潍坊市北部沿海地区海咸水入侵灾害及防治对策

潍坊市北部的寿光、寒亭、昌邑等沿海地区，80年代初期就已形成地下水水位下降漏半，导致海咸水对淡水含水层的入侵，本文根据监测资料，对该区海咸水入侵发展现状、危害程度及形成原因进行了探讨，并提出了防治对策。     

滨海岩溶地区海咸水入侵动力学系统研究

我国滨海岩溶地区岩溶系统的形成具有其独特的动力学过程。其中，既有自然环境条件下形成的岩溶特征，又有人类活动的地质效应——海咸水入侵的影响和改造。目前，海咸水入侵对滨海岩溶系统的影响和改造正在加剧，并将逐渐成为主导因素。防治滨海岩溶区海咸水入侵的根本，就是要查明咸-淡水过渡带中碳酸盐岩溶解、沉淀的动力机制。其中，混合溶蚀作用是关键。开展咸-淡水过渡带碳酸盐岩溶解、沉淀动力学的野外现场定位观测和室内动态模拟实验研究，并在查明咸-淡水过渡带碳酸盐岩溶解、沉淀动力机理的基础上，建立滨海岩溶地区碳酸盐岩溶解、沉淀系统动力学模型是十分必要和迫切的。研究各种因素综合影响下，滨海碳酸盐岩的混合溶蚀作用，将有利于查明滨海岩溶形成机理，进而为解决滨海岩溶地区海咸水入侵问题开辟一条新的途径。     

滨海岩溶地区海咸水入动力学系统研究

我国滨海岩溶地区岩溶系统的形成具有其独特的动力学过程。其中，既在自然环境条件下形成的岩溶特征，又有人类活动的地质效应－海咸水入侵的影响和改造。目前，海咸水入侵对滨海岩溶系统的影响和改造正 在加剧，并将逐渐成为主导因素。防治滨海岩溶区海咸水入侵的根本，就是要查明咸－淡水过渡带中碳酸盐岩溶解、沉淀的动力机制。其中，混合溶蚀作用是关键。开展咸－淡水过渡带碳酸盐岩溶解。沉淀动力学的野外现场定位观测和室内动态模拟实验研究，并在查明咸－淡水过渡带碳酸盐岩溶解、沉淀动力机理的基础上，建立滨海岩溶地区碳酸盐溶解、沉淀系统动力学模型是十分必要和迫切的。研究各种因素综合影响下，滨海碳酸盐岩的混合溶蚀作用，将有利于查明滨海岩溶形成机理，进而为解决滨海岩溶地区海咸水入侵问题开辟一条新的途径。     

下辽河平原咸水赋存规律及成因探讨

下辽河平原,位于辽宁省中部地区,是第三纪至第四纪阶段新构造垂直运动形成的中新生代断陷盆地,咸水分布区位于新生代断陷盆地的西南部。海相沉积层分布于山前至辽东湾,咸水分布在滨海一带。地下淡水由山前平原向中部平原及咸水分布的滨海平原运动。原生沉积的海相地层中天然形成的咸水运移层,人为的过量开采,破坏了咸淡水平衡界面,导致海水运移(入侵)。掌握下辽河平原的咸水赋存规律及成因,探讨咸淡水过渡带的移动变化特点,合理有效的开发利用淡水资源。     

莱州湾南岸海咸水入侵的原因分析及防治对策

莱州湾南岸的昌邑、寒亭、寿光等市(区)，是我省沿海发生海咸水入侵地质灾害较严重的地区之一。自70年代中期发现海咸水入侵以来，入侵速率逐年增加，到1992年，入侵面积已达295．5km^2，给工农业生产和人民生活造成了严重损失。该区海咸水入侵以咸水入侵为主。笔者在分析区域地质背景条件基础上，从水动力学和水化学方面对海咸水入侵的发灾机理进行了探讨。指出地下淡水过量开采是海咸水入侵的根本原因；此外，沉积环境、河流上游来水量减小及风暴潮等对海咸水入侵有加剧作用。从地学角度，提出了全流域综合治理、合理开发利用淡水资源、建设地下水库、跨流域调水，建立抽水槽工程等防治对策。     

龙口市海水入侵灾害及防治对策

介绍了龙口市滨海平原区因超量开采地下水而引发的海水入侵灾害,对其发育现状、危害程度及形成原因进行了分析,并提出了防治对策。     

潍坊北部海咸水入侵特征及现状评价

潍坊北部是我国典型的海咸水入侵区,通过资料收集、海咸水入侵专项调查、地质环境监测与实验、样品分析测试和室内综合分析研究,基本查清了海咸水入侵发展及演化历史。工作区海咸水入侵发展过程可划分为发生和发展、快速发展、慢速发展和稳定发展4个阶段,目前处于稳定发展期。利用2012年水质测试结果,选取Cl^-、矿化度、SO4^2-,rHCO3^-/rCl^-,K^＋等指标作为评价因子,运用模糊数学的方法,对潍坊北部海（咸）水入侵区入侵程度的现状做出综合评价;结合工作区海咸水入侵的特征和现状,针对性地提出了今后的防治重点和对策。     

海水入侵区地下水保护原则及管理措施研究

随着我国滨海地区人口的快速增长、社会经济的快速发展,水资源日益紧缺,地下水超采现象日益严重,海水入侵已成为滨海地区普遍存在的环境地质问题。通过大量的滨海地区调查、分析。系统梳理海水入侵现状及其危害,结合国内外有关海水入侵防治研究成果和实践经验,提出海水入侵区地下水保护要以人为本,人水和谐;严挖开发,防治并重,重在预防,系统规统筹兼顾的原则,采取必要的行政、经济等方面措施。     

浙江省滨海平原地面沉降现状及防治对策

浙江省杭嘉湖等滨海平原地面沉陷自20世纪60年代发生以来，随着地下水开采的不断发展，造成洪涝灾害加剧、海潮上岸、城市排水排污能力削弱，内河通航能力下降等危害，影响社会经济的可持续发展。本文根据多年来的地面沉降与地下水动态监测、调查成果，对浙江省滨海平原地面沉陷历史与现状、地面沉降基本规律进行总结，提出了地面沉降防治措施建议。     

黄淮海平原地下水化学演化特征、形成机制及其开发利用建议

【研究目的】地下水是保障黄淮海平原生产、生活所需的主要水资源之一。在人类活动的影响下,地下水环境恶化已成为制约社会经济发展和生态平衡的重要因素。深入探究地下水化学演化特征及其形成机制,可为地下水资源的合理开发利用提供重要参考依据。【研究方法】本文将黄淮海平原分为山前平原、中部平原、滨海平原三个水文地质单元,综合运用Piper三线图、Gibbs图、主成分分析等方法,研究了中国黄淮海平原的地下水化学特征及其形成机制。【研究结果】结果显示,从山前平原到中部平原再到滨海平原地下水中TDS含量逐渐升高,由淡水逐渐演化为微咸水、咸水、盐水、卤水;研究区地下水化学类型从山前平原的44种增至中部平原的74种,而后下降至滨海平原的22种;其中,山前平原地下水化学类型以HCO₃-Ca·Mg、HCO₃-Ca为主,主要受控于一个4因素模式,相比之下,中部平原和滨海平原地下水化学则分别受控于3因素模式。【结论】黄淮海平原地下水化学特征呈明显分带性,从山前平原到中部平原到滨海平原地下水化学类型由HCO₃型逐渐演化为HCO₃·S...     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.