悬板开孔对排沙漏斗流场特性的影响

排沙漏斗的水沙分离性能取决于其流场特性,为了弄清楚悬板开孔对流场特性的影响,利用粒子图像测速技术和数值模拟方法,分别对悬板溢流段和非溢流段同时均匀布孔、仅在非溢流段布孔和无孔时的排沙漏斗流场特性开展研究。结果表明:①布孔位置不影响涡流性质但影响其强度,均匀布孔时涡流强度最小,不利于水沙离心分离;②无孔和仅在非溢流段布孔时的流场特性有利于泥沙径向输移、沉降和排出,均匀布孔径向速度和二次流流速减小不利于泥沙输移和排出;③仅在悬板非溢流段布孔时悬板表面速度大于其他方案,泥沙不易淤积于悬板。为减少悬板上的泥沙淤积量且同时要保证较高的泥沙截除率时可采用仅在悬板非溢流段布孔的方案优化悬板体型。     

淤泥质河口水沙运动数学模型相关问题

为研究淤泥质河口的水沙运动规律,建立了用于模拟淤泥质河口水沙运动的二维数学模型。该模型采用基于无结构三角网格下的有限体积法对方程组进行离散,结合Roe-MUSCL方法及时间方向的预测-校正格式,使模型在时空方向具有二阶计算精度。模型中分别采用不同方法计算粘性和非粘性泥沙的输移源项,并引入粘性泥沙的起动流速和冲刷率计算公式。采用已有的概化水槽试验数据对模型进行了初步验证。然后模拟了1995年10月小潮及大潮期间海河口的潮流运动与泥沙输移过程,计算得到的潮位、潮流速及含沙量过程与实测过程符合较好,结果表明模型能够用来模拟淤泥质河口粘性和非粘性泥沙的不平衡输移过程。同时还比较了泥沙输移源项的不同处理方式对计算结果的影响,计算表明在淤泥质河口水沙运动数学模型中必须同时考虑粘性和非粘性泥沙的输移。     

三门峡库区一维非恒定非均匀泥沙输移数学模型

黄河是高含沙河流,含沙量季节差异显著。因此研究黄河干流的非恒定水沙输移规律以及库区泥沙的淤积问题极为重要。应用圣维南方程组以及非恒定泥沙连续方程建立了非恒定非均匀泥沙含沙量计算公式,并根据沙量平衡方程推求出三门峡库区河底高程的变化规律。使用已有的资料对模型进行的验证表明:模型计算与实测资料符合良好,该模型具有较好的应用前景。     

黄河宁蒙段河道水沙输移过程的仿真分析

通过建立河道水沙仿真系统模型,系统的模拟了天然状态下宁蒙河道泥沙的输移过程,并与现状条件下该河段泥沙输移过程进行比较.结果表明:龙羊峡和刘家峡水库建成运行后,由于水库拦蓄作用,宁蒙河段入口下河沿站1969-2003年累计减少输沙量25.9966×108t,说明上游梯级水库的蓄水拦沙作用显著地减轻了宁蒙河段的淤积过程.宁...     

三峡工程蓄水运用以来水库排沙效果

针对三峡水库蓄水运用以来排沙比问题,在深入研究三峡水库不同蓄水运用阶段水库排沙效果的基础上,着重研究各年年内蓄水排沙过程,系统地分析水库排沙效果的影响因素。结果表明:库区河道特性、入库水沙条件以及坝前水位的高低是水库排沙比变化的主要影响因素。2003年6月~2010年12月,水库排沙比为26.1%。水库排沙主要集中在汛期5~10月,排沙比为29.0%。尤其是在洪峰期间,库区水流流速较大,水流挟沙能力强,进入水库的泥沙大部分能输移到坝前,水库排沙比较大,当入库流量大于30000m³/s时,水库最大排沙比可达81.0%。此外,随着汛期坝前水位的抬高,水库排沙效果有所减弱,尤其是粗颗粒泥沙的多少也很大程度上影响水库排沙效果,水流的挟沙能力随着水流流速的减小而减小,粗颗粒泥沙的排沙比随之发生较全沙更为明显的减小。     

长江口泥沙输移扩散与沉降过程高分辨率声学现场观测

河口悬沙属性的现场观测对于泥沙输移和沉积过程研究具有重要的意义,现场超声探测较其他观测技术和方法具有较大的优势.本文应用ASSM-Ⅱ型声学悬浮泥沙观测系统对长江口悬沙输移扩散进行高分辨率观测,洪季涨潮期现场观测发现:①在潮流和颗粒重力共同作用下,抛泥泥沙同时存在输移扩散和沉降过程;②抛泥泥沙输移扩散存在2种基本的模式,即表层低密度羽状流和底层高密度羽状流.在正常天气涨潮流作用下,泥沙沉降可形成二级泥跃层,平流输送和沿程密度差产生的压力梯度形成底层高密度羽状流,它是泥沙输移扩散的主要方式.     

双峰型非均匀沙推移运动特性及输移规律

采用图像识别与推移质动态监测技术,开展基于双峰型非均匀推移质的系列水槽试验.通过引入反映床面粗糙度、粘性底层特性与颗粒非均匀度η(粗细比)的综合水流强度函数Ψ_b、特征弗劳德数Fr_b,系统研究了不同水流强度与床沙组成条件下的推移质输移特性以及颗粒非均匀度对输沙率的影响.通过对关键因子的辨识与量纲分析,提出了双峰型非均匀推移质输移模式,建立了基于近壁特征因子的水流强度Ψ_b与非均匀推移质输移强度Φ'的函数关系.对双峰型底沙输移机理的分析表明,非均匀沙的组成特征使得η成为影响Φ'的重要参量;正是细粒对粗粒的解怙作用对粗沙运动产生重要影响,使推移质输移率与颗粒非均匀度间呈现驼峰关系,峰值对应的粗细比η_c约为3∶7.     

小浪底水库淤积形态数值模拟

水库淤积形态是影响库容分布、水库排沙的一项重要因素。小浪底水库近坝段淤积泥沙粒径极细,具有流动性,针对其细颗粒泥沙淤积特点,揭示了水库细颗粒淤积物的流变特性与流型特征;通过引入水、淤积物、床面之间的界面受力分析,构建了细颗粒淤积物失稳流动描述模式,并与水沙输移模型相耦合,建立了考虑细颗粒淤积物流动特性的水库淤积形态模拟方法,在此基础上对小浪底水库淤积形态进行了验证分析。研究结果表明:低密度细颗粒淤积物为宾汉型流体,淤积平衡坡降较小,当其密度大于1.25 g/cm 3后,流动性快速减弱;考虑细颗粒淤积物流动特征的水库淤积形态模拟结果与实测结果吻合较好。研究成果可为水库淤积形态形成机理及其对水沙调控的响应研究提供技术支撑。     

小浪底水库淤积形态数值模拟

水库淤积形态是影响库容分布、水库排沙的一项重要因素。小浪底水库近坝段淤积泥沙粒径极细,具有流动性,针对其细颗粒泥沙淤积特点,揭示了水库细颗粒淤积物的流变特性与流型特征;通过引入水、淤积物、床面之间的界面受力分析,构建了细颗粒淤积物失稳流动描述模式,并与水沙输移模型相耦合,建立了考虑细颗粒淤积物流动特性的水库淤积形态模拟方法,在此基础上对小浪底水库淤积形态进行了验证分析。研究结果表明:低密度细颗粒淤积物为宾汉型流体,淤积平衡坡降较小,当其密度大于1.25 g/cm³后,流动性快速减弱;考虑细颗粒淤积物流动特征的水库淤积形态模拟结果与实测结果吻合较好。研究成果可为水库淤积形态形成机理及其对水沙调控的响应研究提供技术支撑。     

多因素变化对三峡近坝段浅滩演变的迭加影响效应

为探索三峡坝下游淤沙型浅滩冲淤特性突变的成因,结合芦家河河段较为系统的水沙输移和河床冲淤观测资料,从来水来沙变化、河势调整等多种角度,分析了多因素变化条件下的浅滩演变机理。结果显示:水库下游悬沙来量大幅减少导致分汊河道冲刷变形,促使洪水流路过流能力增强、浅滩冲淤转换的临界流量减小;三峡水库进入175 m运行期后,来流退水过程加快,泥沙输移更集中于汛期。以上变化更利于汛期浅滩淤积,不利于汛后浅滩冲刷,各种因素迭加作用下,导致浅滩条件在2008年前后发生阶段性变化。未来冲刷过程中,研究河段的浅滩淤积现象仍可能出现,类似问题在长江中下游其他的主流年内交替型汊道浅滩也同样值得注意。     

The effects of two benthic chamber stirring systems on the diffusive boundary layer,oxygen flux,and passive flow through model macrofauna burrows

Diffusive boundary layers (DBL), sediment oxygen flux, and natural passive flow through model macrofauna burrows were compared in two benthic chambers: one with a conventional rotational stirrer and the other with a two-dimensional flow diffuser system. Oxygen microprobe profiles showed that at similar velocities the mean diffusive boundary layer (DBL) thickness induced by a conventional rotor stirrer (453±118 μm) was not significantly different to that produced by the diffuser system (403±53 μm). The rotor produced twice as much DBL spatial variability (coefficient of variation 27%) as the diffuser (CV 11%). Variability between the rotor system’s DBL transect replicates was also two times greater (average CV of 22%) compared to the diffuser (CV 14%). At equivalent stirring speeds over experimental sediments, mean O₂ consumption rates were also not significantly different between the two systems. The diffuser induced consistently greater (16–37%) passive Bernoullian flow through model macrofauna borrows irrespective of the position of inhalant-exhalent openings. The rotor stimulated anomalous burrow flow regimes over a greater area of the chamber floor (36%) compared to the diffuser (23%). Depending on vent orientation the rotor was shown to reverse (exhalent to inhalant) burrow flow regimes in the central 9% of the chamber floor. This artifact of radial pressure and velocity differentials may have severe implications for tube dwelling infauna that rely on unidirectional flow. The diffuser system more closely mimicked natural two-dimensional water flow over the sediment surface and structures therein and is likely to give more representative results when measuring benthic processes within incubation devices.     

刚性植被区域床面泥沙起动特性

为研究植被环境中床面泥沙起动特性,以天然河道中的植被及沙床为原型,对刚性植被环境中床面形态变化及泥沙起动规律进行了试验研究,并采用单位床面空间平均流速表述植被环境中泥沙的起动流速。研究结果表明,淹没植被条件下动床床面泥沙运动可分为3个阶段,即静止、部分起动及全部起动阶段,定义第3个阶段为刚性植被环境中泥沙起动的标准;推导的淹没刚性植被环境中的泥沙起动流速半经验函数关系式可以表述植被环境中泥沙起动特性,其中植被因子F_v对泥沙起动的影响最明显;植被密度一定时,植株周围冲坑深与空间平均流速成线性关系。研究认为采用植被环境中单位床面空间平均流速表述泥沙起动特性的方法是可行的。     

南黄海辐射沙脊群形成演变的动力地貌过程数值模拟

江苏沿海辐射沙脊群在国内潮成沙体中较为罕见,有关辐射沙脊形成的动力机制已有定论,但对其形成时间和物质来源说法不一。运用长时间尺度动力地貌过程数学模型复演了辐射沙脊群形成演变过程,结果表明:江苏岸外辐聚辐散的流场不依赖于局部海底地形而独立存在;不同初始地形下只要泥沙供给充足,经过150年左右潮流动力对地形不断塑造,辐射状"水道-沙脊"相间的地貌格局都能基本形成;辐射沙脊群是废黄河北归约150年后,随着废黄河水下三角洲不断被侵蚀,辐聚辐散的潮流对不同来源物质重新塑造的结果,是动力-泥沙-地形相互作用的产物。     

Numerical investigation of the opening effect on the mechanical behaviours in rocks under uniaxial loading using hybrid continuum-discrete element method

Openings including their size, shape and distribution in rock play a significant role in the performance of rock related structures. The well-established knowledge in this area can contribute to the engineering practices, for example, underground space design, planning and optimisation in Civil and Mining Engineering and wellbore stability in Drilling Engineering, among others. Thus, understanding the failure mechanism of rock with openings is theoretically and practically meaningful. Laboratory testing on rock or rock-like materials with openings have been studied extensively in the literature, which, however, primarily focuses on the cracks/fractures. In this paper, a comprehensive numerical study on the effect of non-banded openings, i.e., circular, rectangular, and triangular opening, on the rock mechanical behaviour is performed using a hybrid continuum-discrete element method. It is revealed that the proposed simulation method can reproduce reasonably the crack initiation and propagation, and predict well the change of the mechanical behaviour due to the openings. In addition, the influence of the opening shape and opening ratio (=area of opening/specimen area) on the mechanical behaviour is also investigated.     

Analysis, in a free surface steady flow, of the interstitial velocity field inside a sedimentary bed

The objective of our study is to exploit ultrasonic Doppler velocimetry (UDV) to analyze the velocity field within a steady flow on a porous sedimentary bottom. Velocities are measured for several sedimentary beds, as well within the fluid vein as within the sediment. Our results highlight an exponential distribution of the velocities inside the sediment and a discontinuity of the velocity at the interface water–sediment, between the velocity in the free flow and the velocity within the sediment. These results highlight the need to base the analysis of sedimentary transport on the reality of the physical processes at the interface water–sediment.     

Effects of short flexible seagrass Zostera noltei on flow,erosion and deposition processes determined using flume experiments

Innovative flume experiments were conducted in a recirculating straight flume. Zostera noltei meadows were sampled in their natural bed sediments in the field at contrasting stages of their seasonal growth. The aims of this study were: (i) to quantify the combined effects of leaf flexibility and development characteristics of Zostera noltei canopies on their interaction with hydrodynamics; and (ii) to quantify the role of Zostera noltei meadows in suspended sediment trapping and bed sediment resuspension related with changes in hydrodynamic forcing caused by the seasonal development of seagrasses. Velocity within the canopy was significantly damped. The attenuation in velocity ranged from 34 to 87% compared with bare sediments and was associated with a density threshold resulting from the flow‐induced canopy reconfiguration. The reduction in flow was higher in dense canopies at higher velocities than in less dense canopies, in which the reduction in flow was greater at low velocities. These contrasted results can be explained by competition between a rough‐wall boundary layer caused by the bed and a shear layer caused by the canopy. The velocity attenuation was associated with a two to three‐fold increase in bottom shear stress compared with unvegetated sediment. Despite the increase in near‐bed turbulence, protection of the sediment against erosion increased under a fully developed meadow, while sediment properties were found to be the main factor controlling erosion in a less developed meadow. Deposition fluxes were higher on the vegetated bed than on bare sediments, and these fluxes increased with leaf density. Fewer freshly deposited sediments were resuspended in vegetated beds, resulting in an increase in net sediment deposition with meadow growth. However, in the case of a very high leaf area index, sediment was mostly deposited on leaves, which facilitated subsequent resuspension and resulted in less efficient sediment trapping than in the less developed meadow.     

Suspended-load fallout rate as an independent variable in the analysis of current structures

The dynamic interpretation of most current-structure sequences derives directly from experiments on the succession of bedforms produced by flows in flumes. The results of these and related studies have been used to construct stability field diagrams in which the fields of individual bedforms are usually expressed as a function of flow intensity (power, velocity, bed shear stress, etc.) and grain size. The data underlying existing stability-field diagrams were collected largely from the study of flows carrying coarse-grained sediment entrained through particle-by-particle bed erosion. Many flows, however, do not entrain sediment through simple bed erosion. Most turbidity currents originate by the development of turbulence in slumps, slides, and other slope failures. Such flows generally form with highly concentrated suspended loads and their bed-load layers derive sediment from the collapsing suspended-sediment clouds. Because the collapse properties of such clouds may be related as much to suspended particle concentration, size distribution, particle interactions, and other factors as to flow intensity, the stability fields of bedforms developed beneath such flows may differ in flow intensity-grain-size relationships from those beneath flows deriving sediment from bed erosion alone. Useful stability-field diagrams for turbidity currents must include suspended-load fallout rate as a third variable, independent of flow intensity and mean grain size. A preliminary stability-field diagram of this type indicates that Bouma T_abc sequences may theoretically form with essentially no velocity variation of the attendant flow. This type of analysis may have considerable relevance to the interpretation not only of turbidites but also of other deposits formed where bed-load layers are fed from above rather than below. These include shallow-shelf storm units deposited from highly concentrated flows and volcaniclastic layers formed where pyroclastic debris falls directly into moving water.     

The hydraulic interpretation of turbidites from their grain sizes and sedimentary structures

Previous attempts to deduce the flow parameters of turbidity currents from their deposited sediments have focused on applications of criteria for the suspension or autosuspension of the grains and on hydrodynamic interpretations of the characteristic Bouma sequence of sedimentary structures. There has been a considerable diversity of opinion, however, as to how the transport criteria relate to the observed deposited grain-size distribution, and no attempt has been made to determine whether the separate analyses of deposited sediments and sedimentary structures agree as to the magnitudes of the evaluated flow parameters. Such analyses are performed on a turbidite from the Capistrano Formation (Miocene-Pliocene) of California. This turbidite is normally graded from medium sand at its base to very fine sand and silt at the top, and has the complete sequence of Bouma structures. Only a small degree of cementation has occurred so that samples from the layer could be disaggregated and grain sizes determined both by sieving and sedimentation balance analyses. It was decided to employ the grain-suspension criterion for the calculation of the flow conditions at the time of deposition, published experiments on the pipe-flow of suspensions having demonstrated that this criterion is one of deposition versus non-deposition of grains according to their settling velocities. The published work relating types of sedimentary structures to the sediment grain size and either the flow power or Shield's dimensionless stress is used to evaluate the flow parameters from the observed Bouma sequence. All methods employed yield estimates of the mean flow velocity and bed stress (force per unit bottom area). The evaluated flow parameters for the transition from a flat bed to ripples (Bouma B to C divisions) are nearly an order of magnitude greater than obtained from the grain-suspension criterion where the calculations are based on the median grain size of the deposited sediments. Agreement results only if the calculations utilizing the suspension criterion are based on nearly the coarsest grains deposited at any instant, a procedure that is difficult to justify with the expected sediment deposition from a waning current. Inclusion of other factors, such as possible lags in sediment deposition or ripple formation beneath the decelerating flow, provide no firm explanation as to the cause of the discrepancy between the results based on the two approaches, and in nearly all cases their inclusion would increase the difference. Something is amiss with our procedures for the hydraulic interpretation of sediments which can be resolved only by further study.