江西九瑞矿集区硅质断裂磨砾岩带的厘定及其成岩成矿意义

在九瑞矿集区研究叠合断裂和叠加成矿作用的基础上,我们进一步详细研究了出露在洋鸡山-丁家山-望夫山一线的硅质角砾岩,指出它们不是原先认为的石炭系沉积硅质岩,而应属于一种断裂磨砾岩,并深入探究其形成过程及与成矿之关系.断裂磨砾岩是断裂分带结构成熟的标志之一,多在剪切作用和热液作用下,断裂岩石经硅化-破裂-碎裂-粉碎-研磨,形成具有一定圆度和球度,大小差异较大的磨砾或磨粒,且又会反复的集结-破碎,不断拓宽断裂构造形成磨砾-角砾岩带.本文研究的断裂磨砾岩,呈北东向展布,延长达十几千米.成分上以硅化角砾岩为主,SiO2含量一般大于90％,石英颗粒由隐晶到显晶.一些角砾岩中含Fe2O3较高,有可能是原先的硫化物经氧化形成的褐铁矿.本区洋鸡山-丁家山-望夫山一线产出的断裂磨砾-角砾岩带,很可能是燕山期构造-岩浆-成矿事件的产物.在城门山和武山铜矿,我们之前的工作己发现存在产于泥盆系五通组和石炭系黄龙组层滑构造体系中的黄铁矿角砾岩,则有可能属于海西期同生断裂活动的产物.因此,这些不同的角砾岩具有多阶段活动和叠加成矿的特征.本文还进一步指出,九瑞地区其他层位(如泥盆系与志留系之间、志留系与奥陶系之间)发育的层滑构造体系和断裂角砾岩及热液蚀变岩,也很可能是成矿有利部位,值得今后找矿工作的关注.     

断裂输导体系研究现状及存在的问题

在前人研究成果的基础上,对断裂输导体系的内部结构、动力学机理、输导能力的控制因素、流体活动特征的识别、与其有关的优势通道等方面进行了综述.脆性断裂带内部的流体输导通道包括伴生裂缝、无黏结力的断层岩带和诱导裂缝3种类型,塑性断裂带只具有断裂伴生裂缝一种类型的输导通道.断裂带流体排驱的动力学机理包括突发性构造事件、超压与构造活动联控、超压主导和浮力驱动4种基本类型.气烟囱、沸腾包裹体、MnO等微量元素与包裹体均一温度异常等是判断或追踪断裂带流体活动特征的有效指标.与断裂输导体系有关的优势通道包括流向优势和断面优势两种类型,它们对油气的分布具有重要的控制作用.最后提出了断裂输导体系研究中存在的问题及进一步研究的方向.     

Tectonic implications of damage zone-related fault-fracture networks revealed in drill core through the Nojima fault, Japan

1800 m of drill core through the Nojima fault zone, Japan, reveals subsidiary fault and fracture networks that developed in the fault zone that triggered the 1995 Ms 7.2 Kobe earthquake. The subsidiary fault zones contain a fault gouge of < 1 cm bounded by thin zones of foliated cataclasite or breccia. Fractures are filled with calcite veins, calcite-cemented breccias, clay, and iron-oxide and carbonate alternation of the granitic host rock. These features are typical of extensional fractures that form the conduit network for fluid flux close to a major fault zone. The zone of distributed deformation surrounding the main fault is 50 m in width, and the dip of the Nojima fault at > 1 km depth is 75°. The fault-fracture networks associated with the Nojima fault zone are coseismic and were filled with carbonate and fine-grained material during repeated seismic-related infiltration of the fault zone by carbonate-bearing subsurface water. This study shows that fault-related fracture networks plays an important role as fluid flow conduits within seismically active faults, and can change in character from zones of high permeability to low permeability due to cementation and/or pore collapse.     

Fault zone characteristics,fracture systems and permeability implications of Middle Triassic Muschelkalk in Southwest Germany

Fault zone structure and lithology affect permeability of Triassic Muschelkalk limestone-marl-alternations in Southwest Germany, a region characterized by a complex tectonic history. Field studies of eight fault zones provide insights into fracture system parameters (orientation, density, aperture, connectivity, vertical extension) within fault zone units (fault core, damage zone). Results show decreasing fracture lengths with distances to the fault cores in well-developed damage zones. Fracture connectivity at fracture tips is enhanced in proximity to the slip surfaces, particularly caused by shorter fractures. Different mechanical properties of limestone and marl layers obviously affect fracture propagation and thus fracture system connectivity and permeability. Fracture apertures are largest parallel and subparallel to fault zones and prominent regional structures (e.g., Upper Rhine Graben) leading to enhanced fracture-induced permeabilities. Mineralized fractures and mineralizations in fault cores indicate past fluid flow. Permeability is increased by the development of hydraulically active pathways across several beds (non-stratabound fractures) to a higher degree than by the formation of fractures interconnected at fracture tips. We conclude that there is an increase of interconnected fractures and fracture densities in proximity to the fault cores. This is particularly clear in more homogenous rocks. The results help to better understand permeability in Muschelkalk rocks.     

FORMATION OF GOLD-BEARING HYDROFRACTURING BRECCIA BODIES IN TECTONIC LENSES： A CASE STUDY ON SHUANGWANG GOLD DEPOSIT, SHAANXI, CHINA

1 Introduction Hydrofracturing is possibly an important fracture behavior within the whole lithospheric crust, many geologists have noticed and carried out study on hydrofracturing in the fluid-rock systems (e.g., Phillips, 1972; Sibson, 1986; Fyfe, 1987; Svyatoslav and Kirill, 1993; Cox, 1995; Nakashima and Toriumi, 1996; James et al., 2000; Agust et al., 2002). Hydrofracturing phenomena are universally existent in the active structural belts, nonlinear tension vein systems in metamorphi…     

轮古东走滑断裂破碎带结构及与油气关系

利用最新处理完成的轮古东300 km2叠前深度偏移地震资料,多手段识别出轮古东气田发育3期4组断裂。断裂控制了裂缝走向与裂缝发育密度,裂缝主要为高角度(45°~75°)构造窄裂缝,沿裂缝存在溶蚀,走向主要为NESW。纵向上,一间房组裂缝发育密度最大(14条/100 m),其次为鹰山组(6条/100 m)和良里塔格组(4条/100 m);平面上,裂缝主要分布在主干断裂周边1 km范围内,随着距断裂距离增大,裂缝发育强度(裂缝线密度)呈指数降低。在此基础上,综合考虑主干断裂及伴生裂缝发育特征,将轮古东断裂破碎带平面上划分为"羽状破碎带、转换破碎带、斜列破碎带、复合破碎带"4种结构,羽状破碎带分布面积最广,是油气最富集的区域,是目前高效井的集中分布区,围绕羽状破碎带的钻探为走滑断裂控储控藏研究和寻找新的油气富集区域提供了新思路。     

碳酸盐岩内断裂带结构及其与油气成藏

以野外观察描述为手段,系统研究了碳酸盐岩断裂变形机制的影响因素及断裂带结构演化过程,剖析了碳酸盐岩地层中断裂带结构与流体运移的关系。研究表明,影响碳酸盐岩内断裂变形机制的因素包括岩性、孔隙度、变形深度、温度、胶结作用、先存裂缝等,控制断裂带结构形成的因素包括滑动位移和破裂模式等。低孔隙度碳酸盐岩以裂缝发育为主,高孔隙度碳酸盐岩变形早期产生变形带,带内裂缝联接逐渐发育成断层带。随着埋藏深度的增加,断裂带结构不同：埋藏深度小于3 km,断层核主要发育无内聚力的断层角砾岩和断层泥;埋藏深度大于3 km,断层核普遍发育有内聚力的断层角砾岩和碎裂岩,破碎带发育多种成因的裂缝。随着位移的增加,破裂模式从早期的破裂作用变为后期的碎裂作用,最终形成碎裂流。断裂带演化是一个四维过程,断层核和破碎带发育情况直接影响断层对油气的运移和封闭的作用。断裂变形机制、断裂带内部结构以及与流体运移关系的研究,都可为封闭性提供重要的理论依据。     

新疆柯坪-巴楚地区碳酸盐岩构造裂缝发育的控制因素及油气勘探意义

构造裂缝发育程度是碳酸盐岩地区构造裂缝定量研究的重要方面,对碳酸盐岩裂缝油气藏的储层预测具有重要意义。论文基于野外地质实际考察,研究岩性、地层厚度、构造性质等因素对构造裂缝的影响,建立比较系统的构造裂缝发育分布规律,建立构造裂缝发育的地质模型。白云岩的裂缝密度明显大于灰岩类的裂缝密度。地层越厚裂缝密度越小,但裂缝规模较大。走滑断裂控制的构造裂缝的裂缝密度与距断裂的距离呈指数关系且存在"断裂控制的裂缝带","断裂控制裂缝带"与断裂的性质、规模和断距等因素密切相关。提出不同性质断裂"断裂控制裂缝带"宽度与断层破碎带宽度的比值K,这个比值的发现对断裂控制的裂缝油气勘探开发具有重要的应用价值。     

鄂尔多斯盆地隐性断裂识别及其控藏作用

所谓隐性断裂带，是指在断裂发育早期，主断面形成之前的裂缝发育带或一系列地质体定向律排列所反映的弱变形断裂趋势带.为了研究鄂尔多斯盆地隐性断裂带的形成机制及其对油气运聚成藏的控制作用，在重、磁、区域地质等分析的基础上，充分应用油气勘探、野外考查等资料，在鄂尔多斯盆地分别识别出了盆地级、坳陷级、凹陷级和圈闭级的隐性断裂带，按走向可分为东西向、北西向和北东向等.研究表明:按照从隐性到显性的顺序，可将隐性断裂带的演化分为盖层密集裂缝发育期、雁列式断裂线性展布期、断裂面断续形成期、断裂面陆续连通期以及断裂面连通且产生断距的显性断裂期5个基本阶段.隐性断裂带调节了盆地的构造格局、分割凹陷、隆起、加速烃源岩的发育程度、控制沉积体系的展布、改善储集层和输导体系，对油气的生成和运聚成藏都有着重要影响，隐性断裂带的发育区，往往是油气聚集靶区.      

塔里木盆地走滑带碳酸盐岩断裂相特征及其与油气关系

通过露头与井下资料的综合分析,塔里木盆地奥陶系碳酸盐岩走滑断裂带断裂相具有多样性,根据内部构造发育程度可以分为断层核发育、断层核欠发育两类。露头走滑带断层核部以裂缝带、透镜体、滑动面等断裂相发育为特征,断裂边缘的破碎带发育裂缝带、变形带。裂缝带主要分布在断层核附近50m的破碎带内,裂缝多开启,渗流性好。断裂核部透镜体发育,在破碎带也有分布,破碎角砾组合的透镜体多致密。滑动面具有平直截切型、渐变条带型等两种类型,多为开启的半充填活动面。变形带多为方解石与碎裂岩充填,破碎带局部部位裂缝与溶蚀作用较发育。利用地震剖面、构造图、相干图等资料可以判识塔里木盆地内部奥陶系碳酸盐岩走滑断裂相的特征及其发育程度,沿走滑断裂带走向上断裂相具有分段性与差异性,根据渗流性可以定性区分高渗透相、致密相区。沿断裂带高渗透相区是碳酸盐岩缝洞体储层发育的有利部位。断裂相的横向变化造成油气分布的区段性,形成高渗透相输导模式、致密相遮挡模式等两类成藏模式。走滑断裂带碳酸盐岩断裂相的特征及其控藏作用对油气勘探开发储层建模具有重要意义。     

Reservoir Characteristics and Genetic Mechanisms of the Mesozoic Granite Buried Hills in the Deep‐water of the Qiongdongnan Basin,Northern South China Sea

Due to its structure,rock and mineral composition,fluid and other factors,the granite Buried Hill Reservoir is highly heterogeneous with a complex longitudinal structure and a reservoir space made up of a combination of dissolution pores and fractures.This paper is based on current understanding of tectonic evolution in the northern part of the South China Sea,in conjunction with the seismic phase characteristics.It is determined that the meshed fault system was formed by three stages of movement-tectonic compression orogeny during the Indochinese epoch,strike-slip compression-tension during the Yanshanian Period,early fracture extension activation during the Himalayan-which controlled the distribution of the Buried Hill Reservoir.Drilling revealed two types of buried hills,faulted anticline and fault horst,their longitudinal structure and the reservoir space type being significantly different.The mineral composition,reservoir space and diagenetic characteristics of the reservoir rocks and minerals were analyzed by lithogeochemistry,micro section and logging etc.,it thus being determined that the Mesozoic rocks of the Songnan Low Uplift in the Qiongdongnan Basin are mainly composed of syenogranite,granodiorite,monzogranite,which is the material basis for the development of the Buried Hill Reservoir.The content of felsic and other brittle minerals is more than 70%,making it easy for it to be transformed into fractures.At the same time,the weathering resistance of granodiorite and monzogranite is weaker than that of syenogranite,which is easily weathered and destroyed,forming a thick sand gravel weathering zone.With increasing depth of burial,weathering and dissolution gradually weaken,the deep acidic fluid improving the reservoir property of internal fractures and expanding the vertical distribution range of the reservoirs.The research results lay a foundation for the exploration of Buried Hill in the deep-water area of the Qiongdongnan Basin.     

秦岭造山带中段马蹄沟金矿床伸展剪切构造系统及其控矿作用

马蹄沟金矿床位于陕西省宝鸡市南部秦岭造山带中段的商丹断裂带(华北板块与扬子板块碰撞缝合带)西段南缘,在矿集区划分上属于凤太矿集区北部。金矿区发育一套由面理构造、a-型线理、a-型褶皱和配套张扭性裂隙组成的伸展剪切构造系统。面理构造产状平缓,走向NWW,倾向NNE,倾角以20°~30°为主;a-型线理产状总体倾伏向为NEE,部分向E倾伏,倾伏角比较平缓,以5°~20°为主,个别达30°~50°;a-型褶皱构造往往轴面产状比较平缓或近水平,枢纽与a-型线理一致;张扭性裂隙构造单体呈约350°走向,倾向E,倾角50°~70°,组合形式平面上为右列式、剖面上为前列式。金矿床宏观上受发育于早古生代罗汉寺岩组浅变质碎屑岩中的韧脆性剪切伸展构造系统控制,金矿体沿该韧脆性变形带中的各个方向微裂隙发育,形成宽度0.5~2 mm的微细含硫化物含金石英网脉,这些微裂隙包括平行面理、小角度(10°~15°)斜交面理、中角度(25°~30°)斜交面理,对应于剪切带的P、D、R型含矿裂隙;最特色的是发育一组产状350°/NE50°~70°、大角度(50°~60°)斜交面理的较粗大含硫化物富金石英脉,其对应于剪切带的T型含矿裂隙。商丹断裂带西段地区金成矿作用与区域构造演化密切相关,秦岭造山带勉县‒略阳地区陆陆碰撞在早‒中三叠世已经完成,晚三叠世早期存在伸展构造形成的构造背景。区域上的进一步找矿方向是发育伸展剪切构造系统的地区。     

Fracture systems in normal fault zones crosscutting sedimentary rocks,Northwest German Basin

Field studies of fracture systems associated with 58 normal fault zones crosscutting sedimentary rocks were performed in the Northwest German Basin. Fracture orientations, densities, apertures and lengths, as well as fault zone structural indices, were analysed separately for fault damage zones and host rocks. The results show a pronounced difference between carbonate and clastic rocks: mainly in carbonate rocks we found presence of clear damage zones, characterized by higher fracture densities than in the host rocks. While the maximum aperture is similar for both units, the percentage of fractures with large apertures is much higher in the damage zones than in the host rocks.Based on laboratory measurements of Young's moduli and field measurements of fracture densities, we calculate effective stiffnesses E_e, that is the Young's moduli of the in situ rock masses, within the normal fault zones. Compared with carbonate rocks, E_e computed for clastic-rock damage zones decreases significantly less due to lower fracture densities. We conclude that normal fault zones in carbonate rocks have more profound effects on enhancing permeability in fluid reservoirs than those in clastic rocks. The results are of great importance for modelling the hydromechanical behaviour of normal fault zones in subsurface fluid reservoirs.     

甘肃南部坪定-化马断裂带锁儿头滑坡成因机制

甘南坪定-化马断裂是现今仍在活动的断裂,具左旋走滑性质。锁儿头滑坡沿坪定-化马断裂带发育,属典型的蠕滑型断裂带滑坡。野外调查及监测资料表明,锁儿头滑坡规模大,为巨型滑坡,其上发育多个次级小滑坡。滑坡体由断层破碎带、碎石土和堆积黄土组成。该滑坡变形强烈,拉张裂缝、剪张裂缝多见,目前处于蠕滑变形状态,是在内外动力耦合条件下形成的。活动断裂对滑坡的形成、发展起控制作用,而降雨则是滑坡复活的主要诱发因素。因此,对锁儿头滑坡成因机制的深入研究可为蠕滑型断裂带滑坡的预测防治提供理论依据。     

Chemical brecciation processes in the Sue unconformity-type uranium deposits, Eastern Athabasca Basin (Canada)

Chemical brecciation in sandstone is common in many unconformity-type uranium deposits of the Athabasca Basin, and is expressed in some of them as ball zone breccia. Ball zones are composed of rounded argillized sandstone fragments, varying in size from several centimeters to 1 m, wrapped in a clay matrix. The Sue C open pit provided a unique opportunity to map and to study such ball zones. Here, they were up to 5 m wide with a 20–30 m vertical extension. They were mainly observed along a reverse fault controlling the Sue A and B uranium deposits, and were well developed at intersections with dextral NE-trending structures. Their maturity, characterized by the matrix percentage, increased toward the unconformity and at fault intersections. They are characterized by massive quartz dissolution, hematite leaching, (Ca,Sr,LREE)Al-phosphates crystallization and replacement of dickite by illite. Illite composition indicates formation temperatures of 240–280 °C, close to peak diagenesis conditions in the basin. Mass balance calculations show that V, K, Rb, B, LREE, Mg, Cr, Sr, U and Y were added and Si and Fe leached out with up to 85% volume loss.Ball zones were initiated by tectonic fracturing in sandstone during reverse faulting. Consecutive permeability increase induced basement fluid circulation in the sandstone with quartz dissolution along fractures. With a silica saturation of the fluid of 90%, a minimum fluid/rock ratio of 38,000 is obtained. The rounded morphologies of the breccia fragments are attributed to a diffusion-limited regime of dissolution. The resulting increase of clay content led to self-sealing of the hydrothermal system. Seismic reactivation may have been periodically rejuvenated the permeability. These processes seem to be coeval with the formation of structurally controlled high-grade unconformity-type uranium mineralization. Formation of the ball zones required probably more than 1 million years.     

断层内部结构及其对封闭性的影响

先前的研究多考虑断层封堵和开启的2种极端状态,近来的研究认为,在多数情况下断层处于2种之间的状态,只有在静止期具有封闭能力的断层,才有可能对油气起封堵作用。分析断层对流体运移的影响,需要分析断层在演化过程中的内部结构特征。断层可以划分出破碎带、诱导裂缝带和围岩3部分,断层岩和伴生裂缝构成破碎带的主体部分。常见的断层岩包括断层角砾岩、断层泥和部分碎裂岩,它们充填在断层裂缝空间中,断层内部结构受断层形成时的构造应力性质、断层活动强度和围岩岩性因素的控制。从动态角度看,随着断距增加,断层活动伴随着裂缝的发育和岩石的破碎混杂,可用泥质源岩层厚度和断距的比值来划分不同的发育阶段。断层活动期为油气运移通道,在静止时表现出差异性的封闭,通常用断层渗透率和排替压力2个参数来定量评价断层的封闭程度。断层岩渗透率主要受断距、泥质含量、埋深等因素的控制;断层排替压力的预测方法有2种:一种是从断层岩成岩角度分析的"等效埋深法",另一种是分析实测排替压力与主控地质因素的"拟合法"。通过简化的断层模型,建立了渗透率、排替压力与主控因素的预测关系。和储层类似,流体在断层中的运移遵循多孔介质的渗流特征。利用断层两侧的流体压力和油气柱高度并不能直接评价封闭性能,还必须考虑油气充注史和流体压力变化历史。     

构造岩体积应变与质量迁移分析在地质学研究中的意义——以怒江断裂高黎贡山为例

本文以特提斯构造系怒江断裂高黎贡山韧性剪切带糜棱岩为实例。测试分析表明,在韧性剪切带岩石变形变质前后,SiO2、TiO2、全Fe、H2O等显著贫化,CaO、MgO、Na2O、K2O等显著富集;韧性剪切带的发育使原来的片麻岩转变为糜棱岩,原岩质量和体积的变化分别为-29.48%和-26.86%。构造岩的体积应变和质量迁移分析是构造时限年代学和流体/岩石比值研究的中间环节,它还在估算挤压构造带缩短量以及求算碳酸盐岩脱排CO2资源量等方面具有广泛的应用前景。     

南白碱滩断裂带结构特征及流体作用

南白碱滩断裂带可分为滑动破碎带和诱导裂缝带两个结构单元。滑动破碎带具断裂角砾岩特征,厚度小,压实强,岩性致密,封闭性好;诱导裂缝带宽度大,裂缝发育,胶结充填作用强。断裂充填物主要为方解石,其次为方沸石,另外还发现硅质和沥青充填。充填物中流体包裹体发育,有盐水包裹体,也有有机包裹体,主要沿方解石解理面和微裂隙呈线状分布。盐水包裹体均一温度可分为3个区间,有机包裹体在荧光镜下也显示出棕色、亮黄色及蓝绿色3种颜色,表明南白碱滩断裂带至少经历了3期大规模的流体活动。成岩胶结作用对南白碱滩断裂带的封闭性起重要作用,受后期构造运动的影响,早期封闭性断裂会重新开启,流体将再次活动,形成新的胶结物,故该断裂的封闭是多期流体活动发生成岩胶结作用的结果。      

青藏铁路沿线的地裂缝及工程影响

通过大比例尺野外地质调查和跨季节对比观测,发现青藏铁路沿线发育地震破裂、断层裂缝、冻土裂缝与冰裂缝4种不同类型的地裂缝。典型地震破裂包括西大滩古地震破裂、昆仑山南缘地震破裂、可可西里古地震破裂、崩错地震破裂、谷露盆西地震破裂、羊八井-当雄盆西地震破裂;地震破裂规模大,产状稳定,与地震鼓包、地震陡坎、地震凹陷有序组合,是地表构造变形的重要形式,属内动力成因地裂缝。断层裂缝沿断层破碎带定向分布,产状稳定,成群产出,与断层活动、地下水运移、不均匀冻胀存在密切的关系,是构造变形与融冻变形联合、内外动力耦合产生的复合成因地裂缝。冻土裂缝和冰裂缝属外营力成因地裂缝,是冻土与冰层不均匀融冻变形的重要表现形式。地震破裂、断层裂缝和冻土裂缝对青藏公路、青藏铁路及沿线工程安全具有不良影响,这些地裂缝切割错断路基,形成路面破裂和路基滑塌,产生显著的灾害效应。     

西双版纳勐海西定破碎带蚀变岩型金矿

金矿体赋存于澜沧群惠民组上段中下部F2断层破碎带中,构造角砾岩、碎裂岩、碎斑岩是主要含金岩类.氧化矿石,金包裹于褐铁矿及绢云母中、少量自然金,属中低温破碎带蚀变岩型金矿.