/C_(30)藿烷、Ts/Tm、C_(30)重排藿烷/C_(30)藿烷值、αααC_(27)R/αααC_(29)R、C_(28)αααR/C_(29)αααR、C_(29)ααα20R/αββ20S、C_(29)ααα20R/αββ20R、C_(27)重排甾烷/(规则甾烷+重排甾烷)、常规藿烷异构体降解为25-降霍烷的比例,均反映出油砂油的生物降解程度随深度的增加而增大。小太平山油砂油随含水饱和度的增加降解程度增大,证实地层水有利于细菌类微生物的迁移、营养物质的传递,促进原油的生物降解及25-降霍烷的产生。     

Biodegradation of palmarosa oil (green oil) by Serratia marcescens

Biodegradation of oil depends on the nature of the oil, the type of microbial community and a variety of environmental factors. Green oils are being used as consumer goods and as raw materials in industries such as food processing, pharmaceutical and cosmetic. Microbial contaminations of green oils have been the cause of degradation problems. Serratia Marcessens produced cytochrome oxidase, catalase, Dextrose, Lactose, Manose and sorbitol enzymes were the main reason for the degradation af palmarosa oil. Changes of colour and turbidity was also the evidence for green oil degradation by bacteria. More oxygen included protons (0-CH²) group was produced in the presence of bacterial species and the addition of oxygen took place during bacterial degradation of palmarosa oil. The biodegradation of palmarosa oil by Serratia marcescens have been carried out using High Performance Liquid Chromatography, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Nuclear Magnetic spectroscopy analysis. Carboxyl group present in the palmorasa oil is utilised as a sole carbon sources for the Serratia marcescens.     

Bromine as an indicator of oil migration in northern Iraqi oil fields

The Br content of oil varies systematically along the paths of oil migration in northern Iraqi oil fields, indicating that this element may be used as an indicator of oil movement. The variation in Br parallels that of V and Ni, and like these two elements it is concentrated in the asphaltene fraction of petroleum.     

Evidence for in situ methanogenic oil degradation in the Dagang oil field

In situ biotransformation of oil to methane was investigated in a reservoir in Dagang, China using chemical fingerprinting, isotopic analyzes and molecular and biological methods. The reservoir is highly methanogenic despite chemical indications of advanced oil degradation, such as depletion of n-alkanes, alkylbenzenes and light polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) fractions or changes in the distribution of several alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The degree of degradation strongly varied between different parts of the reservoir, ranging from severely degraded to nearly undegraded oil compositions. Geochemical data from oil, water and gas samples taken from the reservoir are consistent with in situ biogenic methane production linked to aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon degradation. Microcosms were inoculated with production and injection waters in order to characterize these processes in vitro. Subsequent degradation experiments revealed that autochthonous microbiota are capable of producing methane from ¹³C labelled n-hexadecane or 2-methylnaphthalene and suggest that further methanogenesis may occur from the aromatic and polyaromatic fractions of Dagang reservoir fluids. The microbial communities from produced oil–water samples were composed of high numbers of microorganisms (on the order to 10⁷), including methane producing Archaea within the same order of magnitude. In summary, the investigated sections of the Dagang reservoir may have significant potential for testing the viability of in situ conversion of oil to methane as an enhanced recovery method and biodegradation of the aromatic fractions of the oil may be an important methane source.     

Passive oil collection device

A novel, efficient, economical oil collection device, which recovers oils from surface waters using physical principles has been demonstrated. This method has never been used in oil skimmers. The device contains a water-filled vessel open at one end that is positioned above the spilled oil so that the oil entrance opening is leveled with the oil layer on the water surface. The oil moves upward into the vessel displacing the water due to the lower density of the oil. The device has no moving parts. Torricelli’s discovery and Pascal’s law govern containment of the liquid in the vessel above the water level, while Archimedes’ buoyancy force moves oil in the vessel. A collection of thick and thin oil layers on calm water has been shown. This device is very durable, environmentally friendly, recovers pure oil, emits no noise, no pollution, and capable of producing a broad economic impact in the oil clean-up industry by protecting health, life, and the environment.     

The Norwegian oil economy

In a previous issue of Geojournal, Stenstadvold (1977) discussed the regional and structural effects of North Sea oil in Norway. Stenstadvold's article gave a detailed account of the oil-related industries and service bases on the Norwegian coast and their location. Since few changes have taken place in this location pattern since 1977, it is not discussed here. The aim of this article is to discuss the reasoning underlying present Norwegian oil policy and to give an account of the arguments relating to future pipeline systems, exploration and production aims, and their possible regional and structural effects. The development of licencing, exploration and field development since 1977 is discussed, and the effects on employment and foreign economy are analysed.     

甘肃樊家川油田延9油层储层沉积微相分析

储层微相研究是油田开发后期储层非均质性精细表征及剩余油分布规律研究的重要内容.笔者从岩心资料分析入手，按照成因相→成因相组合与成因分析→测井微相模式→单井测井相分析→平面微相分析的思路，对樊家川油田延9油层河流相储层进行微相细分研究，归纳出沉积微相平面展布特征，为油田开发及剩余油分布规律研究提供重要信息。