1879-2015年巴尔喀什湖水位变化及其主要影响因素分析

近年来因气候变暖和人类活动影响,巴尔喀什湖水位下降,造成了湖泊及周边区域的生态危机,引起了国际关注.基于巴尔喀什湖流域1879-2015年的湖泊水位、河川径流、降水、气温和土地利用等数据,采用趋势分析、突变检验、周期分析和相关性分析等方法,定量解析了流域湖泊水位、气候和土地利用等变化特征,综合探讨了巴尔喀什湖水位的影响因素.结果表明:1879-2015年,巴尔喀什湖水位在340～344 m呈明显丰枯周期性的变化,变化周期为48～52年;1988-2015年,水位呈现显著上升趋势,增速约为6.91 cm/a.巴尔喀什湖流域主要河流的入湖水量均呈减少趋势,东部主要支流甚至出现断流现象,使得伊犁河入湖水量占比约80％,且不断增大;中国伊犁河流入哈萨克斯坦境内的水量呈增加趋势,但由于普恰盖水库截流蓄水,导致伊犁河下游水量急剧减少.巴尔喀什湖流域农业用地从1928年左右开始到现在经历了"增加—减少—增加—平稳"的变化过程,伊犁河中下游哈萨克斯坦的农业用地扩张和水利工程建设造成了伊犁河入湖水量减少,是巴尔喀什湖水位下降的根本原因.研究结果可为中哈跨境流域水资源合理利用、生态环境保护等提供一定参考.     

咸海和巴尔喀什湖水文变化与环境效应对比

以咸海和巴尔喀什湖流域为研究对象,采用定性和定量分析相结合的途径,对两个湖泊的水文特征、主要补给河流的入湖径流特征、流域人类活动情况、生态环境问题及未来趋势等进行对比,分析咸海和巴尔喀什湖流域各方面的异同。研究发现:咸海的水位变化呈现相对单一趋势,从1960年开始急剧下降并于2009年分裂成4个水体;巴尔喀什湖的水位变化呈现明显周期性波动,从1970年开始出现下降并于1987年降至历史最低水位;目前的咸海仍不容乐观并将面临最终干涸,巴尔喀什湖正值丰水期并将进入枯水周期。在咸海和巴尔喀什湖两个跨界河流-湖泊流域的水资源和生态环境保护中,流域各国均负有重要责任。     

伊犁河下游三角洲生态耗水研究

伊犁河三角洲是巴尔喀什湖流域重要的生态系统,其耗水也是影响巴尔喀什湖水量平衡的重要因素,研究三角洲生态耗水是巴尔喀什湖研究的关键问题之一.基于前人研究的部分成果及最新资料,结合统计学方法与4个年段的遥感解译资料,计算1936-2008年间的三角洲生态耗水系列,分析其年际变化规律,探讨中游卡普恰盖等水利水电枢纽建设、人为...     

巴尔喀什湖分湖水平衡及其影响与优化保护研究

巴尔喀什湖是中亚干旱区最大的湖泊生态系统之一,其保护对中亚地区具有重要意义,但同时对相关区域也产生了较大的水资源压力.分析其水量平衡,对提出合理的保障措施具有重要的理论与实践价值.根据巴尔喀什湖形态、水文特征,在分析识别其水量平衡主要影响因素与作用机制的基础上,根据水量平衡原理与东西湖分治的思想,反演了1936-200...     

巴尔喀什成矿带奎干-玛依布拉克斑岩型铜矿区矿床地质特征与开发前景分析

哈萨克斯坦巴尔喀什湖南侧的奎干-玛依布拉克铜矿区位于巴尔喀什成矿带环巴尔喀什-准噶尔成矿省楚伊犁-北天山成矿亚省的西北部, 发育一系列中小型斑岩型铜矿床。本文概要介绍了奎干-玛依布拉克铜矿区矿床地质、围岩蚀变、成矿作用、矿石矿物组成与主要矿床特征, 并分析了铜矿床开发的前景。该铜矿区含矿岩石主要为花岗闪长斑岩, 成矿元素组合主要为Cu-Au-Mo, 具有与巴尔喀什湖北侧科翁腊德、阿克斗卡等超大型斑岩型铜矿床类似的地质特征, 说明了巴尔喀什成矿带斑岩型铜矿床的分布跨越了巴尔喀什湖, 在湖南侧也具有较好的斑岩铜矿成矿远景。      

飞鸟离开巴尔喀什湖

巴尔喀什湖位于哈萨克斯坦的东南部,2×104 km2浩瀚的水面,茂密的芦苇给很多来过这里的人留下了深刻的印象,湖区动物种类繁多,除大量的鸥鸟、野鸭、鸬鹚和天鹅外,野猪、狼、狐狸、野兔也不罕见.但近年来,湖滨森林中的飞禽消失,树上的毛毛虫不停地吞噬着绿色,害虫的天敌麻雀很多却莫名其妙地死去,幸存者也纷纷飞离.一位生活在湖区的中年人对记者说,曾经是花园般的巴尔喀什,今年夏天好像变成了秋天,树木光秃秃的,巴尔喀什似乎变成了一座鬼城.     

新疆赛里木湖流域最低生态水位确定方法探讨

塞里木湖流域水土资源开发和利用程度均较低,各类生态系统保持相对完整。随着赛里木流域的水土资源开发利用强度不断加大,会增加赛里木湖生态退化、水质降低等风险。针对赛里木湖水系生态流量监管基础薄弱,湖泊最低生态水位保障设施建设和监测不完善等问题。选用年保证率法、湖泊形态分析法和最低年平均水位法三种适宜赛里木湖特性的最低生态水位计算方法进行计算分析,通过计算采用合理确定赛里木湖最低生态水位作为水资源保障目标,结果可知:综合3种方法的计算结果分析,确定赛里木湖最小生态面积为458. 29 km2,最小生态面积所对应的最低生态水位为2 072. 20 m。近10年赛里木湖年最低水位均满足已确定最低生态水位,达标率为100%。研究结果可为流域水资源管理工作提供技术支撑。     

论内陆干旱区依赖地下水的植被生态需水量研究关键科学问题

地下水资源在内陆干旱区具有重要的植被生态功能, 依赖地下水的植被生态系统的需水量是目前流域水资源综合管理的重要组成部分.在分析地下水资源生态功能研究进展的同时, 系统阐述了内陆干旱区依赖地下水的植被生态需水量研究的几个关键科学问题: ①依赖地下水的植被生态系统的识别方法; ②地下水对植被生态系统作用机制的分析; ③地下水关键属性安全界限的确定; ④地下水系统结构分析; ⑤生态用水配置方案的确定; ⑥区域尺度地下水-天然植被系统关系的概念模型.并逐一提出了这些问题的解决方案, 能够为干旱区植被生态系统保护和恢复提供思路, 也能够为水资源开发利用与以植被生态系统保护为中心的干旱区生态文明建设提供地学支撑.      

对三工河流域山前地下水库开发利用的初步认识

本文从三工河流域不同水文地质单元区的地下水动态分析入手,对流域大力开发山前地下水库,造成其水位持续下降对潜水溢出带环境的改变和水位最终保持稳定的现象进行探讨分析,结合流域生态环境趋于良性发展的现实,从保护流域生态环境和社会发展的角度出发,提出开发三工河流域山前地下水库必须保持潜水溢出带有相对较高的稳定水位,山前地下水库中心控制开采水位在数值上应不低于潜水溢出带处的地面高程。     

密西西比河流域监测、修复管理经验对我国流域生态保护修复的启示

美国流域保护修复的研究与实践开始较早,并在密西西比河的修复与治理上取得了良好成效,对我国流域生态保护修复工作具有一定借鉴意义。介绍了密西西比河的管理模式,并对美国在密西西比河开展的具有代表性的长期生态监测及修复管理工作进行了总结,总结了对我国流域生态保护修复工作的7点启示: ①建立和完善流域生态系统监测与评价指标体系; ②建立流域综合监测网络,进行全流域持续监测; ③建设流域生态信息平台,加强数据共享; ④以流域为单元开展生态状况调查和评估; ⑤建立和完善监测、评估、规划、实施循环体系; ⑥提升对流域生态系统的科学认知; ⑦加强流域协调治理,创新我国流域生态保护修复管理体系。旨在为我国广泛开展流域保护修复工作提供一个覆盖河源头至河口的流域监测与修复管理案例。     

Analysis of dynamic changes and influence factors of Lake Balkhash in the last twenty years

Lake Balkhash is the third largest inland lake in Central Asia after the Caspian Sea and the Aral Sea. The Ili River-Balkash Lake Basin resides in the southeastern part of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the western part of China's Ili Prefecture, which belongs to the arid and semi-arid region. In the middle to late 20th century, the Ili River-Balkash Lake Basin was affected by climate change and human activities, and the problems of water ecology and water resources became increasingly prominent, which became the focus of attention for China and Kazakhstan. In this study, the water level derived from radar altimeter data, the water surface area extracted from Landsat data, and the temperature and precipitation data in the basin were comprehensively utilised. Data analysis of the time course and correlation of hydrological, meteorological elements in the lake basin, water dynamic changes, and influencing factors of Lake Balkhash was studied. The results show that the cyclical change of regional climate is the main factor affecting the change of lake water, and human activities in the short term can regulate the change of water volume in Lake Balkhash. The research results in this paper can provide a scientific basis for the solution of water disputes in cross-border rivers between China and Kazakhstan.     

Analysis of dynamic changes and influence factors of Lake Balkhash in the last twenty years

Lake Balkhash is the third largest inland lake in Central Asia after the Caspian Sea and the Aral Sea.The Ili River-Balkash Lake Basin resides in the southeastern part of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the western part of China's Ili Prefecture,which belongs to the arid and semi-arid region.In the middle to late 20^thcentury,the Ili River-Balkash Lake Basin was affected by climate change and human activities,and the problems of water ecology and water resources became increasingly prominent,which became the focus of attention for China and Kazakhstan.In this study,the water level derived from radar altimeter data,the water surface area extracted from Landsat data,and the temperature and precipitation data in the basin were comprehensively utilised.Data analysis of the time course and correlation of hydrological,meteorological elements in the lake basin,water dynamic changes,and influencing factors of Lake Balkhash was studied.The results show that the cyclical change of regional climate is the main factor affecting the change of lake water,and human activities in the short term can regulate the change of water volume in Lake Balkhash.The research results in this paper can provide a scientific basis for the solution of water disputes in cross-border rivers between China and Kazakhstan.     

Impacts of human activities on the hydrology of Baiyangdian Lake,China

Baiyangdian Lake is the biggest natural freshwater wetland in North China Plain. It provides important ecosystem services such as water regulation and supply, reed production and biodiversity protection. Baiyangdian Lake, however, was threatened by lack of freshwater in recent decades. In this paper, the hydrological changes of the lake were quantified using historical data of water level and groundwater table, and satellite images. In addition, the relationship between water level and socioeconomic development of the basin was investigated. The result revealed a significant decreasing trend of water level in the lake. Water level and groundwater table of Baiyangdian Lake decreased rapidly, caused by the great increase of water withdrawal and consumption due to socioeconomic development in the basin. In particular, population growth and the expansion of irrigated agriculture were two major contributors to the decline of water level and groundwater table. While precipitation was positively correlated with water level, it has less impact on water level and groundwater table than human activities. The diversion of water to the lake raised the water level temporarily and had significant benefits on the wetland ecosystem. The best way to solve ecological problems of Baiyangdian Lake, however, is to control the growth of population, adjust the industrial structure, control land use conversion and improve water use efficiency at the basin scale.     

Determining the groundwater basin and surface watershed boundary of Dalinuoer Lake in the middle of Inner Mongolian Plateau,China and its impacts on the ecological environment

The surface watershed and groundwater basin have fixed recharge scale, which are not only the basic unit for hydrologic cycle research but also control the water resources formation and evolution and its corresponding eco-geological environment pattern. To accurately identify the boundary of the surface watershed and groundwater basin is the basis for properly understanding hydrologic cycle and conducting the water balance analysis at watershed scale in complicated geologic structure area, especially when the boundary are inconsistent. In this study, the Dalinuoer Lake located in the middle of the Inner Mongolian Plateau which has complicated geologic structure was selected as the representative case. Based on the multidisciplinary comprehensive analysis of topography, tectonics, hydrogeology, groundwater dynamics and stable isotopes, the results suggest the following: (1) The surface watershed ridge and groundwater basin divide of Dalinuoer Lake are inconsistent. The surface watershed was divided into two separate groundwater systems almost having no groundwater exchange by the SW-NE Haoluku Anticlinorium Fault which has obvious water-blocking effect. The surface drainage area of Dalinuoer Lake is 6139 km². The northern regional A is the Dalinuoer Lake groundwater system with an area of 4838 km², and the southern regional B is the Xilamulun Riverhead groundwater system with an area of 1301 km². (2) The groundwater in the southern of regional A and the spring-feeding river are the important recharge sources for the Dalinuoer Lake, and it has greater recharge effects than the northern Gonggeer River system. (3) It is speculated that the trend of Haoluku Anticlinorium Fault is the boundary of the westerlies and the East Asian summer Monsoon (EASM) climate systems, which further pinpoints the predecessor’s understanding of this boundary line. At present, the Dalinuoer Lake watershed is proved to have gone through a prominent warming-drying trend periods, which leads to the precipitation reduction, temperature rise, human activities water usage increasement. So the hydrological cycle and lake eco-environment at watershed scale will still bound to be change, which may pose the potential deterioration risk on the suitability of fish habitat. The results can provide basic support for better understanding water balance evolution and lake area shrinkage cause as well as the ecological protection and restoration implementation of Dalinuoer Lake watershed.© 2021 China Geology Editorial Office.     

苏干湖盆地水资源与生态环境及其向区外调水的影响

苏干湖水系属于柴达木内流水系西北端的一个独立水系, 在现状条件下, 苏干湖盆地水循环关系为大小哈尔腾河-苏干湖的"补给-蒸发"相平衡.大小苏干湖为盆地水资源的尾闾汇集区, 生态景观大部分为戈壁荒漠, 生态植被集中分布在湖外围地下水埋深小于5 m的浅埋带.在评价分析现状水均衡的基础上, 分析了盆地水循环过程, 结合氢氧同位素测试和遥感信息提取, 得出大、 小苏干湖水体的补给来源不同, 河流来水量的变化主要反映在大苏干湖水域, 对小苏干湖水体影响较小.初步建立了苏干湖盆地生态植被变化模式, 结合引哈济党工程, 分析了不同调水情景下, 大苏干湖水体面积的变化、 地下水浅埋带的变化及生态变化. 结果表明: 在大哈尔腾河调水1.0×10⁸m³时, 不会对苏干湖水系生态状况造成明显的影响, 因而可对敦煌生态保护起到积极作用.     

Modern sedimentation and hydrology in Lake Tyrrell,Victoria

Lake Tyrrell is a large ephemeral salt lake, the level of which is controlled by climate and groundwater. Up to a metre of water fills the basin during the wetter and cooler winter season, but evaporates during the summer, precipitating up to 10 cm of halite. Each year essentially the same pool of ions is redissolved by this annual freshening. The small percentage of gypsum precipated (< 2%) in the surface salt crust reflects the low calcium content of the brine which, in turn, is a function of the negligible net discharge of calcium from the groundwater system. The small influx of fine‐grained clastic sediment to the lake floor comes from surface runoff, wind, and reworking of older sediment from the shoreline.

The Lake Tyrrell basin lies in a setting in which three different groundwater types, identified by distinct salinities, interact with surface waters. A refluxing cycle that goes from discharging groundwater at the basin margin, to surface evaporation on the lake floor, to recharge through the floor of the lake, controls the major chemical characteristics of the basin. In this process, salts are leached downward from the lake floor to join a brine pool below the lake. This provides an outlet from the lake, especially under conditions that have been both drier and wetter than those of today. Enhanced discharge occurs under drier conditions, when the enclosing regional groundwater divide is lowered, whereas a rise in lake level increases the hydraulic head over that of the sub‐surface brine and promotes an increase in brine loss from the lake.

Sulphate‐reducing bacteria in a zone of black sulphide‐rich mud beneath the salt crust help prevent gypsum from being incorporated into the recent sedimentary record. However, below the upper 5 to 10 cm zone of bacterial activity, discoidal gypsum is being precipitated within the mud from the groundwater. These crystals have grown by displacing the mud and typically “float” in a clay matrix; in some zones, they form concentrations exceeding 50% of the sediment. The occasional laminae of more prismatic gypsum that occur within the upper metre of mud have crystallised from surface brines. The scarcity of these comparatively pure prismatic‐crystal concentrations probably is a function of unfavourable chemical conditions in the lake brine and of the role that sulphate‐reducing bacteria have played.     

昆明翠湖九龙池泉群断流原因及恢复措施

九龙池岩溶水系统分布于昆明盆地北部,岩溶含水层由蛇山裸露岩溶山区延伸至盆地底部松散土层覆盖区,在翠湖一带因上覆松散盖层薄,下游存在碎屑岩地层阻水,使地下水位壅高呈股状溢出地表,形成九龙池泉群。九龙池泉群是翠湖的源泉,也是滇池水源之一。九龙池泉群的断流,反映出滇池水环境的急剧变化。通过20世纪60年代以来地下水观测资料的分析研究,结合钻井开采地下水、工程开挖疏排地下水、地下水补给山区石漠化演化等对比评价,得出不合理的人类开发建设活动是导致九龙池泉群断流的主要原因。封停开采井、人防工程封闭止水、调水入滇池等直接或间接的措施,已经取得了明显的效果,使泉群周围地区地下水位呈现持续上升的态势。      

Unraveling the mechanisms underlying lake expansion from 2001 to 2020 and its impact on the ecological environment in a typical alpine basin on the Tibetan Plateau

Yanhu Lake basin (YHB) is a typical alpine lake on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau (TP). Its continuous expansion in recent years poses serious threats to downstream major projects. As a result, studies of the mechanisms underlying lake expansion are urgently needed. The elasticity method within the Budyko framework was used to calculate the water balance in the Yanhu Lake basin (YHB) and the neighboring Tuotuo River basin (TRB). Results show intensification of hydrological cycles and positive trends in the lake area, river runoff, precipitation, and potential evapotranspiration. Lake expansion was significant between 2001 and 2020 and accelerated between 2015 and 2020. Precipitation increase was the key factor underlying the hydrological changes, followed by glacier meltwater and groundwater. The overflow of Yanhu Lake was inevitable because it was connected to three other lakes and the water balance of all four lakes was positive. The high salinity lake water diverted downstream will greatly impact the water quality of the source area of the Yangtze River and the stability of the permafrost base of the traffic corridor.©2023 China Geology Editorial Office.