内蒙古伊克昭盟现代碱湖区矿层的矿物组成及分布特征

内蒙伊克昭盟是我国现代碱湖分布最集中的地区,各碱湖矿层的主要盐类矿物是泡碱,其次是芒硝,天然碱和石盐及少量单斜钠钙石,氯碳钠镁石,钙水碱和水碱。泡碱普遍存在于各个碱湖的矿层中,芒硝主要存在于西部碱湖的矿层中,天然碱集中分嘏于碱湖区西南部的几个碱湖中,且只分布于矿层的某些部位,碱湖矿层剖面上,天然碱与芒硝呈互为消长关系,天然碱和石盐则呈正相关。     

Major and trace element geochemistry of superficial sediments and suspended particulate matter of shallow saline lakes in Eastern Austria

General geochemical parameters of water, superficial sediments, and suspended particulate matter (SPM) were determined from small shallow saline lakes (soda ponds) as well as from lake Neusiedlersee in eastern Austria. Additionally, instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) was used to determine the distribution of major, rare earth and other trace elements in superficial sediments and SPM. Chemical results show remarkable differences in salinity and ionic strength between the investigated ponds. Anthropogenic effects, such as drawdown of ground water level and a loss of lake water due to drainage, are clearly reflected in obtained chemical and geological data. Due to a strong dependence of the complexation and scavenging behavior of the rare earth elements (REE) on ionic strength, a significant difference between REE concentrations in soda ponds with different anthropogenic impact was found. The content and composition of authigenic evaporitic minerals in superficial sediments and SPM clearly differ with a fluctuating water level and salt concentration. Furthermore, we determined the distribution of major and trace elements in superficial sediments of a nearby fluvial system. Our results show a clear correlation between REE superficial sediment concentrations in anthropogenically degraded soda ponds and fluvial system. Therefore, we assume that REE concentrations of sediments and SPM are suitable for the study of geochemical changes of inland saline lakes due to anthropogenic impacts on water balance.     

Sediment and hydro biogeochemistry of Lake Nainital, Kumaun Himalaya, India

The picturesque Nainital Lake, in the Uttarakhand state of India, is one of the major tourist attractions in the northern part of India. The increasing tourism and population around these lakes are a major concern for the ecology and good sustenance of the lakes. The present study is aimed to understand the behaviour of nutrients and metals in the sediment and their association with chemical forms in the lake. The study was accomplished by studying the water, interstitial water and sediments for major oxides, nutrients and metals in the lake. The different chemical forms of phosphorus and metals in the sediments were done using sequential extraction procedures. The water chemistry (Ca + Mg:Na + K) and the sediment chemistry (CIA and Al₂O₃/K₂O) show that the rocks in the catchment area play an important role in the geochemistry of the lake. The metals in the water also show that the Tallital basin is more polluted than the Mallital basin, may be due to the influence of Bus station. The high concentration of chloride, NH₄, SO₄ and metals in the sediment water interface and the interstitial water shows denitrification, sulfidisation and sulfide oxidation in the anoxic bottom water. The sediment composition shows that the phosphorus in the water is sequestered as carbonate flour apatite, and the metals precipitate as carbonate. The geo- accumulation index shows that the metals zinc, cobalt and nickel show moderate polluted nature than other metals. In general, the lake is less affected by anthropogenic activities. The chemical processes undergoing within the lake, like sulfidisation and sulfide oxidation, oxide dissolution and denitrification and organic matter degradation play an important role in the remobilization of the metals from the lake sediments.     

Major Ion Geochemistry of Nam Co Lake and its Sources, Tibetan Plateau

The major cations and anions from lake water samples and its sources, including glacier snow, precipitation, stream, and swamp water in the Nam Co basin, central Tibetan Plateau, were studied. The concentrations of the major ions varied significantly in the five environmental matrices. Generally, the mean concentrations of most ions are in the order of lake water > swamp water > stream water > precipitation > snow. Rock weathering is the dominant process controlling the chemical compositions of the stream and swamp waters, with carbonate weathering being the primary source of the dissolved ions. The Nam Co lake water is characterized by high Na⁺ concentration and extremely low Ca²⁺ concentration relative to other ions, resulting from evapoconcentration and chemical precipitation within the lake. Comparison with the water chemistry of other lakes over the Tibetan Plateau indicated that Nam Co is located in a transition area between non-saline lakes and highly saline lakes. The relatively low concentration of total dissolved solids is possibly due to the abundant inflow of glacial meltwater and relatively high annual precipitation.     

巴尔喀什湖分湖水平衡及其影响与优化保护研究

巴尔喀什湖是中亚干旱区最大的湖泊生态系统之一,其保护对中亚地区具有重要意义,但同时对相关区域也产生了较大的水资源压力.分析其水量平衡,对提出合理的保障措施具有重要的理论与实践价值.根据巴尔喀什湖形态、水文特征,在分析识别其水量平衡主要影响因素与作用机制的基础上,根据水量平衡原理与东西湖分治的思想,反演了1936-200...     

Seasonal Variability of Mineral Formation in Microbial Mats Subjected to Drying and Wetting Cycles in Alkaline and Hypersaline Sedimentary Environments

Interactions of the microbial mat community with the sedimentary environment were evaluated in two shallow, ephemeral lakes with markedly different hydrochemistry and mineralogy. The characterization of growing and decaying microbial mats by light microscopy observations and fluorescence in situ hybridization was complemented with biogeochemical and mineralogical measurements. The lakes studied were Eras and Altillo Chica, both located in Central Spain and representing poly-extreme environments. Lake Eras is a highly alkaline, brackish to saline lake containing a high concentration of chloride, and in which the carbonate concentration exceeds the sulfate concentration. The presence of magnesium is crucial for the precipitation of hydromagnesite in microbialites of this lake. Altillo Chica is a mesosaline to hypersaline playa lake with high concentrations of sulfate and chloride, favoring the formation of gypsum microbialites. Differences in the microbial community composition and mineralogy of the microbialites between the two lakes were primarily controlled by alkalinity and salinity. Lake Eras was dominated by the cyanobacterial genus Oscillatoria, as well as Alphaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria and Firmicutes. When the mat decayed, Alphaproteobacteria and Deltaproteobacteria increased and became the dominant heterotrophs, as opposed to Firmicutes. In contrast, Deltaproteobacteria was the most abundant group in Lake Altillo Chica, where desiccation led to mats decay during evaporite formation. In addition to Deltaproteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Actinobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria were found in Altillo Chica, mostly during microbial mats growth. At both sites, microbial mats favored the precipitation of sulfate and carbonate minerals. The precipitation of carbonate is higher in the soda lake due to a stronger alkalinity engine and probably a higher degradation rate of exopolymeric substances. Our findings clarify the distribution patterns of microbial community composition in ephemeral lakes at the levels of whole communities, which were subjected to environmental conditions similar to those that may have existed during early Earth.     

基于河湖地质过程的武汉市湖泊的成因划分

武汉市位于长江中游,长江与汉江在此交汇,城区河网纵横,湖泊众多,素有"江城"和"百湖之市"之称.湖泊对于武汉城市的可持续发展及宜居城市建设有着特别重要的意义.关于武汉市的湖泊前人曾开展了大量的研究,但对于湖泊的成因则研究较少.湖泊的成因不仅对武汉市近代地质环境演化具有重要意义,同时也是湖泊保护的基础科学问题.在地质地貌调查上,通过江湖古地理演变分析,结合历史文献记录等综合研究,认为武汉湖泊的形成与河流地质作用过程密切相关,据此将武汉市湖泊的成因类型划分为:河道遗迹湖（又分河道废弃湖和河道洲滩夹湖）、河堤溃口湖、河间洼地湖和沟谷壅塞湖四种类型.分析了各类湖泊的特征、地貌分布及形成过程.其中沟谷壅塞湖是现存湖泊的主要类型,其形成演化与区域气候变化背景下的河海相互作用密切相关,分别经历了湖盆形成期（20~14 ka）、湖泊形成期（14~7 ka）和湖泊发展期（7 ka以来）3个阶段.此外,武汉的城市与湖泊经历了由"湖中城"到"城中湖"的发展历程,围湖造地是武汉市最重要人为改造自然工程,依湖泊类型的不同采取了不同的围湖发展方式,汉口地区以河间洼地湖为主,主要以"筑堤-排水-造地"填湖发展;武昌和汉阳地区以沟谷壅塞湖为主,采取的是"堵塞湖汊造地"的环湖发展方式.在未来的城市建设中,有计划地实施湖-湖连通和河-湖连通工程是十分必要的.      

Vertical distribution of physical–chemical features of water and bottom sediments in four saline lakes of the Khangai mountain region,Western Mongolia

Characterizing vertical profiles of water columns is important to understanding the biochemical cycles and nutrient dynamics of an aquatic ecosystem. Physical and chemical properties of surface water in Mongolian saline lakes have been studied over the past decade, but chemical composition along a vertical profile of the water column has not been well documented. Four major saline lakes (Lakes Telmen, Oigon, Tsegeen and Khag) in northwestern Mongolia were studied to determine geochemical behavior of microelements and to assess major ionic components and trace elements associated with vertical profile of various water samples and sediments. Water samples were vertically collected from each sampling depth with a vacuum deep-water sampler in July 2013. Physical–chemical parameters, major ionic components and trace elements were analyzed by conventional methods and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Concentrations of microelements and mineralogical composition of sediment samples from near shore were characterized by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and X-ray diffraction. This study was apparently the first to characterize chemical composition along vertical profiles of these lakes. Sodium, chloride and sulfate ions were largely conserved in all water samples except Lake Oigon. Depending on salinity type, these lakes were divided into sodium-sulfate lake (Lake Khag) or chloride lakes. Due to geomorphological characteristics, strontium (≤3.18 mg/l) was the only ion in the highest concentration across all depths of water and sediment samples among the lakes. Sediments were comprised mainly of quartz, anorthite, albite and orthoclase. In conclusion, physical and chemical properties in Lake Oigon were highly variable and dissimilar among lakes. Furthermore, we inferred that vertical profiles of water columns were intimately linked to variations in chemical composition of salt lakes in the western Mongolia.     

青藏高原东北缘黄河上游滑坡与堰塞湖研究进展

随着黄河流域生态保护与高质量发展上升为国家战略,滑坡灾害防治成为迫切需要攻克的基础性问题。另外,黄河上游地区因地形高差大、古地震及强降雨事件频繁,诱发的滑坡及滑坡堰塞湖数量多、分布广、危害重,是近年来滑坡发育和演化机制以及滑坡堰塞湖溃决效应研究的热点。本文在综合整理该地区已有研究工作的基础上,结合笔者研究团队近20年来所获得的滑坡调查评价、测试分析和防灾减灾研究成果,系统归纳了黄河上游地区滑坡调查与风险评价、滑坡时空展布规律及主控因素研究、典型滑坡堰塞湖的续存时长及溃决危害、古滑坡堆积体开发利用及防灾减灾等方面的研究进展和成果,提出了未来在该地区研究古滑坡、堰塞湖沉积与河流阶地以及堰塞湖溃决效应等应关注的4个科学问题。研究结果对于揭示黄河上游地质历史时期滑坡发育和堰塞湖形成的主控因素,探讨滑坡发育的动力机制对地震和降雨的响应过程,拓展第四纪地质学在古滑坡形成演变方面的应用研究等具有重要参考价值。     

基于多源卫星测高数据的洞庭湖流域2003—2017年湖泊水位变化监测

利用ICESat-1和CryoSat-2测高数据获取了2003—2017年洞庭湖流域内湖泊的水位信息,分析了湖泊水位的时间变化过程,并结合TRMM卫星降水数据及人类用水等数据,讨论了湖泊水位变化对气候及人类活动的响应.结果表明,流域中80%的湖泊在2003—2009年呈现出水位下降趋势（-0.18~-0.09 m/a）;75%的湖泊在2010—2017年呈现出水位稳定或上升趋势（0~0.39 m/a）;总体来看,75%的湖泊在2003—2017年呈现出水位上升趋势（0.02~0.22 m/a）.分析表明,湖泊水位变化为多种因素共同作用的结果,降水为近年来洞庭湖流域内湖泊水位变化的主要驱动因子;以三峡水库为代表的水库运行会对湖泊水位产生季节性影响;同时,人类用水的持续增长也对湖泊水位有一定的影响.多源测高卫星为长时序大范围的湖泊水位监测提供了有力的手段,这对研究湖泊水位变化及其与气候和环境的响应具有重要意义.      

藏南羊卓雍错流域主要湖泊水质状况及其评价

湖泊水质是研究湖泊变化及其对气候变化响应的重要指标.分析了藏南羊卓雍错流域主要湖泊的水化学指标概况、 水化学组成、 矿化度时空分布及其驱动, 并在此基础上对各湖泊的水质现状进行了评价. 研究表明: 流域内各湖泊水化学性质虽有一定的相似性, 但矿化度等水化学指标浓度存在显著差异, 各湖泊水化学组成亦差异显著. 羊卓雍错和巴纠错均为硫酸盐类-镁组, 沉错为硫酸盐类-钠组, 普莫雍错和空姆错则分别为重碳酸盐类-镁组和重碳酸盐类-钙组. 各湖泊矿化度差异较大的主要原因在于其补给来源不同, 以降水补给为主的湖泊矿化度远高于以冰雪融水补给为主的湖泊. 与全球气候变暖相对应, 各湖泊矿化度变化反映了气候变化的影响, 而水电站运行对羊卓雍错水体化学性质变化有所贡献. 目前, 羊卓雍错、 普莫雍错水质为劣V类, 空姆错、 沉错、 巴纠错水质为V类. 深入探讨该流域水质对气候变化的响应, 亟需更长时间序列的数据支持. 为此, 必须继续在该流域长期开展全方位的水化学观测与水质监测、 评价工作.     

Palaeogeographic reconstruction of proglacial lakes in Estonia

This paper describes a Geographical Information System (GIS)-based palaeogeographic reconstruction of the development of proglacial lakes formed during deglaciation in Estonia, and examines their common features and relations with the Baltic Ice Lake. Ice marginal positions, interpolated proglacial lake water levels and a digital terrain model were used to reconstruct the spatial distribution and bathymetry of the proglacial lakes. Our results suggest that the proglacial lakes formed a bay of the Baltic Ice Lake after the halt at the Pandivere-Neva ice margin about 13.3 cal. kyr BP. Shoreline reconstruction suggests that two major proglacial lake systems, one in eastern and the other in western Estonia, were connected via a strait and thus had identical water levels. The water budget calculations show that the strait was able to transfer a water volume several times greater than the melting glacier could produce. As this strait compensated for the water level difference between the two lake parts, the subsequent further merging in north Estonia did not result in catastrophic drainage, as has been proposed.     

青藏工程走廊热融湖塘水理化特性分析

为查明青藏工程走廊热融湖塘水理化特性及其理化特性与湖塘分布之间的关系,选取青藏工程走廊楚玛尔河至风火山段为研究区域,沿青藏公路从北向南依次选取19个热融湖塘进行水深、面积等几何特征调研并取水样,进行阴阳离子等理化参数测定。分析了热融湖塘水的理化特性,并结合调研资料探讨了热融湖塘理化特性与区域环境及湖塘分布之间的相关性。结果表明在3个研究亚区湖的水理化特性有较大差别,楚玛尔河高平原从北向南湖水矿化度逐渐升高,水质由淡水向咸水再到强咸水过渡,主要与该区域"碟"状湖的分布特征和寒旱多风及蒸发量大有关;可可西里山区和北麓河盆地的湖水矿化度较低,水质以弱咸水或淡水为主。这两个亚区湖较深,地形以丘陵盆地为主,降低了湖面的蒸发量。     

Lake Shala: Water chemistry,mineralogy and geochemistry of sediments in an Ethiopian Rift lake

Lake Shala, the deepest lake in the internal Galla lakes basin of the Ethiopian Rift, fills a depression in Pleistocene volcanic rocks. Its sodium-bicarbonate (-chloride) water (salinity 16 g/l) is remarkably low in earth alkalines and sulphate. Stratification is indicated by different ion concentrations in the surface and bottom waters and by a thermocline in a water depth of 50–70 m. Hot soda springs emerging on the shores of Lakes Shala and Langano are believed to be derived from a hot saline underground reservoir recharged by meteoric waters. The ion composition of the hot spring waters is uniform and matches that in the Galla Lakes except for total salinities. Anomalous heavy metal concentrations are lacking in lake and hot spring waters. Sediments of Lake Shala belong to an extremely fine-grained group of deposits. They are poorly sorted and the lateral distribution of the grain sizes does not follow the normal scheme for aquatic depositional environments. A belt, 50–100 m below lake level containing the finest-grained sediments, separates the shallow periphery of the lake bottom from the deep center, both characterized by coarser-grained deposits. The sediments consist of a large portion of glassy components. A poorly cristallized smectite is most abundant in the clay mineral group. The components of the sand fraction are quartz, feldspar, glass particles and occasionally calcite. Nickel, cobalt and lead are depleted in the Lake Shala sediments compared with the averages of shales. Iron, manganese and zinc are relatively high. Silver, cadmium and some of the rare earth elements are enriched by factors of > 5.     

红枫湖、百花湖沉积物中磷的存在形态研究

湖泊沉积物中磷存在形态,是理解湖泊系统中磷的生物地球化学循环的重要方面,对研究湖泊富营养化等环境问题具有重要意义。本次工作中,采用连续提取化学分析技术,对红枫－百花尖沉积物中磷的存在形态及其剖面变化进行了研究,磷的存在形态包括：吸附态磷（Ｌｏｓｅｌｙ ｓｏｒｂｅｄＰ）、铁结合态磷（Ｆｅ－ｂｏｕｎｄ Ｐ）、钙结合态磷（Ｃａ－ｂｏｕｎｄ Ｐ）、矿物晶格中结合力强的残留态磷（Ｄｅｔｒｉａｌ－Ｐ）和有机态     

青藏高原多年冻土区热喀斯特湖水文特征及环境效应

全面认识热喀斯特湖水文过程的季节变化特征是准确评估其生态环境效应的关键。以青藏高原典型热喀斯特湖为例, 基于2018—2020年水文气象要素的野外观测及计算, 分析热喀斯特湖的水文特征及产生的环境效应。研究结果表明: ①春季降水补给热喀斯特湖, 迅速升高湖塘水位, 其中湖塘的储水量与湖塘水位之间存在较好的幂函数关系; ②湖面年均蒸发量和湖冰年均升华量分别可达738 mm和198 mm, 受温度升高的影响, 未来有增多的可能; ③热喀斯特湖水中离子质量浓度在暖季初期和后期较高, 冷季湖冰形成过程中自净作用和地球化学过程的影响使各离子表现出不同的迁移机制。受局地因素的影响, 热喀斯特湖的水文要素呈明显的季节变化特征, 水文循环过程会引起多年冻土退化、湖岸坍塌后退、水环境恶化、温室气体释放、土壤盐渍化、植被退化等, 未来研究需对整个高原地区热喀斯特湖的环境效应进行全面评估。     

鄂尔多斯高原湖泊蒸发原位试验研究

鄂尔多斯高原分布有大量湖泊,湖泊蒸发作为地表水的主要排泄方式,是准确评价水资源的关键均衡项之一。研究湖泊蒸发对于认识区域水循环、水资源评价和湖泊生态环境保护等方面有着重要的现实意义和科学价值。然而该地区对于湖泊蒸发的实测资料有限,大多通过折算法和公式法计算。本次研究在鄂尔多斯高原典型湖泊——木凯淖开展原位试验,通过安置在湖泊中心的蒸发器实测水面蒸发,分析蒸发与气象因素之间的相关性,并将原位湖水蒸发和湖边陆面蒸发皿蒸发以及Penman公式理论值进行对比。研究表明,湖水蒸发受湿度和气温两种因素影响较大;湖泊水面蒸发与湖边陆面小蒸发皿的折算系数约为0.85,较前人研究偏大;湖水蒸发受湖水盐度影响很小,可以忽略;与Penman公式计算结果相比,相关性分析结果较高,在缺乏实测资料时,可通过Penman公式估算湖水蒸发。     

Uranium in saline lakes of Northwestern Mongolia

Analysis of major- and trace-element compositions of water in hypersaline soda closed basin lakes of Northwestern Mongolia and Chuya basin (Gorny Altai) shows high enrichment in ²³⁸U (up to 1 mg/l). Proceeding from new data, uranium accumulation in water has been attributed to (i) location of the lakes and their watersheds in potential provinces of U-bearing rocks and (ii) uranium complexing with carbonate in presence of carbonate (bicarbonate) anions. Among the explored hypersaline soda lakes of the area, the greatest uranium resources are stored in Lake Hyargas Nuur (about 6000 ton).     

Hydrogeological investigations in some selected major lakes: A case study

A detailed hydrogeological investigations comprising well inventory, water level monitoring, lake bathymetry, infiltration and pump tests were carried out in a few selected observation wells in order to estimate transmissivity (T) and storativity (S) in all major lakes which are highly polluted by the discharge of sewage and other chemical effluents in greater Hyderabad. The salient features of results are presented lake wise which would be of immense use in restoration of all lakes. Also, the outcome of this study along with infiltration rates may be used for modeling in future to simulate the surface water-ground water interaction.     

青藏高原湖泊变化遥感监测及水量平衡定量估算研究进展

青藏高原湖泊是气候变化的重要指示器,20世纪90年代中期以来,在暖湿化环境下降水增多和冰川冻土加速融化导致的湖泊扩张是青藏高原最为突出的环境变化特征。值得注意的是,湖泊水位变化的空间分布特征和西风带及印度季风带影响区的降水量变化具有高度的空间一致性。严酷的自然环境导致对青藏高原内陆湖泊的实地观测变得难以企及,而遥感技术的发展正好可以克服以上局限,该技术已经成为青藏高原湖泊变化监测的主要研究手段。本文围绕遥感监测技术与方法,综述了青藏高原湖泊面积、水量、冰物候、水体参数以及水量平衡定量估算等方面的研究进展。部分研究以流域为尺度应用多源遥感与水文模型进行水量平衡定量评估,结果表明青藏高原内陆地区的湖泊水量增加的主要贡献因素是降水增多,而冰川融化、冻土消融及其他因素的贡献程度却相对较小。当前,学术界一般认为：大尺度的降水年代际变化是青藏高原湖泊近期变化的主要原因,而冰川冻土加速消融又进一步加速湖泊扩张或抑制了部分湖泊收缩。过去,关于青藏高原湖泊变化的气候响应机制研究大多停留在对降水、蒸发、温度、风速、冰冻圈融化等气候因素的定性描述上;现在,在湖泊水量平衡方面,越来越多的研究开始在定量化方面取得进展;将来,随着更多遥感数据的开放共享,以及更多水文与气象站点的投入使用,将为青藏高原湖泊的水量平衡定量研究提供更好的数据条件。