碳酸盐岩热储酸化压裂增产机理研究及应用

酸化压裂技术是解决水热型地热系统增产增灌的有效手段,针对北京地区低孔低渗的碳酸盐岩热储层酸化压裂改造机理开展研究。以北京蓟县系雾迷山组白云岩为研究对象,在理论模型建立、室内酸盐反应实验、GCTS三轴岩石抗压强度实验的基础上,考虑表皮系数,优化了传统地热井产量计算模型,并对碳酸盐岩储层酸化压裂作用机理开展研究。研究结果表明,酸化作用会在井筒周围形成蜂窝状结构,降低储层强度,有利于压裂形成人工裂缝。改造效果与储层构造特征、矿物组成相关,天然裂缝、岩脉、矿石条带以及节理等结构弱面越发育,酸化压裂效果越好,碳酸盐岩含量越高,酸化压裂效果越好。最后针对北京某地热井建立酸化压裂增产技术方案,实现出水量增产123%以上,出水温度增温2.5℃。     

酸化压裂方法在碳酸盐岩热储层中的应用

针对天津市碳酸盐岩热储层由于堵塞等原因导致渗透性减弱的情况,探讨了酸化压裂方法对该热储层地热井产能和回灌能力的增强作用,并结合工程实例对酸压技术原理、适用条件、技术要点及增产回灌实际效果等几个方面进行介绍。提出针对适合的碳酸盐岩热储层,选用合理的酸化压裂工艺进行处理,从选择酸压段、室内实验研究、前置液设计、酸液种类选择及排酸等多方面进行控制,可以有效增加地热井产能和回灌能力,促进地热资源的可持续利用。     

热矿水中某些特征成分形成的模拟试验研究

本文通过模拟试验，探讨了川东碳酸盐岩热储及广东火民岩热储热矿水中某些特征成分的形成问题，并在大量试验研究成果的基础上，按不同热储类型对温度、ｐＨ和压力等环境效应分别进行了讨论。本文并应用模糊数学方法及多元线性逐步回归方法、定量评价了各种环境因素对热矿水中某些特征成分形成的影响程度。     

塔中地区碳酸盐岩高含量二氧化碳的产生及研究意义

塔中碳酸盐岩天然气样品中CO_2含量及其碳同位素值的分析表明,CO_2既有有机成因也有无机成因,而烃气则全为有机成因。样品对比表明,塔中碳酸盐岩天然气中的CO_2含量一般在5%以下,而高含量的CO_2则是酸化压裂时由人工注入的强酸与碳酸盐岩地层反应产生的。酸化压裂产生的CO_2含量与注入地层的酸量正相关,与求产时间负相关;据此建立了最高CO_2含量—酸量—时间相关关系图版。酸化压裂可使气样中的CO_2含量增加,但对N_2和H_2S的含量没什么影响。增高的CO_2会使和CO_2含量有关的参数受到影响,但不会影响和CO_2含量无关的研究参数。对天然气分析数据的使用提出了相关建议。     

综合物探技术在深部碳酸盐岩热储探测中的应用研究——以雄安新区为例

雄安新区地热资源潜力大,碳酸盐岩是雄安新区深部地热资源的有利储层,综合地球物理勘查方法是查明深部构造与碳酸盐岩热储特征地层结构的有效途径。本文针对深部碳酸盐岩热储勘查目标,提出了“面—线—点”分层次渐进式地球物理探测模式,先利用高精度重力和航磁资料研究碳酸盐岩分布范围及地层厚度、深大断裂分布、基岩起伏等信息,然后利用大地电磁开展热储地层低阻异常特征分析,再利用二维地震剖面精细刻画热储地层,分析地热田异常区速度结构和区域构造特征。根据重力、航磁、大地电磁、地震等地球物理方法在地热资源勘查的不同阶段勘探的精度及可靠性,以及施工成本、施工效率等因素,开展了地球物理方法探测深部岩溶热储经济适用性分析,并建议在碳酸盐岩地热勘探采用“重力+磁法+大地电磁”的地球物理勘探技术组合方式。     

广安市铜锣山背斜三叠纪岩溶热储结构特征及热水成因研究

为探讨广安市铜锣山背斜三叠纪岩溶热储特征、地热水水化学与同位素组成、热储温度及地热水循环机理,采用地热钻探、水化学与同位素取样测试、热水溶质组分图解分析等手段和方法,开展了地热水成因的研究工作。结果表明:研究区三叠纪碳酸盐岩热储结构相对完整,热储盖层、热储层和热储下部隔水层形成独立的地热水文地质单元。岩溶地热水水化学类型主要为SO₄-Ca·Mg和SO₄-Ca型,富含F、Sr、Li、B和SiO₂物质,其水源补给为大气降水,补给区位于铜锣山以北的大巴山一带,深部地热水补给高程大于1 100 m,补给区年均温度为9 ℃。热储温度为56~76 ℃,热水循环深度为2 013~3 030 m。地热水在循环过程中,主要发生碳酸盐岩和蒸发岩溶解、冷热水混合过程,且冷水混入比例大于80%。结合区域地热地质条件,构建了研究区地热水成因概念模型。      

碳酸盐岩油藏酸岩反应流动模拟研究进展

酸岩反应流动模拟可用于指导油藏酸化施工,优选注入参数,从而以最小的成本最大程度地改善地层.国内外很多学者基于不同的方法建立了不同的模型对碳酸盐岩油藏酸岩反应流进行了研究,但这些模型尚缺乏科学的归纳与整理.以研究对象的空间尺度为依据,将现有的碳酸盐岩油藏酸岩反应流模型分为孔隙尺度模型、岩心尺度模型及井筒尺度模型,简要概括了每类模型的适用条件及其在应用中的局限性.结合本课题组在酸岩反应流模拟方面所做的工作,重点论述了岩心尺度模型的最新研究进展和发展趋势,给出了岩心尺度模型下一步的研究方向,主要包括:建立更接近地层实际的数学模型,如考虑酸化过程中存在的非达西流和地应力的影响;发展高效的数值算法,将模型的计算区域扩大到油藏尺度;将岩心尺度模型进行尺度升级,得到可以指导油藏酸化施工的优化参数.      

碳酸盐岩酸压裂缝导流能力随缝长变化规律研究

酸压裂缝的缝长和导流能力是评价酸化压裂效果的2个重要指标, 通过应用FracproPT软件对碳酸盐岩酸压过程中酸蚀裂缝导流能力和缝长变化趋势的拟合, 总结了碳酸盐岩油气藏不同储层类型中的裂缝导流能力随缝长的变化规律, 从裂缝导流能力随缝长的变化趋势中可以半定量判断碳酸盐岩储层中缝洞发育带的发育规模。拟合结果与地震和测井解释结果相结合, 对定性和定量判断碳酸盐岩缝洞发育体的规模具有重要意义。      

碳酸盐岩储层埋藏溶蚀改造与水岩模拟实验研究进展

深层-超深层碳酸盐岩是当前全球油气勘探的焦点,也是未来我国有望实现油气商业发现的热点领域.对于深埋藏环境下优质碳酸盐岩储层形成而言,目前研究普遍强调了早期表生溶蚀作用和晚期埋藏溶蚀改造作用的重要性.作为表征储层溶蚀作用机理的有效手段,水岩溶蚀模拟实验能够再现实际地质条件下碳酸盐岩和地层流体之间的相互作用过程,为碳酸盐岩储层溶蚀改造研究提供了新视角.为此,系统回顾了近年来碳酸盐岩溶蚀模拟实验的研究进展,并尝试从实验模拟的角度讨论溶蚀作用对深层-超深层碳酸盐岩成储过程的控制作用.首先回顾了碳酸盐岩储层的溶蚀改造作用,同时总结了碳酸盐岩水岩溶蚀模拟实验的技术与方法,其次梳理了基于溶蚀模拟实验取得的碳酸盐岩储层溶蚀改造规律与认识,最后展望了现有研究对深层-超深层油气勘探以及碳封存与再利用中的应用前景.不难看出,开展碳酸盐岩溶蚀模拟实验有望为寻找埋藏成岩过程中的次生孔隙发育带、阐释规模性溶蚀作用发生的有利条件提供依据,同时也可为未来碳酸盐岩成储机制和实验模拟研究提供一定的借鉴意义.     

碳酸盐岩热储抽灌井光纤测温及地温变化研究

碳酸盐岩热储层具有地热资源丰富、开采条件好、单井涌水量大等特点,是中深层地热资源开发利用的主要热储层之一。在地热长期开采、尾水回灌过程中,既要保持抽灌井之间的水力联系,又要避免热突破的发生,对抽灌井热储层温度长期监测和热源分析计算,是地热资源可持续开发利用的重要课题。文章介绍了抽灌井分布式光纤测温技术,监测了碳酸盐岩热储抽水回灌对地温的影响,根据监测数据分析、计算了热储温度恢复的热源及热量。研究结果表明：受抽灌井间距较小和碳酸盐岩热储优势通道的影响,供暖后第6天,抽水井热储温度明显下降,平均降幅1.6℃,抽灌井产生了热突破;因长期大量低温尾水回灌,第二个供暖季之前回灌井热储温度未能恢复到初始温度,抽水井温度基本恢复;经分析计算,储层热量恢复的主要来源为地热水对流聚热,其次为高温储层、地热水传导聚热。基于该研究结果,在大规模回灌条件下,回灌井温度降低,抽灌井发生热突破是必然的发展趋势,深入开展抽灌井合理井距研究、防止短时间内发生热突破,对促进地热资源可持续开发利用是非常必要的。     

Seepage-heat transfer coupling process of low temperature return water injected into geothermal reservoir in carbonate rocks in Xian County,China

Fracture seepage and heat transfer in the geothermal reservoir of carbonate rocks after the reinjection of low temperature geothermal return water is a complex coupling process,which is also the frontier of geothermal production and reinjection research. Based on the research of cascade comprehensive development of geothermal resources in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (Xian County),the carbonate geothermal reservoir of Wumishan formation in the geothermal field in Xian County is investigated. With the development of the discrete fracture network model and the coupling model of seepage and heat transfer,the numerical solution of seepage field and temperature field with known fracture network is reached using the finite element software COMSOL,and the coupling process of seepage flow and heat in carbonate rocks is revealed. The results show that the distribution of temperature field of fractured rocks in geothermal reservoir of carbonate rocks has strong non-uniformity and anisotropy. The fracture network is interpenetrated,which constitutes the dominant channel of water conduction,and along which the fissure water moves rapidly. Under the influence of convective heat transfer and conductive heat transfer,one of the main factors to be considered in the study of thermal breakthrough is to make the cold front move forward rapidly. When the reinjection and production process continues for a long time and the temperature of the geothermal reservoir on the pumping side drops to a low level,the temperature of bedrocks is still relatively high and continues to supply heat to the fissure water,so that the temperature of the thermal reservoir on the pumping side will not decrease rapidly to the water temperature at the inlet of reinjection,but will gradually decrease after a long period of time,showing an obvious long tail effect. The distribution of fractures will affect the process of seepage and heat transfer in carbonate reservoirs,which should be considered in the study of fluid thermal coupling in carbonate reservoirs.     

地热能可持续开发利用的数值模拟软件OpenGeoSys:原理与应用

地热能规模化利用的可持续开发,通常需要建立数学模型,以实现定量管理和预测。文章评述OpenGeoSys(OGS)数值模拟软件及其在地热资源开发利用过程中的应用算例。OGS是一款基于有限元的免费开源软件,它可处理与地热能开发相关的水流场-温度场-力学场-化学场等多场耦合过程。OGS已应用在国内外多个地热场地,文中着重介绍它在浅层地热能的流体温度变化预测、水热型地热能开发过程中的采灌井距优化、结垢机理和干热岩开发过程中的渗透性演化等方面的应用算例,为地热能的开发提供计算手段和参考。     

武汉西部蔡甸地区中深层地热资源主控因素分析

武汉西部蔡甸地区拥有丰富的地热资源,其热源为地球内部传导热,主要热储层为古生界碳酸盐岩。鉴于武汉中心城区各类地球物理勘查手段受限,充分利用前期江汉油田的石油勘探和水文资料勘探成果,结合2021年4月成功钻探的索河1地热井资料,分析后认为蔡甸地区储热储水构造主要为背斜构造,导热导水通道则主要为断裂;蔡甸地区地热资源主控因素为断裂和古生界碳酸盐岩溶储层,且岩溶储层埋深适中,具备很好的地热资源开发前景;蔡甸地区有利地热资源勘查目标是与深大断裂相伴的各类背斜构造。     

增强型地热系统开发过程中的多场耦合问题

增强型（或工程型）地热系统（简称EGS）是指从地下3~10km低渗透岩体中经济开采深层地热的人工热能系统,作为目前地热领域的重要发展方向,其研究受到发达国家的高度重视,但我国还基本处于空白。在EGS运行过程中,高温岩体及裂隙受到温度场（T）、渗流场（H）、应力场（M）、化学场（C）的耦合作用,其结果直接影响整个系统的设计和运行。本文根据对EGS最基本的物理—化学过程分析,讨论了任意两场之间的相互作用,指出了三场耦合应考虑的重点及四场耦合现阶段研究的不完善性,最后综述了目前国际上用于解决EGS多场耦合问题的模拟软件研究进展。     

河北平原地热流体可采量计算方法及岩溶热储分布规律研究

随着能源供需矛盾的加剧,河北省地热资源开发利用呈快速增长态势,对地热流体可采量及其计算方法的研究亟待加深。通过实例,采用热储法、解析法、统计分析法和数值模拟4种方法对河北平原区层状热储地热流体可开采量进行了评价和对比; 分析了岩涪热储及资源现状。研究认为: 热储法和解析法适合勘查程度较低、无地热井或仅有少量地热开采井和产能试验数据的地热田,其计算精度较低; 统计分析法和数值模拟法适用于勘查程度较高、已开发利用多年、具有多年动态监测资料的地热田,计算结果可靠程度较高; 地热流体中岩溶热储具有温度高、易回灌、可持续性好等特点,主要赋存于古生界和中新元古界地层中; 岩溶热储被新生界地层覆盖,有利于储集层的聚热和保温; 在基岩隆起带(古潜山)岩溶裂隙发育,构成深部热水储集层,可形成有重要开发利用价值的地热田,是下一步地热勘查和开发的主要热储类型。     

The status quo and prospect of geothermal resources exploration and development in Beijing-Tianj in-Hebei region in China

The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region boasts rich geothermal resources and new achievements have been made in the exploration and development of geothermal resources in this region based on previous regional investigation. In detail, geothermal reservoirs of Gaoyuzhuang Formation of Jixian System and Changcheng System in Xiongan New Area have been recently discovered, opening up the second space of geothermal resources; the calculation method of the recoverable resources of geothermal fluid with reinjection being considered has been improved in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, and uniform comprehensive assessment of shallow geothermal energy, hydrothermal geothermal resources, and hot dry rocks (HDR) geothermal resources in the whole Beijing-Tianjin-Shijiazhuang region has been completed. The scientific research base for cascade development and utilization of geothermal resources in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region has applied hydraulic fracturing technology to the geothermal reservoirs in Gaoyuzhuang Formation. As a result, the production capacity doubled and two-stage cascade utilization composed of geothermal power generation and geothermal heating were realized, with the first-phase installed capacity of 280 kW and the geothermal hearing is 30000 m². In this way, a model of the exploration, development, and utilization of geothermal resources formed. Large-scale utilization has become the future trend of geothermal resource development in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, and great efforts shall be made to achieve breakthroughs in reinjection technology, geothermal reservoir reconstruction technology, thermoelectric technology and underground heat exchange technology.     

山东温石塘地热田回灌补源压裂增注试验

地热田回灌补源是实现地热能资源可持续开发的新技术,用于解决地热能补给,提高地热能利用率。其方法是在距开采井一定距离,施工一眼注水井,通过注水井向地下注入一定比例的水量与热源再交换,提高热能资源量。介绍了对注水井实施压裂、增加对地热井注水量的新工艺。经水力压裂和抽水试验,增注水效果明显,为我国合理开采利用和保护地热能资源提供了一种新的技术方法。     

沉积盆地型与隆起山地型地热系统地表地球化学异常模式差异性分析

地球化学勘探技术作为地热资源综合勘查技术之一,在地热勘探开发中发挥了重要作用。沉积盆地型与隆起山地型地热系统由于自身地质特征的不同,必然造成它们的地球化学判识指标和异常模式存在差异。目前国内外尚缺乏对这两种类型地热系统判识指标和地球化学异常模式差异性进行地质地球化学分析,导致针对不同的勘探对象在方法选择和异常解释上依据不足。以典型沉积盆地型地热系统——河北雄县地热系统,隆起山地型地热系统——安徽巢湖半汤地热系统为例,开展地球化学方法试验,建立了两种类型地热系统的地表地球化学异常模式,并从地热系统的地质因素(热源、热水、热储、通道、盖层)出发,对其地表地球化学异常模式差异性进行分析,表明隆起山地型地热系统地表地球化学异常模式为受导水断层、破碎带控制的正异常;沉积盆地型地热系统气体地球化学异常模式为受热储构造控制的正异常,微量元素地球化学异常为受氧化还原环境控制的负异常;二者在有效地球化学指标组合和异常形态上均存在差异。研究结果为不同类型地热系统勘探提供方法和理论依据。     

Numerical analysis of thermal fracturing in subsurface cold water injection by finite element methods

Integration of poromechanics and fracture mechanics plays an important role in understanding a series of thermal fracturing phenomena in subsurface porous media such as cold water flooding for enhanced oil recovery, produced‐water reinjection for waste disposal, cold water injection for geothermal energy extraction, and CO₂ injection for geosequestration. Thermal fracturing modeling is important to prevent the potential risks when fractures propagate into undesired zones, and it involves the coupling of heat transfer, mass transport, and stress change as well as the fracture propagation. Analytical method, finite element method, and finite difference method as well as boundary element method have been used to perform the thermal fracturing modeling considering different degrees and combinations of coupling. In this paper, extended finite element method is employed for the thermal fracturing modeling in a fully coupled fashion with remeshing avoided, and the stabilized finite element method is employed to account for the convection‐dominated heat transfer in the fracturing process with numerical oscillation circumvented. With the thermal fracturing model, a hypothetical numerical experiment on cold water injection into a deep warm aquifer is conducted. Results show that parameters such as injection rate, injection temperature, aquifer stiffness, and permeability can affect the fracture development in different ways and extended finite element method and stabilized finite element method provide effective tools for thermal fracturing simulation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Geothermal energy exploitation from depleted high-temperature gas reservoirs by recycling CO2:The superiority and existing problems

CO2 can be used as an alternative injectant to exploit geothermal energy from depleted high-temperature gas res-ervoirs due to its high mobility and unique thermal properties.However,there has been a lack of systematic anal-ysis on the heat mining mechanism and performance of CO2,as well as the problems that may occur during geothermal energy exploitation at specific gas reservoir conditions.In this paper,a base numerical simulation model of a typical depleted high-temperature gas reservoir was established to simulate the geothermal energy exploitation processes via recycling CO2 and water,with a view to investigate whether and/or at which condi-tions CO2 is more suitable than water for geothermal energy exploitation.The problems that may occur during the CO2-based geothermal energy exploitation were also analyzed along with proposed feasible solutions.The re-sults indicate that,for a depleted low-permeability gas reservoir with dimensions of 1000 m × 500 m × 50 m and temperature of 150℃using a single injection-production well group for 40 years of operation,the heat mining rate of C02 can be up to 3.8 MW at a circulation flow rate of 18 kg s-1 due to its high mobility along with the flow path in the gas reservoir,while the heat mining rate of water is only about 2 MW due to limitations on the injectivity and mobility.The reservoir physical property and injection-production scheme have some effects on the heat mining rate,but CO2 always has better performance than water at most reservoir and operation condi-tions,even under a high water saturation.The main problems for CO2 circulation are wellbore corrosion and salt precipitation that can occur when the reservoir has high water saturation and high salinity,in which serious salt precipitation can reduce formation permeability and result in a decline of CO2 heat mining rate(e.g.up to 24％reduction).It is proposed to apply a low-salinity water slug before CO2 injection to reduce the damage caused by salt precipitation.For high-permeability gas reservoirs with high water saturation and high salinity,the supe-riority of CO2 as a heat transmission fluid becomes obscure and water injection is recommended.