微生物对地下水中萘的降解特性及动力学研究

针对我国东北某石油烃污染场地地下水中的萘污染,筛选出了Acinetobacter和Pseudomonas菌属的高效萘降解菌群。该菌群对萘的耐受性较高,且具有良好的乳化性,能够自动调节细胞表面疏水性和自聚集性。不同pH值、萘初始浓度、温度和菌接种量对萘降解效率的影响研究表明:最适菌群生长的pH范围为7.08.0;萘降解效率和速率在1.005.00 mg/L范围内与其初始浓度成正比;在1030 ℃温度范围内均表现出较高的萘降解效率。在此基础上,利用Guass、GuassAmp、LogNomal、Poisson和Pulse数学模型对萘的降解过程进行拟合,其降解速率更符合GuassAmp模型。通过将降解动力学模型中的常数与影响因素相关联,推导出了拟合度较高的多因素影响下的萘降解动力学方程。     

菲降解菌的降解特性及酶促反应动力学研究

通过对取自MBR膜生物反应器中的活性污泥加入菲进行富集培养、驯化,分离、纯化出一株能以菲为唯一碳源和能源的短杆状革兰氏阴性菌J-1,细菌长2～5μm,宽1～3μm;研究了初始底物浓度、温度、pH对菌株J-1降解菲的影响,探讨了菌株J-1胞内酶对菲降解的底物抑制动力学。试验表明:菌株J-1在48h内能将不同浓度菲的水溶液中的菲完全降解;菲浓度增加,达到完全降解的时间延长。温度对细菌的降解能力影响较大,菌株J-1对菲降解的最佳温度为28℃。1.15mg·L-1的菲,28℃时48h内能完全降解,而相同时间内10℃时的降解率仅为36.65%。菌株J-1对pH的波动具有一定的适应性,pH在一定范围内(6.0～8.4)变化对菲降解的影响不大,降解反应的最佳pH为7.2。菌株J-1对菲的降解符合一级动力学反应方程。较高的底物浓度对酶促降解反应具有抑制作用,酶促反应的最大速率常数vm=1.17mg·L-1·h-1,米氏常数Km=61.70mg·L-1;底物抑制常数kS=49.60mg·L-1;最佳底物浓度[S]opt=55.32mg·L-1。     

阿特拉津低温降解菌的筛选及降解机理研究

以阿特拉津为唯一氮源, 在低温条件下(10℃),从吉林市污水处理厂的活性污泥中分离、筛选出1株能够高效降解地下水中阿特拉津的菌株W4.通过16S rDNA碱基测序和比对,初步确定该菌为假单胞菌属;通过室内降解条件优化,确定W4的最佳降解条件:初始pH范围为7～9,最佳碳源为蔗糖和乳糖,最佳碳源加入量为0.4 g/L.在最佳降解条件下,W4对初始质量浓度为34 mg/L、22 mg/L和10 mg/L的阿特拉津的生物降解反应符合零级反应动力学方程,对初始质量浓度为5 mg/L的阿特拉津的生物降解反应符合一级反应动力学方程.GC/MS分析结果显示,菌株W4降解阿特拉津遵循氯水解途径,代谢产物为2-羟基-4-乙胺基-6-异丙胺基-1,3,5-三嗪.     

低温条件下高效苯酚降解菌的筛选及降解特性

在18℃的低温条件下,从不同菌源中富集、驯化、筛选得到两株高效苯酚降解菌株A4和B14,在转速为150r·min-1、温度为18℃、pH为6～9的条件下,两株菌对苯酚起始浓度为300mg/L的苯酚降解率分别为90.43%和99.02%.在中性条件下,对苯酚起始浓度小于300mg/L的苯酚降解率均保持在98%以上.经形态特征观察及生理生化实验初步鉴定,结果显示,A4为微球菌属,B14为假单胞菌属.对菌株的降解特性研究表明两株菌最适生长的pH值为6～9,A4菌株比B14菌株具有更广泛的pH适应性;菌株对苯酚的降解率随着生物投加量的增加而升高,在投菌量大于5mL·100 mL-1时,苯酚降解率接近100%;两株菌在通气状况良好的条件下,对苯酚的降解率及其生长情况明显优于缺氧条件.通过对比实验,A4菌株对外界环境的适应性明显强于B14,而后者的生长速率明显高于前者.     

降解多氯联苯嗜盐菌的分离和降解特性

从深海底泥中提取出生长盐度在15%~20%的十二株嗜盐菌,对其进行分离、纯化和富集,进行了形态观察和革兰氏染色,最终选取了一株生长状态良好的菌株进行降解多氯联苯的影响实验。通过改变菌株降解PCBs的条件——pH值、接种量以及多氯联苯的浓度,得到降解多氯联苯的最适条件:在30℃下此菌株降解的最适pH值为7~8,最佳接种量为5 mL,多氯联苯的浓度为3 mg/L以下时,72 h的降解率可以达到90%以上。     

热活化过硫酸盐降解氧氟沙星特性及响应面优化

为了探究热活化过硫酸盐（PS）技术对水中氧氟沙星（OFX）的氧化降解作用,考察了反应温度、体系的初始pH、PS的初始浓度、OFX的初始浓度对OFX降解效果的影响;并在单因素实验的基础上,选取反应时间、体系的初始pH、PS的初始浓度和OFX的初始浓度4个因素进行了响应面优化实验。结果表明：最佳降解条件为,反应温度60℃、PS初始浓度4.0 mmol/L、pH=4.7、OFX初始浓度0.03 mmol/L、反应时间60 min,此时OFX的降解率为81.29%;4个因素对热活化PS降解OFX均有影响,其影响显著性从大到小为反应时间、OFX的初始浓度、PS的初始浓度、初始pH。利用响应曲面法模拟出反应体系的最佳条件,经实验验证,OFX降解率为93.78%,与预测最佳结果95.00%基本相符,表明模型可靠有效。     

典型石油烃组分在地下水中的自然衰减规律

为了解石油烃类污染物在地下水中的自然衰减规律,以苯、萘、菲作为目标污染物,采用实验场地4种天然砂土作为含水层介质进行了室内模拟实验。结果表明：在单组分和混合组分溶液中,苯、萘和菲在地下含水层介质中的自然衰减均符合一级动力学方程;在不同含水层介质中,苯和萘的衰减速率大小顺序为粉砂>中砂≈粗砂>砾砂,而菲的自然衰减速率大小顺序为粉砂≈中砂≈粗砂>砾砂;微生物降解在苯和萘的自然衰减中起重要作用,而固相吸附在菲的自然衰减中起重要作用。3种物质共存时,苯和萘的自然衰减加快,菲的自然衰减减慢。     

难降解有机污染物在土壤中释放的动力学模型研究

运用多孔介质溶质运移理论及水力学原理,建立了土壤中难降解有机污染物释放的动力学模型,并对其模型进行了解析求解,运用实验数据对模型进行了验证。计算结果表明：所建动力学模型能很好地反映土壤中难降解有机污染物释放的真实过程,准确地描述土壤固相释放时液相难降解有机污染物浓度变化的规律,为准确预测和预报污染物在土壤中的扩散状况以及环境污染的治理、防止二次污染提供了可靠的理论依据。     

光催化降解乐果的动力学研究

采用30 W石英紫外灯作为光源,研究了乐果在二氧化钛悬浮体系中光催化降解反应的动力学规律。考察了乐果起始浓度、TiO2用量、溶液pH值及温度对乐果光催化降解速率的影响,结果表明,乐果光催化降解符合表观零级动力学规律。由于速率常数k与乐果起始浓度有关,表明乐果光催化降解反应不是一个简单的零级反应。     

石油脱硫微生物菌株的筛选及鉴定的研究

从胜利油田和冀东油田采集被石油污染的土壤样品,经富集技术培养后,从中分离出21株脱硫菌,再从中筛选出一高效脱硫菌株TV9704。这一菌株不能以正十二烷、正十六烷、液体石蜡、萘和柴油为碳源和能源生长,因此不会明显地损失石油的燃烧值;但它能利用噻吩或二苯并噻吩(DBT)作为唯一硫源来生长。本实验中噻吩和DBT的浓度使用UV分光光度计测定。菌株TV9704在噻吩起始浓度为63.2mmol/L的培养基中分别培养48h和144h后,它对噻吩的降解率分别为39.0%、63.8%;在DBT起始浓度为2.7mmol/L的培养基中培养72h,DBT降解了1.46mmol/L。选择醋酸钠和甘油为碳源时,乙醇能显著提高TV9704对DBT的降解率。菌株TV9704经中国工业微生物菌种保藏管理中心(CICC)鉴定为芽孢杆菌(Bacillussp),革兰氏阳性,专性好氧,在营养肉汁平板上形成橙黄色的圆形菌落。对菌株TV9704所作16SrDNA基因序列测定和分析显示,它与最相似种Bacillus aquimaris,Bacillus marisflavi的同源性分别为99.2%和98.2%,但它们之间的细胞形态特征及生理生化特性相差较大,因此无法鉴定到种。菌株TV9704可能是一个新种。     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

Inter-regional correlation of transgressions and regressions in the Cretaceous period

Well investigated platforms have been selected in each continent, and the history of Cretaceous transgressions and regressions there is concisely reviewed from the available evidence. The factual records have been summarized into a diagram and the timing of the events correlated between distant as well as adjoining areas.On a global scale, major transgressions were stepwise enlarged in space and time from the Neocomian, via Aptian-Albian, to the Late Cretaceous, and the post-Cretaceous regression was very remarkable. Minor cycles of transgression-regression were not always synchronous between different areas. Some of them were, however, nearly synchronous between the areas facing the same ocean.Tectono-eustasy may have been the main cause of the phenomena of transgression-regression, but certain kinds of other tectonic movements which affected even the so-called stable platforms were also responsible for the phenomena. The combined effects of various causes may have been unusual in the Cretaceous, since it was a period of global tectonic activity. The slowing down of this activity followed by readjustments may have been the cause of the global regression at the end of the Cretaceous.     

The lamprophyres of Afyon stratovolcano,western Anatolia,Turkey: description and genesis

The Afyon stratovolcano exhibits lamprophyric rocks, emplaced as hydrovolcanic products, aphanitic lava flows and dyke intrusions, during the final stages of volcanic activity. Most of the Afyon volcanics belong to the silica-saturated alkaline suite, as potassic trachyandesites and trachytes, while the products of the latest activity are lamproitic lamprophyres (jumillite, orendite, verite, fitztroyite) and alkaline lamprophyres (campto-sannaite, sannaite, hyalo-monchiquite, analcime–monchiquite). Afyon lamprophyres exhibit LILE and Zr enrichments, related to mantle metasomatism.     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20140751 Guo Xincheng(Geological Party,BGMRED of Xinjiang,Changji 831100,China);Zheng Yuzhuang Determination and Geological Significance of the Mesoarchean Craton in Western Kunlun Mountains,Xinjiang,China(Geological Review,ISSN0371-5736,CN11-1952/P,59(3),2013,p.401-412,8     

GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION

正20141058 Chen Ling(Key Laboratory of Mathematical Geology of Sichuan Province,Chengdu University of Technology,Chengdu610059,China);Guo Ke Study of Geochemical Ore-Forming Anomaly Identification Based on the Theory of Blind Source Separation(Geosci-     

SEISMIC GEOLOGY

正20141334 Chen Kun(Institute of Geophysics,China Earthquake Administration,Beijing100081,China);Yu Yanxiang Shakemap of Peak Ground Acceleration with Bias Correction for the Lushan,Sichuan Earthquake on April20,2013(Seismology and Geology,ISSN0253-4967,CN11-2192/P,35(3),2013,p.627-633,2 illus.,1 table,9 refs.)Key words:great earthquakes,Sichuan Province     

HISTORICAL GEOLOGY & STRATIGRAPHY

正20141624 Cai Xiongfei(Key Laboratory of Geobiology and Environmental Geology,Ministry of Education,China University of Geosciences,Wuhan 430074,China);Yang Jie A Restudy of the Upper Sinian Zhengmuguan and Tuerkeng Formations in the Helan Mountains(Journal of Stratigraphy,ISSN0253-4959CN32-1187/P,37(3),2013,p.377-386,5 illus.,2 tables,10 refs.)     

PALEONTOLOGY

正20142263Lü Shaojun(Geological Survey of Jiangxi Province,Nanchang 330030,China)Early-Middle Permian Biostratigraphical Characteristics in Qiangduo Area,Tibet(Resources SurveyEnvironment,ISSN1671-4814,CN32-1640/N,34(4),2013,p.221-227,2illus.,2tables,22refs.)Key words:biostratigraphy,Lower Permian,Middle Permian,Tibet     

MATHEMATICAL GEOLOGY

正20142560Hu Hongxia(Regional Geological and Mineral Resources Survey of Jilin Province,Changchun 130022,China);Dai Lixia Application of GIS Map Projection Transformation in Geological Work(Jilin Geology,ISSN1001-2427,CN22-1099/P,32(4),2013,p.160-163,4illus.,2refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20140692 Duo Tianhui(No.402 Geological Team,Exploration of Geology and Mineral Resources of Sichuan Authority,Chengdu611730,China);Wang Yongli Computer Simulation of Neptunium Existing Forms in the Groundwater(Computing Techniques for Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,ISSN1001-1749,CN51-1242/P,35(3),