内陆盆地区高碘地下水的成因分析：以内蒙古河套平原杭锦后旗为例

针对内陆盆地区高碘地下水的成因问题,在典型地区--内蒙古河套平原杭锦后旗系统采集了25个地下水样和3个地表水样,分析了地下水中的I、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Cl-、SO2-4、HCO-3、As、Fe、Br、pH、Eh等指标。应用因子分析和多元线性回归分析方法,对内陆盆地区高碘地下水的成因进行了分析。结果表明：地下水中碘含量为31.84～1 289.57 μg/L,高碘地下水主要分布于研究区北部地下水流相对滞缓的排泄带附近、地下35 m的范围内,水化学类型以碱金属非重碳酸型为主;地下水中碘可能来源于狼山中元古代狼山群沉积物或平原区第四纪浅层沉积物;沉积物中的Fe2O3和有机质在低Eh条件下(Eh<-30 mV)分别发生还原性溶解和分解,吸附在其上的碘随之被释放到地下水中。另外,沉积物中的碘在高Ca2+和弱碱性条件下吸附作用较弱,这也间接促进了碘在地下水中的富集。相对而言,有机质分解更为普遍,但Fe2O3的还原性溶解对碘富集影响更为强烈。该成果进一步深化了对内陆盆地区高碘地下水形成机制的认识,并为当地饮水安全和生态安全提供科学依据。     

酸性矿山废水中石灰岩包壳作用研究

研究石灰岩包壳作用有助于深入了解酸性矿山废水(AMD)在富含石灰岩的金属硫化物尾矿中的释放机制。采用AMD滞留浸泡石灰岩颗粒试料的实验方法,研究在酸水饱和条件下石灰岩次生包壳的形成作用。研究表明,AMD的Fe含量是影响石灰岩包壳作用的主因之一。在高Fe浓度(如1 029~1 033 mg/L)的AMD中,石灰岩颗粒表面可依次沉淀富Al相、石膏、纤铁矿(吸附Zn、Cu及As等),发生石灰岩包壳/钝化作用,使溶液维持酸性;而在低Fe浓度(6.71~74.8 mg/L)的AMD中,次生包壳难以生成,石灰岩得以大量溶解释碱并充分中和溶液中的H~+,使溶液达到中性。因此,Fe硫化物含量较高(如Fe含量10.62%、S含量5.70%)的石灰岩尾矿,由于其氧化后可生成高Fe浓度的酸性水而导致石灰岩包壳作用,具有释放AMD(及重金属)的危险,应注意防控。     

秸秆固定床处理含As酸性废水及其生物矿化过程

矿山开采使还原条件下稳定的硫化物矿物(特别是黄铁矿)暴露于氧气和水中,发生风化氧化,释放出pH<3且富含硫酸盐和重金属离子(Cu、Zn、Ni、Cd、Cr、As、Fe)的酸性浸出液,即矿山酸性排水(Acid Mine Drainage,简称AMD)     

山底河流域煤矿酸性矿井水野外监测

酸性矿井水在我国鲁西南、山西、内蒙、云南和贵州等煤矿区普遍存在,酸性矿井水其pH往往在2~5之间,高SO₄2?、HB、TDS、Fe、Mn。这些物质进入地下水、地表水或土壤后,会对其造成严重危害。文章选择山西阳泉市典型废弃煤矿区山底河流域为研究区,通过水文地质调查,水文地质钻探,水文地质剖面等方法阐述山底流域地层岩性,水文地质条件概况,得出受煤矿开采影响,与天然条件下相比山底河流域的地表水和地下水的补给、径流、排泄条件均发生了根本变化。补给通过破坏产生的导水裂隙带运移,以垂向运动为主;径流通过坑道,导水裂隙带运移,以横向运动为主;排泄以矿坑排水和泉水溢出方式为主。并简述山底河流域煤矿酸性矿井水试验站观测站分布情况与水化学特征。      

矿山酸性水中铝相次生矿物及环境学意义的研究进展

酸性矿山排水（AMD）是硫化矿床矿山环境污染防治的难点，因而持续受到国内外学者的关注。众多的学者对矿区AMD中次生矿物进行了研究。为深入了解AMD中次生矿物的形成和演化，为AMD污染防治提供科学依据，笔者对前人不同环境下AMD中的次生矿物类型、次生矿物形成顺序，以及铝相次生矿物的形成、特征、环境危害及意义进行了简要综述。目前与AMD有关的主要次生矿物存在3种类型，即铁相次生矿物、铝相次生矿物和其他相次生矿物，AMD中的pH、Eh和温度对于次生矿物的形成具有控制性的作用。铁、铝相次生矿物具有吸附金属能力，这一性质有助于在一定程度上实现河流的自净化作用。由于AMD形成条件高，矿物相不稳定，目前有关AMD中铝相次生矿物及“酸性白水”的研究成果有限。因此，加强铝相次生矿物以及“酸性白水”的研究，可以更好地解析蒿坪河流域石煤矿区河流酸性磺水–酸性白水的形成演化机制，以及铝相次生矿物吸附重金属的地球化学过程。     

利用矿物溶液平衡的铀的水化学找矿方法

通常,我们利用水中U、Rn、Ra、Fe、As、Mo、Se、SO_4~(2-)、HCO_3~-、Cl~-以及pH、Eh等(尤其是水中铀)参量进行铀的水化学找矿的。实际上,铀矿体附近的铀浓度往往很低,而远离矿体却又很高,所以找矿效果往往不十分理想。 D.Langmuir等利用D.Langmuir的铀的热力学数据,并利用WATEQF计算机程序进行了水中矿物饱和度的计算。结果表明此法比较真实,客观地反映了矿体的存在,     

美国蒙大拿州Butte、Berkeley矿坑的水文地球化学

蒙大拿州Butte、Berkeley矿坑自1982年停止开采以来,水位每年以近于22m的速度上升。预测表明:如果不及时采取补救措施,到2009年水位可能达到海拔1G82m。另外,在矿区水位连续上升的同时,具有污染水潜在侵入到冲积含水层中的危险及金属元素连续运移而进入Sihver Bow Creek。1987年10月期间的地球化学研究及其水样分析结果表明:Berkely矿坑水属中氧化条件(30米之下Eh为460mv),酸性(pH=3.0)SO_4-Ca-Fe水溶液,主要离子为Al、As、Ca、Cd、Cu、Fe、K、Mg、Mn、Na、SO_4和Zu,这些离子浓度从矿坑表面到底部其浓度明显增大。As主要为As(v),总金属浓度达到1mg/l,在上部3米层中,Fe则为Fe(Ⅲ),3m层之下为Fe(Ⅱ),浓度高达1000mg/l,在130m深处的含水层中,水中的硫酸浓度高达mg/L。而在此深度上,铜和锌的总浓度分别为202和512mg/L。为了检验野外测定的Eh值,根据Fe(Ⅱ)/Fe(Ⅲ)电偶利用MINTEQ求得理论Eh值。计算结果表明:当Fe(Ⅱ)和Fe(Ⅲ)浓度大于0.25mg/L及其低浓度物种的最低浓度至少占总浓度的5％时,Fe(Ⅱ):Fe(Ⅲ)比值代表体系的Eh值。把数据代入地球化学计算模型PHREEQE,进而评价把选矿厂所排出的碱性尾矿溶液加入酸性水体而补救酸性水体的可能性。本文评价了五种情况,两种封闭体系(P_(co_2~-)不固定),三种为开放体系(P_(co_2)=10~(-3·5))。可能的固体矿物包括Fe(OH)_3,石膏(CaSO_4·2H_2O)、斜铝矾(AlOHSO_4)和黄钾铁矾(KFe_3(SO_4)_2(OH)_6]。按碱性溶液与酸性溶液3:1的体积比把碱性溶液加入到酸性溶液而使混合后的溶液pH值达到5.0,根据现在硷性溶液的生产速度,(43.9ml/d),这一选择可能要花费7年时间,此时,液面可能位于冲积层与基岩接触面以上20m左右之处。     

注浆工程扰动下煤系砂岩含水层水岩作用机理——以桃园煤矿为例

煤系砂岩裂隙水是煤矿重要的充水水源之一,以淮北煤田桃园煤矿二叠纪煤系为研究对象,在分析该矿水害注浆治理以来煤系水水化学特征的基础上,阐明了地下水水文地球化学作用机理及其控制因素。结果表明:注浆治理期间,煤系水中主要阳离子为Na+,主要阴离子为SO₄2-;阳离子质量浓度由大到小为Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+,阴离子质量浓度由大到小为SO₄2-、HCO₃-、Cl-;通过Durov水化学图分析,注浆治理期间煤系水化学类型以Na-SO₄和Na-HCO₃为主;煤系水中存在黄铁矿氧化或碳酸盐、硫酸盐溶解作用,并伴随着一定程度的阳离子交换作用与脱硫酸作用,特别是在注浆治理工程实施期间,阳离子交换作用增强;大型突水、注浆治理防治水工程、地质构造背景及采矿活动等均不同程度地影响了煤系水水岩作用,且随注浆治理范围增大,影响程度增大。该研究成果对于煤矿涌（突）水水源识别及水害防治具有重要意义,为类似条件下的其他煤矿（区）在突水或注浆治理扰动下的地下水水文地球化学研究及应用提供参考。      

伊犁盆地蒙其古尔铀矿床水文地球化学模拟研究

水成铀矿床的形成受控于水文地球化学环境的变化,水-岩体系的pH、Eh值和水化学成分的改变是铀富集成矿的关键因素。笔者根据地质、水文及水化学分析资料,应用PHREEQC软件对伊犁盆地蒙其古尔铀矿床三工河组地下水系统中发生的水文地球化学过程进行模拟,以期确定:1)层间水在径流过程中与含水层发生的化学反应;2)水-岩化学反应发生的条件及进行的程度;3)体系中铀的水文地球化学行为及其成矿的有利条件。     

太行山北段金龙洞岩溶泉水化学及同位素动态特征

以太行山北段金龙洞岩溶泉为研究对象,通过数理统计.、离子比值及饱和指数等方法,分析泉水水化学和同位素动态特征、水中主要离子来源及演化、水-岩相互作用过程等内容。结果显示:(1)金龙洞泉补给来源为大气降水,泉流量对其响应程度高,泉流量较小时,水中主要离子含量相对高,水化学类型为HCO₃·SO₄-Ca·Mg型,泉流量大时,水中离子含量低,水化学类型为HCO₃-Ca、HCO₃·SO₄-Ca型,泉流量增加引起的稀释作用对离子含量影响明显;(2)控制泉水水化学特征的主要因素为溶滤作用和稀释作用,且Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、HCO₃^-主要来源于碳酸盐岩溶解,SO₄^2-、Na⁺、K⁺、Sr主要来源于安山岩中长石、黄铁矿等矿物的风化溶解,NO₃^-则来源于人类活动;(3)降水集中期,泉...     

Behavior of rare earth elements in acid coal mine drainage in Shanxi Province, China

Rare earth element (REE) concentrations were determined in acid mine drainage (AMD), bedrock, pyrite, and coal samples from the Sitai coal mine and the Malan coal mine in Shanxi province, China. The AMD displayed high REE concentrations with typical convex shale-normalized patterns. The REE concentrations in the bedrock samples are one order of magnitude higher than those found in pyrite and coal samples. The high REE concentrations in AMD most likely come from the acidic solution leached out REE in bedrock. Results from laboratory and field experiments show that pH is the most important factor controlling the fractionation of REE; but Fe, Al, and Mn colloids and secondary minerals also affects their fractionation. As the pH increased from 4 to 6, the concentrations of total dissolved REE decreased from 520 to 0.875???g?L^?1. Fe and Al in AMD has less influence on the fractionation of dissolved REE than low concentrations of Mn. HREE were preferentially removed by secondary minerals and colloids, followed by MREE. Rare earth element??s speciation modeling indicates that sulfate complexes (LnSO₄ ⁺ and Ln(SO₄) ₂ ^? , 79?C91%) and free-metal species (Ln³⁺, 8.8?C21%) are the dominant REE species in the AMD, but the REE-sulfate complexation could not explain the MREE-enriched patterns.     

Hydrogeochemical characteristics of acid mine drainage and water pollution at Makum Coalfield,India

Acid mine drainage (AMD) is one of the severe environmental problems that coal mines are facing. Generation of AMD in the northeastern part of India due to the coal mining activities has long been reported. However detailed geochemical characterization of AMD and its impact on water quality of various creeks, river and groundwater in the area has never been reported. Coal and coal measure rocks in the study area show finely disseminated pyrite crystals. Secondary solid phases, resulted due to oxidation of pyrite, occur on the surface of coal, and are mainly consisting of hydrated sulphate complexes of Fe and Mg (copiapite group of minerals). The direct mine discharges are highly acidic (up to pH 2.3) to alkaline (up to pH 7.6) in nature with high concentration of SO₄²⁻. Acidic discharges are highly enriched with Fe, Al, Mn, Ni, Pb and Cd, while Cr, Cu, Zn and Co are below their maximum permissible limit in most mine discharges. Creeks that carrying the direct mine discharges are highly contaminated; whereas major rivers are not much impacted by AMD. Ground water close to the collieries and AMD affected creeks are highly contaminated by Mn, Fe and Pb. Through geochemical modeling, it is inferred that jarosite is stable at pH less than 2.5, schwertmannite at pH less than 4.5, ferrihydrite above 5.8 and goethite is stable over wide range of pH, from highly acidic to alkaline condition.     

用煤层中铁、钴、镍的含量计算成煤沿泽的古pH值和古Eh值

对滇东-黔西晚二叠世煤层中Fe、Co、Ni的研究表明,煤层中它们含量的比值,尤其是取自然对数后的比值可以作为推算成煤沼泽古pH值和古Eh值的指标,并推导出三个可分别作为计算陆相,海陆过渡相和海相等三种不同环境介质古pH值的经验公式。而成煤沼泽环境中氧的氧化还原电位可以根据XEh_i=1.229-0.059×pH_i进行计算。     

应用地球化学模式恢复准噶尔盆地东部浅层地下水的氧化-还原环境

地下水的ＥｈＷ值是反映其氧化还原能力的水文地球化学参数,是确定铀氧化还原环境必不可少的参数之一。在准噶尔盆地东部进行１∶５０万层间氧化带砂岩型铀矿床区调时,受工作条件限制,没能对所采集到的水样进行ＥｈＷ值测定,因而影响了对水的氧化还原能力的评价,但是这批水样分析资料中的Ｆｅ２＋／Ｆｅ３＋是非常有用的氧化还原电对,可用来模拟计算地下水环境的ＥｈＷ值。详细讨论了应用地球化学模式来模拟计算地下水ＥｈＷ值的原理和结果。     

Effect of acid mine drainage on a karst basin: a case study on the high-As coal mining area in Guizhou province,China

Acid mine drainage (AMD) is a common pollution in mining areas due to the oxidation of pyrite and associated sulfide minerals at mines, tailings and mine dumps. Elevated metals (Fe, Mn, Al) and metalloids (As, Hg) in AMD would deteriorate the local aquatic environment and influence the water supply. A carbonate basin with deposits of high-arsenic coal in Xingren County, southwestern China, was chosen to study the behavior of As and other chemical constituents along a river receiving AMD. Heavy metals (Fe, Mn) and major ions such as (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Cl⁻, SO₄ ²⁻) in surface water, and As in sediment and surface water were analyzed. It was found that high concentrations of SO₄ ²⁻ (1,324–7,560 mg/L) and Fe (369–1,472 mg/L) in surface water were mainly controlled by the interactions between water and rocks such as the oxidation of pyrite in the local coal seams, precipitation and adsorption of iron minerals. Although ubiquitous carbonate minerals in the bedrock and the riverbeds, low pH (<3) water was maintained until 2 km downstream from the AMD source due to the Fe(hydro)oxide minerals coating on the surface of carbonate minerals to restrain the neutralization of acidic water. Moreover, the formation of Fe(hydro)oxide precipitations absorbed As was dominated the attenuation of As from water to sediment. Whereas, the dilution also played an important role in decrease of As in river water.     

Pollution of Osheepcheon Creek by abandoned coal mine drainage in Dogyae area,eastern part of Samcheok coal field,Kangwon-Do,Korea

Osheepcheon Creek running through the Dogyae area is being polluted by the influx of the abandoned coal mine drainage. Generally, the more polluted water has lower pH and Eh and higher conductivity values. The concentrations of Mg, Ca, Fe, SO₄, and some trace elements, such as Cd, Co, Cr, Mo, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sr, U and Zn, are tens to hundreds of times more concentrated in the abandoned coal mine drainage than in the unpolluted streamwater. However, most immobile toxic pollutants from the mine drainage are quickly removed from the streamwater by the precipitation of amorphous Fe hydroxide and sorption on the precipitated Fe hydroxide. The fast removal of the pollutants from the streamwater maintains the water quality of the creek as acceptable at most places along the stream path, except where the abandoned coal mine drainage flows in. However, the creek has the potential of deteriorating quickly if the mine drainage is allowed to be continuously combined with the streams. A function of pH, Eh, and conductivity has been developed with discriminant function analysis for the purpose of easy, fast, and inexpensive measurement of the degrees of pollution of the streams. The estimated pollution of the streams with the discriminant function are consistent with what the chemical compositions of the water samples indicate. The pollution map of the study area was constructed from the calculated scores with the discriminant function. The pollution map suggests that the pollutants mainly come from the west side of Osheepcheon Creek. Thus, the abandoned coal mine drainage from the west side has to be appropriately treated as soon as possible to prevent Osheepcheon Creek from being further polluted. Considering the topography, climate, and the amount of the mine drainage, an active treatment method is recommended.     

Geochemical distribution and removal of As,Fe, Mn and Al in a surface water system affected by acid mine drainage at a coalfield in Southwestern China

The chemical characteristics, formation and natural attenuation of pollutants in the coal acid mine drainage (AMD) at Xingren coalfield, Southwest China, are discussed in this paper based on the results of a geochemical investigation as well as geological and hydrogeological background information. The chemical composition of the AMD is controlled by the dissolution of sulfide minerals in the coal seam, the initial composition of the groundwater and the water–rock interaction. The AMD is characterized by high sulfate concentrations, high levels of dissolved metals (Fe, Al, Mn, etc.) and low pH values. Ca²⁺ and SO₄ ²⁻ are the dominant cation and anion in the AMD, respectively, while Ca²⁺ and HCO₃ ⁻ are present at significant levels in background water and surface water after the drainage leaves the mine site. The pH and alkalinity increase asymptotically with the distance along the flow path, while concentrations of sulfate, ferrous iron, aluminum and manganese are typically controlled by the deposition of secondary minerals. Low concentrations of As and other pollutants in the surface waters of the Xingren coalfield could be due to relatively low quantities being released from coal seams, to adsorption and coprecipitation on secondary minerals in stream sediments, and to dilution by unpolluted surface recharge. Although As is not the most serious water quality problem in the Xingren region at present, it is still a potential environmental problem. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Pollution of a water course impacted by acid mine drainage in the Imgok creek of the Gangreung coal field,Korea

The purposes of this study are to (i) determine the geochemical characteristics of Imgok creek impacted by acid mine drainage (AMD) generated from abandoned coal mines, (ii) to assess the pollution of heavy metals in the stream sediments and soils, and (iii) to identify the chemical form of Fe precipitates collected in the study area where there are 4 abandoned coal mines, which belong to the Grangreung coal field at the eastern part of Korea. AMD generated from mine adits and coal refuse piles shows low pH, and high concentrations of Fe, Al and SO₄, especially in the Youngdong coal mine. In Imgok creek, pH values increased, and total dissolved solids (TDS) values decreased with distance. The concentrations of toxic heavy metals and major cations except Fe decreased by dilution, but the concentration of Fe decreased rapidly due to the formation of precipitates. The quality of groundwater samples did not exceed the Korean drinking-water standard. In the stream sediments, the concentrations of Fe are relatively high in the Youngdong tributary and Imgok creek, but the concentrations of heavy metals are similar to those of unpolluted sediments. Pollution indices of agricultural soils range from 0.28 to 0.47. Yellowish red Fe precipitates collected in the study area turned out to be amorphous or poorly crystallized minerals (determined by X-ray diffraction patterns and Fe_ox/Fe_tot ratios) and to contain chemically bonded SO₄ and OH [determined by infra-red (IR) spectral analysis]. With these, the mol ratios of Fe/S ranging from 4.6 to 6.1 determined by electron probe micro-analysis (EPMA) in precipitates strongly support the existence of schwertmannite.     

Hydrochemistry of superficial waters in the Adoria mine area (Northern Portugal): environmental implications

The purpose of this work is to characterize the hydrochemical behavior of acid mine drainages (AMD) and superficial waters from the Adoria mine area (Northern Portugal). Samples of superficial and mine drainage water were collected for one year, bi-monthly, with pH, temperature, Eh, conductivity and HCO₃ determined in situ with chemical analyses of SO₄, Ca, K, Mg, Na, Cl, Ag, As, Bi, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn and Cd. In the mine, there are acidic waters, with low pH and significant concentrations of SO₄, and metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd and Ni), while in the superficial natural stream waters outside the mine, the pH is close to neutral, with low conductivity and lower metal concentrations. The stream waters inside the mine influence are intermediate in composition between AMD and natural stream waters outside the mine influence. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) shows a clear separation between AMD galleries and AMD tailings, with tailings having a greater level of contamination.     

河北峪耳崖金矿矿床成因及成矿模式

峪耳崖金矿是冀东地区一个典型的热液型矿床、硫、铅同位素组成表明太古宙变质岩是本区金矿的主要矿源层，是壳幔相互作用的结果，氧同位素表明水的来源以大气降不为主，在大气降水深循环过程中，金从围岩中多次萃取，频敏的岩交活动使成矿元素进一步富集，成矿流体的组成、盐度、ＰＨ，Ｅｈ，ｆ（Ｏ２）表明金是以「Ａｕ（ＨＳ）２」络离子形式迁移，由于物理化学条件的改变，导致了金的沉淀，在ＮＥ和ＮＮＥ向构造裂隙发育部位形成