黑龙江鸡西盆地新生代玄武岩大地构造环境探讨

鸡西盆地新生代玄武岩的岩石学、岩石化学和地球化学研究表明,岩石中发育橄榄石包裹体,且造岩矿物中也多含橄榄石晶体;δEu=0.87~0.94（大于0.7）,具基性岩浆分异特征.微量元素Nb^*值为0.91（接近1）、K^*值为1.09,略大于1,表明岩浆与消减作用相关不大,且有非地壳物质加入.总体分析,岩浆来源于上地幔,上升过程中遭受了壳源物质的混染.鸡西地区新生代玄武岩岩浆来源于上地幔,是裂谷作用的产物,为大陆裂谷型玄武岩,其形成与敦密断裂在上新世的拉张活动有关.     

上地幔熔体-岩石相互作用与大陆地幔演化

根据实验岩石学、幔源岩石的岩石地球化学资料以及微量元素地球化学理论模拟等,评述了上地幔熔体岩石相互作用研究领域的最新进展,指出熔体岩石相互作用不仅深刻地制约了岩石圈地幔的矿物学、地球化学和物理性质的变化以及地幔不均一性的形成及演化,而且也会最终控制各种构造环境下喷出岩浆的地球化学特征,以及深部岩浆的分离机制。     

上地幔熔体—岩石相互作用与大陆地幔演化

根据实验岩石学,幔源岩石的岩石地球化学资料以及微量元素地球化学理论模拟等,评述了上地幔熔体－岩石相互作用研究领域的最新进展,指出熔体－岩石相互作用不仅深刻地制约了岩石圈地幔的矿物学,地球化学和物理性质的变化以及地幔不均一性的形成及演化,而且也会最终控制各种构造环境下喷出岩浆的地球化学特征,以及深部岩浆的分离机制。     

中国东北地区上地幔组成、结构及热状态

本文通过对中国东北地区新生代玄武岩中超镁铁质包体的研究,根据地质压力计所估算的包体形成深度、玄武岩浆及辉石岩浆起源的深度等,建立了中国东北地区上地幔组成模式:1.壳幔过渡带;2.尖晶石二辉橄榄岩层;3.含有痕量硅酸盐熔体的低速层;4.尖晶石方辉橄榄岩层;5.石榴石二辉橄榄岩层。与此同时,根据地质温度计与地质压力计推算资料,作者认为中国东北地区上地幔属大洋地温。与典型克拉通地温相比,低速层位置较浅,上地幔处于过热状态,这与大陆裂谷的发育有关。     

中国东部岩石圈上地幔的组成特征及其地质意义

无论是在岩石学领域,还是在地质学的其它研究领域,地幔的岩石学特征都具有十分重要的意义。本文试图把统计学方法引入区域岩石学研究,从中国东部新生代玄武质岩石中超镁铁岩包体的成分特征入手,应用统计学方法阐明中国东部岩石圈上地幔整体上为弱亏损上地幔的观点。并且认为,在中国东部,岩石圈上地幔具有东西分带的特点。地幔岩石的带状分布方向为NNE向,与中国东部上地幔隆起的长轴方向一致。从东向西可以分出3个带,即东南沿海带、长白山—郯庐断裂带及大兴安岭—太行山带。另一方面,岩石圈上地幔岩石成分的这种分带性又受到其它因素的影响,以致在东西分带的基础上显现南北分块的特征,大致划分出了东北、华北、华南三大地块,体现了中国东部岩石圈上地幔的南北差异。在这个基础上,进一步探讨了我国东部岩石圈上地幔的组成特征在玄武岩岩浆起源、裂谷作用及地质演化等方面的意义。     

试论辽东地区古元古代壳幔混合杂岩

辽东地区古元古代条痕状花岗质杂岩呈东西向展布于辽东古裂谷带中,侵入辽河群,最高可达大石桥岩组。曾被认为是幔源岩浆结晶分异,或壳源重熔岩浆侵位的产物。岩石化学和地球化学研究表明,杂岩属钙碱性,是以Ｓ型花岗质岩为主的Ｉ型与Ｓ型的混合型花岗岩。杂岩物源主要来源于壳源区火山－沉积岩和壳幔过渡区的玄武岩－沉积岩,是壳幔混合层部分熔融体在伸展机制向挤压机制启动期转化阶段形成的复杂岩石,可称壳幔混合杂岩。     

贝加尔裂谷带通京盆地呼兰霍博克火山的玄武岩岩石学和地球化学特征

位于贝加尔裂谷带西南端通京盆地的呼兰霍博克火山为玄武岩质碎屑锥,玄武岩由高拉长石、贵橄榄石、普通辉石和火山玻璃组成,其矿物组成及SiO2-（Na2O＋K2O）图和Hf-Th-Ta图指示为碱性玄武岩.CIPW标准矿物特征、岩石化学成分和单斜辉石化学成分特征表明岩石属碱性系列,钠质型.稀土元素和微量元素的地球化学特征表明岩石为裂谷初期玄武岩.初步推断原始岩浆来源于上地幔,斑晶可能于16.5 km深处的次生壳层岩浆房结晶.     

熔体─上地幔岩石的相互作用及稀土元素模拟计算──以法国中央高原堡雷(Bore)幔源包体为例

产于法国中央高原堡雷（Boree）的具镶嵌结构方辉橄榄岩包体被认为是大陆活动区碱性玄武岩捕获的、来源最深的尖晶石相上地幔样品。已有的岩浆堆积说和等物理化学环境中重结晶模式难于解释其矿物学、微量元素和Sr－Nd同位素地球化学特征,为此我们提出了热柱来源熔体渗滤岩石圈底部的新成因模式。渗滤熔体和岩石圈地幔之间的反应不仅导致了矿物含量的变化,而且形成了特征的微量元素配分型式和同位素组成。REE模拟计算表明,熔体／岩石比值的大小、熔体性质以及熔体-岩石反应机制的多样性是控制本区幔源包体地球化学及其岩石变形、结晶程度之间相关性的重要因素。     

五大连池火山岩带的地幔富集作用

小古里河-科洛-五大连池-二克山新生代火山岩带是一条富钾火山岩带,本文选择科洛荡子山新近纪的白榴碧玄岩和其中的方辉橄榄岩地幔包体和白榴霓霞岩岩浆包体为重点研究对象,通过岩相学和地球化学研究发现大量地幔交代的证据,从而认识到以方辉橄榄岩代表的岩石圈地幔在来自软流圈富含不相容元素的流体交代作用下,形成了富集地幔,白榴霓霞岩包体和富钾的火山岩则来自这类交代型地幔不同阶段部分熔融的岩浆,因此火山岩具有低Nd、低Pb和高Sr的同位素特征。富钾火山岩带的K2O／Na2O等值线图表明长400km,宽50km的幔源富钾的火山岩带是受新生代陆内NNW走向的裂谷控制。     

交代岩石圈地幔与金成矿作用

交代岩石圈地幔与大型金矿床之间的成因联系受到越来越多的关注.研究成矿金属在地幔源区的富集程度和幔源岩浆中的金含量,以及金从地幔源区释放、迁移并大规模富集成矿的机制和过程可以帮助我们更好地认识交代岩石圈地幔对金富集成矿的重要作用.金是高度亲铜元素,同时还具有流体活动性,在地幔岩浆作用、岩浆热液演化和富集成矿等诸多过程中的行为较为复杂.主要从金的地球化学行为出发,通过梳理金在各类地幔岩石和幔源岩浆中的分布,以及岩浆热液中金的主要行为及其受控因素,探讨交代岩石圈地幔对巨量金成矿的关键控制机制.主要认识包括:（1）交代岩石圈地幔可能是形成大规模热液型金矿床的重要源区,但金在源区的异常富集可能并不是成矿的必要条件;（2）地幔交代组分（特别是挥发分）有助于金从地幔源区中有效释放、并通过跨岩石圈尺度的深大断裂迁移富集;（3）富挥发分的岩浆热液中金的富集沉淀过程远比一个富金的地幔源区对大规模金成矿作用的贡献更大.因此,深刻理解岩石圈地幔长期演化过程中金在地幔交代和岩浆-热液演化过程中的行为与富集机制是解析大型金矿床成因的关键.      

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.