大通河流域水能水资源开发对河流水文过程和环境的影响

根据水文观测和引水与水电开发资料,分析了大通河流域水能水资源开发利用现状及其对河流水文过程与生态环境的影响.结果表明：由于区域用水和跨流域引水,使大通河中下游河道的水量减少,水环境容量减小,其中,青石嘴、天堂、连城(二)站3-11月平均流量分别减少0.6%~9.6%、0.5%~3.8%、1.7%~52.9%. 自1994年引大入秦工程建成跨流域引水后,连城(二)站年径流量开始减少,1994-2010年平均径流量比1977-1993年减少了5.7%;引大济湟工程建成通水后,加上引大入秦和引硫济金工程,引水总量将达到12.33×10⁸ m³,占大通河多年平均径流量28.16×10⁸ m³的43.8%,对河川径流的影响十分显著. 至2011年,大通河上已建成梯级电站34座,洪水期电站同时泄水会瞬间加大河道流量,枯水期蓄引水又使减水河段水量减少. 梯级水电站群无序蓄放水使洪水过程由天然的平稳状态转变为人工干预的剧烈变化状态,上下游洪峰不对应,对下游地区的防洪安全产生极大威胁. 过度的水能水资源开发,使大通河中下游部分自然河段出现淹没、断流,水生物和两岸的植物萎缩,水环境污染加重,对生态环境产生负面影响. 建议实行流域水资源统一管理,对梯级电站下泄水量统一调度,在减水河段预留必须的生态基流,确保河道内外生态用水;加强河道水位、流量、泥沙、水环境、水生物监测,为流域防汛、水资源管理、生态环境保护等提供决策依据.     

澜沧江流域(云南段)水资源开发利用现状及趋势分析

澜沧江是一条国际河流,其中云南段自然资源丰富,水文、地理及气候特征独特。目前该流域水资源开发利用程度较低,仅有少量的灌溉面积,干流也仅建成了一个径流式水电站。作为我国西南地区的重要水电能源基地,流域的进一步开发将集中于水电、航运和农业灌溉。其开发方式具有立体开发、电力先行和国际合作开发等特点。     

黄土高原地区水土保持生态环境用水量估算研究

立足于黄土高原地区社会经济可持续发展,以实现生态环境良性发展为目标,探讨了水土保持生态环境用水量的内涵,提出了黄土高原地区水土保持生态环境用水量计算框架,以黄山高原地区泾河流域为例,估算其1970-1996年水土保持年生态环境用水量为6.368亿m3.研究成果丰富了生态环境用水量的理论研究,可为黄土高原地区生态环境建设和水资源合理利用提供科学的决策依据.     

梯级施工导流系统整体风险分析

进行流域梯级水电站开发,对相邻两座同期建设的水电工程组成的梯级施工导流系统进行整体风险分析意义重大。基于风险分析理论,考虑梯级施工导流系统水文和水力的不确定性,建立了系统整体风险数学模型。在此基础上构建了不同洪水组合情况下的风险计算模型,并利用Monte-Carlo方法耦合主要风险因素进行模型求解。同时,针对洪水过程遭遇情况下的风险模型,通过引入起始时间差随机因素来计算下游导流系统施工洪水过程。工程实例分析证明,风险分析模型和方法是可靠、有效的,为流域梯级开发条件下施工导流标准选取及导流方案优选提供重要依据。     

水电工程水生态环境效应评价方法与调控措施

围绕水电工程的水生态环境问题，重点梳理了水库运行下关键生源要素生物地球化学循环的变化及其水生态效应、底栖动物生境和鱼类生境以及鱼类洄游通道的影响、水生态环境保护工程与非工程措施等方面的研究进展，剖析了当前科学研究和工程应用中存在的难题，从理论、方法与技术角度阐明了出现这些难题的原因。提出了水电开发水生态环境保护未来需要重点开展的研究：长期系统性观测，揭示库内生源要素的滞留-转化-输送过程与机制及水生态环境累积效应；水库调控导致的鱼类性腺发育有效积温和产卵临界水温节律变化以及两者对鱼类种群繁衍的联合作用。最后特别指出当前针对鱼类保护的部分强制性措施存在的问题，并提出了高坝多环境因子调控的生态调度和支流生境替代等鱼类保护技术以及保护效果量化评价新方法。     

水电工程水生态环境效应评价方法与调控措施

围绕水电工程的水生态环境问题，重点梳理了水库运行下关键生源要素生物地球化学循环的变化及其水生态效应、底栖动物生境和鱼类生境以及鱼类洄游通道的影响、水生态环境保护工程与非工程措施等方面的研究进展，剖析了当前科学研究和工程应用中存在的难题，从理论、方法与技术角度阐明了出现这些难题的原因。提出了水电开发水生态环境保护未来需要重点开展的研究:长期系统性观测，揭示库内生源要素的滞留-转化-输送过程与机制及水生态环境累积效应；水库调控导致的鱼类性腺发育有效积温和产卵临界水温节律变化以及两者对鱼类种群繁衍的联合作用。最后特别指出当前针对鱼类保护的部分强制性措施存在的问题，并提出了高坝多环境因子调控的生态调度和支流生境替代等鱼类保护技术以及保护效果量化评价新方法。     

Quantitative assessment of the impact of an inter-basin surface-water transfer project on the groundwater flow and groundwater-dependent eco-environment in an oasis in arid northwestern China

Inter-basin water transfer projects (IBWTPs) can involve basins as water donors and water receivers. In contrast to most studies on IBWTPs, which mainly impact the surface-water eco-environment, this study focuses on the impacts of an IBWTP on groundwater and its eco-environment in a water donor basin in an arid area, where surface water and groundwater are exchanged. Surface water is assumed to recharge groundwater and a groundwater numerical simulation model was constructed using MODFLOW. The model was used to quantitatively evaluate the impact of an IBWTP located in the upstream portion of Nalenggele River (the biggest river in the Qaidam basin, Northwest China). The impact involved decrease in spring flow, drawdown of groundwater, reduction in oasis area, and an increase in species replacement of oasis vegetation in the midstream and downstream of the river. Results show that the emergence sites of springs at the front of the oasis will move 2–5 km downstream, and the outflow of springs will decrease by 42 million m³/a. The maximum drawdown of groundwater level at the front of the oasis will be 3.6 m and the area across which groundwater drawdown exceeds 2.0 m will be about 59.02 km², accounting for 2.71% of the total area of the oasis. Under such conditions, reeds will gradually be replaced by Tamarix, shrubs, and other alternative plant species. These findings have important implications for the optimization of water resource allocation and protection of the eco-environment in arid regions.     

梯级水电开发对生态地质环境影响评价的思路与方法初探

笔者在充分调研和综合分析研究金沙江、雅砻江、大渡河水电工程区岸坡生态地质环境条件和主要生态环境地质问题及其环境演化效应的基础上.按照分类评价思想和原理.初步探讨了流域梯级水电工程开发对生态地质环境影响评价的思路与方法,初步提出以斜坡(岸坡)稳定性评价子系统、水土流失与水库淤积评价子系统、生态环境演化评价子系统和社会经济发展影响子系统等四大类子系统为主干的梯级水电开发对生态地质环境影响评价系统.初步建立了四大类评价指标体系,讨论了评价方法与成果表达方式,供大家讨论。     

喀斯特断陷盆地水资源高效开发利用模式构建

在调查研究典型喀斯特断陷盆地水文地质特征、地表水文过程、“五水”转换及水资源均衡,研发地下水高效开发利用、地表水调蓄、水污染风险评估与水质修复、农田节水灌溉及土壤保墒、水资源优化调控等系列技术的基础上,以可持续发展和系统科学理论为指导,构建了喀斯特断陷盆地水资源高效开发利用模式,包括理论与技术支撑体系和开发利用工程体系两个层次。前者的基本构成及内涵为:水资源高效开发利用工作流程、理论依据及技术支撑,是模式的理论与技术内涵;后者为沿着盆地地表、地下水的形成、运动和转换过程,从上游山区到下游河谷区,逐级分区部署的水资源开发利用工程体系,工程布局做到因地制宜、科学合理,大、中、小、微型并举,集中供水与分散供水兼顾,同时系统推进水质修复、水循环利用、节约用水等措施,实现水资源的高效和可持续开发利用。      

黑河流域生态环境问题社会经济初步分析

本文针对黑河流域的生态环境问题,从资源经济学的观点,分析水土资源开发和社会经济发展对生态环境的影响及其相互作用关系,探讨保护生态环境与社会经济协调可持续发展的有效途径和机制,从而为黑河流域以及西北干旱区内陆河流域的综合治理提供参考依据。     

澜沧江-湄公河水电站单位发电耗水量分析计算

为对比澜沧江-湄公河流域各国水电开发对水资源消耗的差异,选择流域范围内37座已建主要电站,基于遥感再分析资料,运用改进的水电站水足迹方法核算并分析2015年流域各国水电站水足迹及其年内变化。结果表明:流域中国段水电站水足迹最小,具有最高的单位耗水量发电效率;老挝及泰国水电站水足迹普遍偏大,发电效率低且耗水量巨大。因此,从发电水资源消耗角度看,流域内地处上游的中国江段较适宜水电开发,下游国家发展水力发电需考虑水资源消耗影响。     

甘肃西北部黑河流域水资源对下游生态环境变化的影响阈

从流域尺度水资源承载能力及其有限性、可变性和上下游关联性的角度,探讨了黑河流域下游区生态环境变化的影响阈,阐明了不同水文年中游区的安全引水量和不同目标下下游区的生态环境修复对水资源的需求阈。基于多年平均地表径流量37.8×108m3/a的安全引水量为13.97×108m3/a和枯水年份(95%保证率)的安全引水量为10.14×108m3/a,下游区初步改善生态环境的生态需水量为8.01×108m3/a。提出了中游区经济社会可持续发展的水资源保障阈,即未来20年生产生活安全需水量介于22×108～23×108m3/a之间。在此基础上,阐明了在中游区经济社会稳定持续发展目标约束下确保黑河流域下游区生态环境不断改善的流域水资源优化配置模式及对策。     

GIS网络分析技术在河流水污染追踪中的应用

在分析河流水环境系统特征的基础上,探讨了GIS网络分析技术在河流水污染追踪中的应用方法。主要内容包括数字化河系网络模型的建立、河流水环境数据库的建立与集成、河流水污染追踪应用的方法与步骤,并以汉江流域河系为例,进行了原型研究。     

闸坝调控对河流水生态环境影响特征分析

为探讨闸坝工程对河流水生态环境的影响效应,进行实地闸坝调控实验,监测河流水质指标在不同调控(0 m3/s、20 m3/s、40 m3/s和60 m3/s)方式下的空间变化,并调查水生态指标,探析长期和短期的调控干扰对河流水生态环境的影响特征。结果表明:60 m3/s调控,有助于闸下污染物的氧化和分解,提高河流水体的自净作用;水体的强烈冲刷和扰动作用促进底泥中污染物向水体转化,极易造成闸下区域水体的突发性二次污染;短期频繁地开闸调控对浮游动植物的密度分布影响显著;长期的调控干扰导致水生生物群落和结构单一,水生态环境显著恶化,闸上区域负面影响更为严重。研究结果可为河流生态修护与可持续流域水环境管理提供科学依据。     

Implications for planning of hydroelectric projects in Northeast India: an analysis of the impacts of the Tipaimukh project

In recent years, while developed countries are decommissioning hydroelectric projects (HEPs)/dams at a higher rate than constructing new ones, developing economies are doing the opposite. Although HEPs are regarded green, renewable and cheap, recent studies reveal that they do more harm than good. The impacts of HEPs are multiple, including socio-economic, environmental and geopolitical. India’s Northeastern (NE) region is a part of the Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna river basin, and has immense hydropower potential. A large number of HEPs are planned or under construction in the region, mainly in the hilly states of Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Sikkim and Mizoram. One such mega project is the Tipaimukh multipurpose HEP, to be constructed on the Barak river in the state of Manipur. The project is highly controversial, and is being protested against by the locals, academicians, researchers, social activists, NGOs, as well as Bangladesh. Further, a serious cost–benefit analysis, judicious environmental impact assessment and democratic public hearings have been questioned. The area submergence of the project is disproportionately high compared to other such projects of NE India, and the project site and the adjoining areas form a part of Indo-Burma global biodiversity hotspot. The present study details the impacts of the project from multidisciplinary perspectives, categorized into bio-physical, socio-economic and geopolitical impacts, including impacts on the downstream riparian nation—Bangladesh. Based on the study, we have provided recommendations, if ever the construction of project is actualized. Since there is lack of any such analysis, the present study is of immense significance on the decision making of the project, and paves a guideline for impact analysis of the upcoming large number of projects of the region.

     

New Data About Cosmic Spherules and Microdiamonds from Middle Pleistocene Selenge River Basin in North Mongolia

This paper deals with new discovery of cosmic spherules and microdiamonds from Middle Pleistocene Selenge river basin on the Teel aggradation terrace. The Teel aggradation terrace is located at the left edge of the Selenge River, at the pedestal of mountain Namnan uul (Dorjnamjaa et al., 2008). The Teel ter-race is those whose cusp and bench entirely composed of alluvial deposits. This indicates that the Selenge River has a long history of development, and had time to develop a flood plain and to deposit alluvium, through which it cut subsequently and left behind a Teel terrace. Alluvium studies may be of great practi-cal interest because in some areas, river terraces are veritable treasure-troves of economic minerals. With river terraces are associated most placer deposits of such important economic minerals as gold, platinum, diamond, etc. Numerous engineering projects, such as bridges(Kherlen, Tuul, Selenge, Orkhon, Baidrag, Zavkhan, etc.), dams (Ulaan Boom), hydropower plants(Durgun Nuur, Ulaan Boom) are built on alluvial deposits. Hence we need to know all the essential fea-tures of the geostructure of river terraces. Our investi-gation of the Selenge river terraces in 2006-2008 gave a possibility to discover the placer diamonds within the Teel aggradation terrace for the first time in Mongolia.     

河网非恒定水沙数学模型研究

建立了能够适用于多种情况的河网非恒定流水沙数学模型。推导提出了河网泥沙方程组的分级解法,提出了适用于河网计算的汊点分沙模式,分析和对比了多种分沙模式的适用性,对河网区域中可蓄水汊点也提出了相应的处理办法。采用汉江杜家台分蓄洪区的资料作了模型的验证和应用。     

The Danube River: an emerging regional bond

The Danube River, Europe's longest west of the Soviet Union, connects central and southeastern Europe. It flows through areas of great diversity of climates and land forms. Navigation has, in fact, been hindered by fluctuating water levels, ice, and defiles. Primarily for political reasons the river, prior to the middle of the 20th century, had never been a viable link of transportation and communication. Since the second world war, however, effective internationalization of the river, extensive navigation improvement projects, construction of dams and hydroelectric power plants, and greatly accelerated economic development in the Danube River basin in general, all point toward the river becoming one of Europe's principal axes and regional bonds.     

梯级水电开发对大通河流域洪水过程的影响分析

应用大通河流域实测洪水资料和水利普查数据,定性和定量分析了梯级水电开发对流域洪水过程和洪水特征的影响,建立了梯级水电站数量与洪水涨落率、涨落频次的数学关系模型。结果表明:随着流域水电站数量的增多,洪水过程变化频繁,洪水涨落率增大,涨落频次增多;梯级水电开发使流域最大洪峰流量增大了19.7%~21.5%,最大洪峰传播时间减少了6.1%,而对次洪水总量的影响较小。研究水文过程受人类活动的影响规律,对加强流域水电站统一调度、水能水资源可持续利用和水生态文明建设具有十分重要的意义。     

水库对河流水温影响的评价指标

水库对其下游河道水温影响是目前水电工程环境影响评价的重要内容之一。在分析水库干扰后的河流水温波动特征的基础上,构建了水库对其下游河道水温影响的评价指标:基线偏离指标、相位偏移指标和极值变幅指标。对各指标含义进行界定并建立其函数表达式,提出水库对河流水温影响的指标评价方法。选取黄河上游已开发梯级水库为例,应用提出的指标评价了该梯级水库对河流水温的时空影响。研究表明:对于不同调节类型的水库,指标能够敏感地辨析水库对河流水温季节性波动、水温滞迟和均化作用等影响;也可判别其对水温影响的主要特征。此外,针对受影响河段的不同位置分析各指标的波动趋势,可揭示梯级水库对其下游河道水温累积影响的变化程度。提出的指标具有通用性,可为其它流域开展水库水温影响研究提供科学参考。