粤北大东山岩体加里东期花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄及地质意义

对大东山地区天堂岭岩体和中洞岩体黑云母二长花岗岩进行LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年,获得其成岩年龄分别为450.9±5.8Ma和448±9.1Ma,属加里东期。该期花岗岩具有富硅碱、高钾和强过铝特征,轻稀土富集、Eu强亏损,微量元素具有富集Rb、(Th+U+K)、(La+Ce)、Nd、(Zr+Hf+Sm)、(Y+Yb+Lu),亏损Ba、Nb、Sr、P、Ti特征,主量元素Na2O-K2O及A/MF-C/MF图解显示其源岩为变质砂岩部分熔融,Rb-(Y+Nb)图解落于后碰撞花岗岩区域,表明其形成于后碰撞构造环境,为地壳物质熔融改造型(S-型)花岗岩。     

青藏高原东缘哀牢山 金沙江构造带糜棱状花岗岩的 LA ICP MS U Pb 定年及其构造意义

哀牢山—金沙江构造带糜棱状花岗岩位于哀牢山深变质带中部。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年结果显示两个样品(08Q2-22和08Q2-15)锆石新生边的年龄分别为250.2±2.1Ma(MSWD=2.5)和247.2±2.3Ma(MSWD=0.15)。石英C轴组构测定(EBSD)结果表明韧性变形变质作用形成于角闪岩相条件(500～630℃),远低于锆石结晶温度(675～864℃)和U-Pb体系的封闭温度(800℃),对锆石内部的U-Th-Pb组成不会产生影响,结合锆石的阴极发光图像及U-Pb协和图的特点分析认为锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年结果(247～250Ma)是对岩浆侵位时代的体现。花岗岩中白云母等过铝质矿物的出现、低钠高钾、A/CNK和A/NK都1.0、稀土和微量元素配分模式与上地壳相似,以及大离子亲石元素和亲岩浆元素强烈富集,Sm和Y明显亏损的特征展示出过铝质、S型花岗岩的地球化学性质。(Yb+Ta)-Rb、Nb-Y、(Y+Nb)-Rb和CaO-(TFeO+MgO)构造环境判别图解及构造带曾经历早中生代俯冲碰撞作用的历史,表明该花岗岩体形成于俯冲碰撞型构造环境。结合前人在哀牢山、点苍山深变质带中相继发现的早三叠世糜棱岩化花岗岩,以及长英质岩石韧性变形变质作用发生于中下地壳(10～15km以下)的特点,分析认为哀牢山—金沙江深变质带是早三叠世及其以前的岩石被俯冲到中下地壳发生韧性变形变质后被挤出或隆升到上地壳的,深变质变形作用形成于中生代或新生代,而非元古宙,它不是,或至少不完全是扬子地块的结晶基底。     

北祁连构造带东端拼贴过程的探讨——金柳滩韧性剪切带锆石U-Pb年龄和Lu-Hf同位素特征

金柳滩韧性剪切带位于北祁连构造带东端山门镇,是陇山岩群与葫芦河岩群拼贴的构造边界。通过陇山岩群的黑云角闪斜长片麻岩和金柳滩韧性剪切带内的花岗质糜棱岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年分析发现：陇山岩群的黑云角闪斜长片麻岩形成于461.9±7.0 Ma;金柳滩韧性剪切带内的花岗质糜棱岩获得了~460 Ma,~420 Ma和~380 Ma三组年龄。其中,~460 Ma的锆石具清晰的振荡环带、高的Th/U比值、左倾型的REE模式和显著的Ce正异常以及Eu负异常的特征,表明了~460 Ma为原岩的形成年龄;~420 Ma和~380 Ma的锆石虽然具有类似岩浆成因的REE模式,但是其内部结构显示为弱环带或者无环带的特征,为变质成因锆石的特征。~420 Ma锆石的高Th/U比值暗示其为超固相线变质锆石,富Th的矿物（如独居石等）已经熔融消失。~380 Ma锆石显示变化的Th含量和稳定的U含量,明显区别于~420 Ma锆石,表明其生长过程中有Th富集的矿物（如独居石）同时晶出。金柳滩韧性剪切带内糜棱岩中发育条带状构造,以及浅色糜棱岩发育条片状暗色体,记录了部分熔融作用。因此,~420 Ma和~380 Ma代表了两期部分熔融的时限。综合剪切带南侧葫芦河岩群~440 Ma的最大沉积年龄,金柳滩韧性剪切带形成时代限定于440~420 Ma。此外,陇山岩群黑云斜长角闪片麻岩锆石具有正的εHf(t)值（10.26~15.13）和487~790 Ma的tDM2年龄,记录了强烈的早古生代陆壳生长事件。花岗质糜棱岩锆石εHf(t)值和tDM2年龄分别为-4.02~4.46和1120~1660 Ma,指示其源区以中元古代或者更加古老的陆壳物质为主。因此,北侧陇山岩群和南侧葫芦河岩群均不可能是花岗质糜棱岩的原岩,暗示其在440~420 Ma金柳滩韧性剪切带形成过程中已被强烈消减,与早古生代碰撞抬升地质作用过程一致。     

点苍山变质杂岩新生代变质-变形演化及其区域构造内涵

点苍山变质杂岩体是哀牢山-红河韧性剪切带四个变质杂岩体之一,遭受了多期多阶段变质-变形作用改造。本文重点针对点苍山杂岩的新生代变质-变形作用,尤其是以富铝质高级变质岩即夕线石榴黑云片麻岩和侵位于其中的糜棱岩化细晶花岗质岩石开展了深入研究。对夕线石榴黑云片麻岩的显微构造分析与矿物共生组合研究,确定了高角闪岩相和低角闪岩相变质矿物共生组合,分别为:石榴石(Grt)+夕线石(Sil)+钾长石(Kfs)+黑云母(Bi)+斜长石(Pl)±石英(Q)和夕线石(Sil)+白云母(Ms)+黑云母(Bi)+石英(Q)。对其中的变质锆石进行SHRIMP U-Pb测试,获得了新生代三个阶段的变质作用年龄,即54.2±1.7Ma、31.5±1.5Ma和27.5±1.2Ma.本文还深入研究了侵位于高级变质岩中的一个花岗岩质糜棱岩的宏观与显微构造特点,其LA-ICP-MS年龄为24.4±0.89Ma,代表着同剪切就位花岗质岩浆侵位和结晶年龄。夕线石榴黑云片麻岩中变质锆石从2150～27Ma多期多阶段表观年龄的发育,表明点苍山变质杂岩体具有复杂的构造演化史。点苍山杂岩的多阶段新生代构造-热演化归咎于印度-欧亚板块会聚与碰撞作用(约54Ma)、造山后伸展作用(大约40～30Ma)和沿着哀牢山-红河剪切带大规模左行走滑变形作用(约27～21Ma)。     

赣中山庄二长花岗岩的成因与构造背景:岩石学、地球化学及锆石U-Pb年代学证据

赣中山庄花岗岩岩体位于钦杭成矿带的南侧,岩性上包括二长花岗岩和花岗闪长岩。本文对岩体北部的二长花岗岩开展了年代学、地球化学及同位素研究以约束该岩体的形成时代、岩石成因及成岩构造背景。锆石CL图像、Th/U比值,以及(Sm/La)_N-La和Ce/Ce~*-(Sm/La)_N图解均表明,二长花岗岩所有锆石晶体为岩浆成因;其中第一组锆石加权平均年龄为420～419Ma,代表了岩浆结晶年龄。该花岗岩SiO_2含量为71.48%～66.20%、K_2O/Na_2O值为1.24～0.99、A/CNK1.1;结合白云母和石榴石的出现、ACF图解、Rb-Th、Rb-Y的负相关性,山庄二长花岗岩属高钾钙碱性强过铝质S型花岗岩。同时,该岩石亏损大离子亲石元素Ba和Sr以及高场强元素Nb和Ta,说明系壳源物质部分熔融的产物。CaO/Na_2O值(0.14～0.07)、Rb/Sr值(8.27～3.83)、Rb/Ba值(1.48～0.82)、FeO~T+MgO+TiO_2含量(2.4～1.8)和二阶段Nd模式年龄(t_(2DM)=2031～1971Ma)进一步说明二长花岗岩的源岩是古元古代的富粘土的泥质岩。锆石的饱和温度和Ti温度计计算结果表明二长花岗岩岩浆形成温度为722～720℃,黑云母的全铝温度计则反映其形成压力为3.21～2.71kbar。结合花岗岩构造环境判别图以及华南大地构造演化特征,山庄花岗岩岩体可能是在后碰撞环境下由古元古代富粘土泥质岩于低温低压条件下部分融熔的结果。     

北阿尔金构造带红柳沟钾长花岗岩地球化学特征、LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年和Hf同位素组成

出露于阿尔金构造带北缘红柳沟-拉配泉混杂岩带西段的红柳沟钾长花岗岩, SiO2>69.0%, Al2O3>13.0%,(K2O+Na2O)>7.0%, K2O/Na2O>1, A/CNK介于1.04~1.08之间, 属高钾钙碱性系列的弱过铝质岩石。该岩石富集大离子亲石元素(LILE), 亏损Nb、Ta、Sr、P、Ti等高场强元素(HFSE);∑REE偏低(128.47×10-6~150.67×10-6), Eu负异常中等(δEu=0.59~0.67), LREE相对富集, 轻重稀土元素分馏明显, 其Nb/Ta、Zr/Hf比值接近上地壳, 锆石具有负的εHf(t)值(-7.13~-5.12),两阶段Hf模式年龄(TDM2)变化范围为1786~1912Ma, 反映其源区物质主要来源于古老地壳。源岩判别图解和Al2O3/TiO2<100指示其为中上地壳变质砂屑质沉积岩部分熔融的产物。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为500.3Ma±1.2Ma, 结合锆石CL图像具有岩浆环带特征和Th/U>0.4, 推断该年龄为花岗岩的形成年龄。综合区域地质背景, 认为该岩石形成于与洋壳俯冲作用有关的陆缘火山弧环境。     

嫩江黑河构造带收缩与伸展——源自晚古生代花岗岩类的地球化学证据

黑龙江省嫩江至黑河一带发育大量的晚古生代花岗岩类岩石,同位素测年结果显示主要集中在3个时代:早石炭世、晚石炭世和早二叠世。岩石类型从花岗闪长岩-二长花岗岩-正长花岗岩-碱长花岗岩等均有不同出露,石炭纪部分岩石遭受韧性剪切变质变形作用改造形成花岗质糜棱岩。岩石整体具有高硅、富钾钠特征;稀土元素总量偏高,铕负异常明显;微量元素具明显的大离子亲石元素(LILE)K、Rb、Th富集和高场强元素(HFSE)Nb、P、Ti亏损特征。其中石炭纪花岗岩类地球化学特征显示陆缘弧及同碰撞花岗岩特点,二叠纪花岗岩则表现后造山花岗岩特点。二者反映了由碰撞造山向板内后造山阶段转变的构造环境特点,也反映了嫩江-黑河构造带汇聚拼合与伸展的活动史。     

冈底斯南缘拉隆地区变形花岗岩地质特征及其构造意义

冈底斯岩浆弧中发育了1条重要的韧性剪切带,为深入了解该韧性剪切带上变形花岗岩的成因、变形作用及其性质,对冈底斯南缘拉隆地区变形花岗岩开展了地球化学、变形构造和锆石U-Pb同位素年代学研究。通过对冈底斯南缘拉隆地区出露的变形花岗岩进行实测地质剖面测制及野外地质填图,发现变形花岗岩呈近EW向展布,北侧与中生代麻木下组呈断层接触,其余被第四系覆盖。岩石类型主要为英云闪长岩,属于高硅钙碱性系列岩石。SiO₂含量为66.2%~71.0%,平均值为68.3%,全碱(Na₂O+K₂O)含量、Al₂O₃含量和MgO含量均较高,轻稀土元素总量(∑LREE)大于重稀土元素总量(∑HREE),Rb、Th等大离子亲石元素富集,Ta、Zr、Nb等高场强元素亏损,Sr含量高,Y含量低,Sr/Y为73.02~99.05,整体显示具有埃达克质岩石的特征属性。变形花岗岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为(83.56±0.83) Ma,为晚白垩世,代表了其岩浆结晶形成的年龄。变形花岗岩主要为新特提斯洋壳向北俯冲削减背景下,增厚的下地壳部分熔融形成的产物,在中新世28~13 Ma遭受了近EW向左旋剪切、向北滑覆的韧性剪切变形作用。     

青藏高原东南缘腾冲早白垩世岩浆岩锆石SHRIMPU-Pb定年和Lu-Hf同位素组成及其构造意义

早白垩世花岗闪长岩和石英二长岩是腾冲地块内重要的岩石类型,以舍角闪石为特征,其高钠低钾和偏铝质性质展示其Ⅰ型花岗岩的属性.锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年结果表明花岗闪长岩和石英二长岩分别侵位于122±1.3Ma和125±1.3Ma,其锆石εHf(t)值分别为-9.6～-4.8(平均-6.7±0.7)和-7.8～-4.7(平均-6.3±0.6),对应的单阶段模式年龄为979～1190Ma和975～1113Ma.在εHf(t)-U-Pb年龄图解上所有样品都落在球粒陨石线和下地壳线之间区域,以及较高的Al2O3含量和Th/Hf比值揭示其壳源特征,但锆石εHf(t)值变化范围较大,其绝对值远小于完全由壳源物质部分熔融形成的岩浆岩,以及高Th/Yb、低Ba/La和Yb/Hf比值说明除壳源外,还有幔源组分的加入.岩石富钠贫钾、在微量元素蛛网图和稀土配分曲线图上展示出LILE(Rb、Sr、K和Ba)相对原始地幔强烈富集,Ba、Nb、Ta、Sr、P、Ti和Eu负异常,以及微量元素和常量组分判别图解都显示其形成于俯冲碰撞的构造环境.腾冲早白垩世岩浆岩的形成时代、锆石Lu/Hf同位素组成及其对应的单阶段模式年龄、微量元素特征与中拉萨和拉萨地块东缘的火成岩非常相似,暗示腾冲早白垩世岩浆岩带是中拉萨岩浆岩带的东南延伸部分,是对中特提斯洋壳沿班公湖-怒江缝合带向拉萨-腾冲地块下俯冲碰撞的响应.     

黑龙江陈家店金矿区花岗斑岩锆石U-Pb定年、地球化学特征及地质意义

对黑龙江陈家店金矿区内花岗斑岩进行LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年及元素地球化学研究。测年结果显示,花岗斑岩锆石~(206)Pb/~(238)U加权平均年龄为(227±4)Ma。岩石地球化学特征显示,花岗斑岩具有富Si、富Al、富碱质和低Mg、低Ca的特征;微量元素表现出高场强元素(HFSE)Th、Rb和K明显富集,而大离子亲石元素(LILE)Ba、Sr和Ti明显亏损的特点;稀土元素以明显的轻稀土元素富集重稀土元素相对亏损为特征,轻、重稀土元素分馏程度较强(La/Yb)_N=0.47~4.99,有强烈的Eu负异常(δEu=0.08~0.68)。构造判别图解显示,花岗斑岩具有碰撞后花岗岩特征,形成于碰撞后的构造环境。综合研究认为,矿区花岗斑岩的成因类型为S型花岗岩,其成岩时代为晚三叠世,形成于古亚洲洋闭合后的陆陆碰撞造山环境,地处火山弧形构造带,属于安第斯型大陆边缘。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.