岩石电子背散射衍射（EBSD）组构分析及应用

电子背散射衍射（EBSD）技术是现代构造地质学与显微构造分析领域一项崭新的技术,它与现代高分辨率扫描电子显微镜和能谱分析设备结合,可以对块状样品中微米或纳米级尺度的颗粒进行晶体结构分析, 从而使微观结构、微区成分与结晶学数据结合起来,能够更精细地对比研究矿物和岩石显微构造,为岩石显微构造分析开辟了一个全新的领域。分析了EBSD技术的基本原理、系统构成、样品制备和工作程序。介绍了石英组构测量,极细粒物质（微角砾岩）的组构特点,二轴晶矿物（角闪石）的组构、变形机制和金属硫化物组构分析的应用实例,对于应用EBSD系统开展研究存在的一些问题进行了讨论。     

电子背散射衍射(EBSD)技术在地壳构造变形研究中的应用

电子背散射衍射(EBSD)技术是岩组学研究的一项革命性新技术。该技术可以对传统的岩石薄片进行分析,实用性高,观测精度达到亚微米级别。配合扫描电子显微镜、阴极发光、波谱、能谱分析设备,EBSD技术可以对透明和非透明的任何对称性晶体进行取向测量,快速获取晶体显微结构、微区成分与晶体学参数,可以对晶体开展形貌观察、晶体优选方向(CPO)、取向差分析、物相鉴定、应变测量、晶界分析、变形机制、位错滑移系、晶内变形、温压条件研究。结合聚焦离子束(FIB)技术,可以获取矿物的三维结构图像。对地壳的主要矿物进行组构分析,结合野外矿物变形特征与试验岩石学研究成果,可以开展地壳构造运动学、动力学的研究。本文介绍岩组学的研究历史,以及EBSD技术在地壳常见矿物石英、钾长石、斜长石、角闪石以及假熔岩构造变形研究中的最新进展与典型实例,并对EBSD研究结果中一些潜在的不确定性因素进行了讨论。     

含流体相条件下白云岩的低温流动变形--破裂与溶解-结晶的耦合过程

应用光学显微分析、阴极发光显微分析和TEM亚微分析．对于取自阿尔卑斯逆冲断层系底部的变形白云岩开展了详细的显微构造与岩石流动机制分析．光学显微构造和阴极发光分析表明岩石具有典型的类碎裂结构．微角砾常常是白云石颗粒的集合体组成,常常呈浑圆的形态和不规则的边界。基质颗粒中以新生结晶颗粒集合体为主．部分具有溶蚀特点的残余微角砾．而且它们经常具有新生结晶边。对于碎裂岩中变形残斑的透射电镜分析揭示出岩石的脆性特点．主要表现为各种不规则和缠结位错亚微构造特点的出现．而变形基质颗粒却很少具有或仅有微弱发育的位错亚结构。阴极发光显微结构分析进一步证实基质颗粒与微角砾之间在微量元素成分及形成时代上的差异。提出破裂(碎裂)及随后发生的溶解-迁移-结晶过程是断层带岩石细粒化与岩石应变的重要机制．认为破裂与溶解-结晶的耦合以及由此所致的岩石弱化为阿尔卑斯逆冲断层带巨大位移的形成做出了重要的贡献。     

电子背散射衍射（EBSD）技术在大陆动力学研究中的应用

电子背散射衍射（Electron backscatter diffraction,简称EBSD）技术可以快捷准确地进行物相鉴定,确定矿物晶体的晶格优选定向和多相岩石中各矿物的空间分布,使其成为定量研究岩石显微构造的理想工具。将岩石组构测量、野外地质观察与矿物的变形实验研究相结合,可以判别物质运动的剪切指向和变形的温压条件,从而进行运动学和动力学机制的分析。本文首先介绍了EBSD技术的原理和主要矿物组构的实验研究进展,然后以国土资源部大陆动力学重点实验室5年来的成果为例,总结了EBSD技术在研究大陆深俯冲和折返的动力学机制和大陆造山带动力学研究中的应用。结果表明：橄榄石和绿辉石的组构揭示了板块深俯冲阶段的组构运动学特征,而石英、斜长石和夕线石的组构可以用来研究地壳内大型韧性剪切带的变形历史,如与苏鲁超高压变质岩折返相关的韧性剪切带、龙门山逆冲剪切带、西昆仑康西瓦走滑剪切带和喜马拉雅造山带的康马拆离剪切带。因此,EBSD技术的应用有助于实现显微构造与宏观构造相结合,建立变质-变形-运动学相统一的地球动力学模型。     

多相糜棱岩内第二相对应变局部化的影响——以秦岭群花岗质糜棱岩为例

糜棱岩韧性变形发生的应变局部化过程,尤其是多相糜棱岩第二相对基质相变形的影响一直是显微构造研究难点.研究表明糜棱岩借助颗粒边界滑移实现多相混合,形成多矿物相集合体.在多相糜棱岩内,第二相在基质相颗粒边界施加齐纳阻力,牵制基质相颗粒边界的迁移速率,破坏基质相颗粒的动态平衡过程,使基质相颗粒位于古应力计对应的颗粒粒度以下,导致基质相整体的表面积增大,促进扩散交换过程,提高了扩散蠕变,降低了基质相位错蠕变和结晶学优选方位(CPO)形成的效率,使变形机制从颗粒粒径不敏感蠕变机制(GSI)过渡为颗粒粒径敏感蠕变机制(GSS).另外,多相糜棱岩内的第二相具有诱导应变局部化的效应,使塑性应变局部化更为强烈,引起物质强度的变化,进而引起岩石变形过程和岩石圈流变行为的改变.选取秦岭群花岗质糜棱岩进行多相矿物糜棱岩定量化研究,结果显示花岗质糜棱岩伴随着云母含量的增多以及各相混合程度的增大,石英的颗粒粒度明显减小,CPO强度显著降低,基质相显微变形受第二相控制逐渐增强.     

花岗质超糜棱岩的微观构造与变形机制

花岗质岩石的变形方式和过程决定大陆地壳的流变学特性。本文聚焦藏南拆离系超糜棱岩化的花岗质岩石，借助传统显微构造分析方法和扫描电镜、阴极发光、矿相自动分析系统和电子背散射衍射等新技术手段，开展微观组分、结构、组构定量化观测和分析。超糜棱岩主要造岩矿物为钾长石、斜长石、石英、黑云母等，显微构造呈现为单矿物相域与多相矿物混合域交织结构。相平衡模拟与斜长石钙含量等值线变形温度估算结果为390～410℃。单相域的矿物集合体条带主要分为钾长石条带与石英条带，其中钾长石条带内变形颗粒呈现典型的核 幔构造。组构分析表明钾长石颗粒具有强烈的晶格优选定向，残斑与动态重结晶的钾长石颗粒具有相似的晶格优选方位(CPOs)特征。施密特因子法分析揭示钾长石残斑变形过程中主要活动的滑移系为(100)\[010\]、(010)\[001\]和(001)\[100\]，基质钾长石颗粒形成机制主要为位错蠕变驱动的亚颗粒旋转重结晶。在混合相域，矿物颗粒发生强烈细粒化而只含有少量残斑，基质颗粒主要为斜长石，斜长石颗粒间广泛分布微米级黑云母颗粒。斜长石无组构或弱组构，主导变形机制为颗粒边界滑动。在单相域条带与混合相域基质内，石英颗粒均发生强烈细粒化，颗粒表面发育溶蚀结构以及细小的新晶晶核，石英＜c＞轴晶格优选定向及形态学长轴优选定向皆平行于线理X方向，变形机制为溶解 沉淀蠕变。这显示在由单相域向混合相域的演化过程中，流体作用至关重要，流体与单相域钾长石进行交代使其分解为细粒的斜长石与石英，并导致花岗质岩石变形机制由位错蠕变向非位错蠕变转换，并诱发岩石的流变弱化。     

长石显微变形机制研究进展

岩石的变形机制研究一直以来都是构造地质学研究的主题,特别是基于矿物变形的显微构造研究是流变学研究的基础。从近地表到下地壳,岩石的变形从脆性破裂逐渐过渡至韧性蠕变,这些变形过程会被记录在岩石中,形成相应的显微构造。一般来讲,从低温低压至高温高压的变形环境,单一矿物的显微变形机制经历从微破裂、到矿物的溶解-沉淀、到位错蠕变、到动态重结晶作用、到颗粒边界滑移或扩散蠕变等的连续转变,它们之间的转换往往是过渡并且相互影响的,通常也会耦合发生。长石是地壳中含量最丰富的造岩矿物,因此长石的变形行为会直接影响地壳的流变学性质,研究长石的显微变形机制对理解地壳流变学特性至关重要。长石还是一种非常特别的矿物,主要分为斜长石和碱性长石两个端元,由于它们所属晶系的不同,有着差异的变形行为,然而这两个系列的长石在一定的温压条件下又是可以相互转化的,这些物理差异性和化学行为的复杂性造就了长石非常复杂的显微变形特性。本综述从岩石的显微变形机制讲起,随后概述了长石的显微变形特征,尝试归纳不同温度条件下长石的显微变形表现,对比斜长石和钾长石的异同,总结不同显微变形机制对长石结晶学优选方位的影响,最后简单介绍了一下国际上显微变形研究方法和技术的进展。     

通过构造岩鉴别岩石动态重结晶的机制

岩石如书,包含着丰富的地球演化信息。通过破解这本天书,地质学家得以了解发生在地球内部的地质过程。构造岩中的显微构造是“写在岩石中的变形过程”。通过显微构造观察,可以了解岩石矿物的变形机理。以天山造山带内发育的糜棱岩为具体实例,介绍了中、下地壳层次变形岩石动态重结晶的机理及形成的相关显微构造的特点。由于构造岩均是经历过重结晶作用的产物,显微观察只能揭示变形矿物重结晶的机制。在中、下地壳层次,矿物动态重结晶的主要机理分为3种（从低温到高温）：膨胀鼓出(BLG,又称膨凸)、亚晶粒旋转(SGR)和高温颗粒边界迁移(GBM)。这3种方式形成各具特色的显微构造：BLG形成近等粒交叉舌状构造;SGR产生定向排列的拉长新颗粒条带;而GBM造成典型的具不规则状颗粒边界、大小悬殊的新颗粒组合、颗粒内部波状消光不明显的显微构造。除了温度条件外,应变速率对动态重结晶机制也有明显的影响。在显微构造观察过程中,详细、全面应该是最重要的原则。     

岩石组构学研究的最新技术——电子背散射衍射(EBSD)

岩石组构分析是构造地质学研究的一项基础工作,对理解许多地质过程非常关键。岩石组构学的理论研究和测试技术手段都有很大发展,取得了许多重要成果。最近十几年来,装备在扫描电镜上的电子背散射衍射（EBSD）新技术日臻成熟,已经成为地球科学和材料科学组构分析的强有力手段。作为革命性的新技术,EBSD的量化显微构造数据在地质学研究中具有广泛的应用前景,例如相鉴定、变形机制、位错滑移系、结晶学优选方位（CPO）和变质过程研究等。本文介绍了池际尚教授在开拓我国岩石组构学教学和科学研究以及人才培养方面的重要贡献,同时阐述了EBSD的仪器组成、基本原理和应用范围及其与费氏台、X射线衍射、中子衍射和透射电镜优缺点的对比,并展示了该方法在大别-苏鲁超高压榴辉岩组构分析中的应用。     

扫描电子显微镜对花岗岩中主要矿物裂隙作用的研究(英文)

微裂隙对于岩石的物理性质有重要影响.通过光学显微镜对显微裂隙进行的观察,难以将薄片的制作过程中产生的裂隙同自然裂隙区分;其次,观测的裂隙大小限制在0.1mm或以上数量级,一些重要细节观察不到.扫描电镜的高放大倍数和三维分辨率使其成为适合于裂隙研究的理想工具.利用扫描电镜观测了浙江花岗岩在室温下由51.6MPa压力产生的裂隙的发育过程.观察花岗岩的表面以研究其微裂隙和矿物的解理、晶形及破裂作用.微裂隙分为3种类型:晶体内裂隙(完全发育在颗粒内部),晶体间裂隙(穿过颗粒边界进入其他颗粒中),颗粒边界裂隙(沿颗粒边界发育或与边界重合).本研究中的花岗岩为中—粗粒(1～6mm),经过蚀变,约含40%斜长石,25%钾长石,25%石英,10%镁铁矿物(主要为黑云母和白云母).(1)石英裂隙表面的石英颗粒具有边界破裂和贯穿颗粒破裂.贯穿石英颗粒的破裂常呈贝壳状断口.变形集中带与滑动面相伴,其上发育有擦痕和沟槽,这是石英典型的脆性破裂类型.石英矿物的贝壳状破裂产状指示其变形作用早期的碎裂作用,在变形作用中发生交代作用.一些平滑的破裂面上没有石英颗粒的微裂隙构造,但在石英表面却有明显的擦痕面,可指示应力的方向.由于石英的各向异性,这些面也是由贯穿颗粒破裂所形成.一些开放的裂隙集中于石英晶体之中或沿     

Texture development of recrystallised quartz polycrystals unravelled by orientation and misorientation characteristics

The development of microstructures and textures (i.e. crystallographic preferred orientations) during recrystallisation of naturally deformed quartz polycrystals has been studied via electron diffraction techniques in the scanning electron microscope. In the investigated sample series of quartz-rich rocks originating from different deformation regimes, the microstructural and textural changes in quartz have been significantly influenced by dynamic recrystallisation. Based on microstructural observations paired with orientation and misorientation analyses down to the scale of grains and subgrains, criteria could be established which characterise the dominant recrystallisation process and its influence on texture development. It is shown that the texture development during dynamic recrystallisation is controlled by a differential activation of slip systems in grains of ‘soft’ and ‘hard’ orientations. The analyses provide further evidence that specific grain orientations are preferred during crystal plastic deformation, recrystallisation and grain growth. The influence of twinning after the Dauphiné law was also investigated. Observations of a progressive reduction in the population of Dauphiné-twin boundaries during recrystallisation and a penetrative deformation in both hosts and twins indicate a generation prior to deformation and recrystallisation. A mechanical origin for twinning and possible influence on texture development was therefore discarded.     

Deformation-related microstructures in magmatic zircon and implications for diffusion

An undeformed glomeroporphyritic andesite from the Sunda Arc of Java, Indonesia, contains zoned plagioclase and amphibole glomerocrysts in a fine-grained groundmass and records a complex history of adcumulate formation and subsequent magmatic disaggregation. A suite of xenocrystic zircon records Proterozoic and Archaean dates whilst a discrete population of zoned, euhedral, igneous zircon yields a SHRIMP U-Pb crystallisation age of 9.3 ± 0.2 Ma. Quantitative microstructural analysis of zircon by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) shows no deformation in the inherited xenocrysts, but intragrain orientation variations of up to 30° in 80% of the young zircon population. These variations are typically accommodated by both progressive crystallographic bending and discrete low angle boundaries that overprint compositional growth zoning. Dispersion of crystallographic orientations are dominantly by rotation about an axis parallel to the zircon c-axis [001], which is coincident with the dominant orientation of misorientation axes of adjacent analysis points in EBSD maps. Less common <100> misorientation axes account for minor components of crystallographic dispersion. These observations are consistent with zircon deformation by dislocation creep and the formation of tilt and twist boundaries associated with the operation of <001>{100} and <100>{010} slip systems. The restriction of deformation microstructures to large glomerocrysts and the young magmatic zircon population, and the absence of deformation within the host igneous rock and inherited zircon grains, indicate that zircon deformation took place within a low-melt fraction (<5% melt), mid-lower crustal cumulate prior to fragmentation during magmatic disaggregation and entrainment of xenocrystic zircons during magmatic decompression. Tectonic stresses within the compressional Sunda Arc at the time of magmatism are considered to be the probable driver for low-strain deformation of the cumulate in the late stages of initial crystallisation. These results provide the first evidence of crystal plastic dislocation creep in zircon associated with magmatic crystallisation and indicate that the development of crystal-plastic microstructures in zircon is not restricted to high-strain rocks. Such microstructures have previously been shown to enhance bulk diffusion of trace elements (U, Th and REE) in zircon. The development of deformation microstructures, and therefore multiple diffusion pathways in zircon in the magmatic environment, has significant implications for the interpretation of geochemical data from igneous zircon and the trace element budgets of melts due to the potential enhancement of bulk diffusion and dissolution rates.     

Very low temperature,natural deformation of fine grained limestone: a case study from the Lucania region,southern Apennines,Italy

Abstract

The deformation behavior of fine grained limestones from the Monte Sirino area (Lucania region) of the southern Apennines has been analysed by constraining microstructural observations and crystallographic fabrics with data on the metamorphic conditions of deformation. X-ray and infrared analysis of clay minerals, together with illite ‘crystallinity’ data, suggest that the studied rocks underwent very low grade metamorphism in the deep diagenetic zone. The limestones consist of very fine grained (<10 μm) aggregates of micrite. Elliptically-shaped radiolarians, preserved as moulds with coarser (>20 μm) crystalline fillings, provide common strain markers. Optical microstructures and strain analysis indicate heterogeneous intracrystalline strain in the coarser (>50 μm) calcite. On the other hand, SEM and TEM observations, and crystallographic fabrics determined by X-ray texture goniometry, indicate a deformation involving not only intracrystalline slip, but also an important component of grain boundary sliding in the fine grained matrix. The inferred microscopic deformation mechanisms are compared with constitutive flow laws derived from experimental studies. For the maximum inferred temperature of deformation of 250 °C and geologic strain rates of 10^?13?10^?15 s^?1, deformation mechanism maps for calcite suggest twinning and other glide mechanisms to be active in grains larger than about 5?10 μm. Smaller grains would be mostly deformed by grain size sensitive creep mechanisms, which include both diffusion mass transfer processes and grain boundary sliding. Deformation features observed in the study limestones are compatible with the prediction of such temperature-dependent mechanism maps. © 2001 Éditions scientifiques et médicales Elsevier SAS     

Very low temperature,natural deformation of fine grained limestone: a case study from the Lucania region,southern Apennines,Italy

The deformation behavior of fine grained limestones from the Monte Sirino area (Lucania region) of the southern Apennines has been analysed by constraining microstructural observations and crystallographic fabrics with data on the metamorphic conditions of deformation. X-ray and infrared analysis of clay minerals, together with illite ‘crystallinity’ data, suggest that the studied rocks underwent very low grade metamorphism in the deep diagenetic zone. The limestones consist of very fine grained (<10 μm) aggregates of micrite. Elliptically-shaped radiolarians, preserved as moulds with coarser (>20 μm) crystalline fillings, provide common strain markers. Optical microstructures and strain analysis indicate heterogeneous intracrystalline strain in the coarser (>50 μm) calcite. On the other hand, SEM and TEM observations, and crystallographic fabrics determined by X-ray texture goniometry, indicate a deformation involving not only intracrystalline slip, but also an important component of grain boundary sliding in the fine grained matrix. The inferred microscopic deformation mechanisms are compared with constitutive flow laws derived from experimental studies. For the maximum inferred temperature of deformation of 250 °C and geologic strain rates of 10^–13–10^–15 s^–1, deformation mechanism maps for calcite suggest twinning and other glide mechanisms to be active in grains larger than about 5–10 μm. Smaller grains would be mostly deformed by grain size sensitive creep mechanisms, which include both diffusion mass transfer processes and grain boundary sliding. Deformation features observed in the study limestones are compatible with the prediction of such temperature-dependent mechanism maps.     

Melt infiltration into quartzite during partial melting in the Little Cottonwood Contact Aureole (UT,USA): implication for xenocryst formation

Melt infiltration into quartzite took place due to generation and migration of partial melts within the high‐grade metamorphic rocks of the Big Cottonwood (BC) formation in the Little Cottonwood contact aureole (UT, USA). Melt was produced by muscovite and biotite dehydration melting reactions in the BC formation, which contains pelite and quartzite interlayered on a centimetre to decimetre scale. In the migmatite zone, melt extraction from the pelites resulted in restitic schollen surrounded by K‐feldspar‐enriched quartzite. Melt accumulation occurred in extensional or transpressional domains such as boudin necks, veins and ductile shear zones, during intrusion‐related deformation in the contact aureole. The transition between the quartzofeldspathic segregations and quartzite shows a gradual change in texture. Here, thin K‐feldspar rims surround single, round quartz grains. The textures are interpreted as melt infiltration texture. Pervasive melt infiltration into the quartzite induced widening of the quartz–quartz grain boundaries, and led to progressive isolation of quartz grains. First as clusters of grains, and with increasing infiltration as single quartz grains in the K‐feldspar‐rich matrix of the melt segregation. A 3D–μCT reconstruction showed that melt formed an interconnected network in the quartzites. Despite abundant macroscopic evidence for deformation in the migmatite zone, individual quartz grains found in quartzofeldspathic segregations have a rounded crystal shape and lack quartz crystallographic orientation, as documented with electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). Water‐rich melts, similar to pegmatitic melts documented in this field study, were able to infiltrate the quartz network and disaggregate grain coherency of the quartzites. The proposed mechanism can serve as a model to explain abundant xenocrysts found in magmatic systems.     

Examination of microstructural features of Norwegian cataclastic rocks and their use for predicting alkali-reactivity in concrete

The microstructural features of various Norwegian rock samples have been studied and quantified by different techniques. The majority of the rocks studied were different types of cataclastic rocks. Expansion results from a modified version of the NBRI Mortar-Bar Test for alkali reactivity are used for correlation with the quantitative parameters. The aim is to identify microstructural features in the various rock types which promote the alkaliaggregate reaction, and to subsequently use these findings to improve and provide guidelines for engineering practice in order to predict and make more accurate determinations of potentially reactive aggregates. The deformation processes of rocks involve the general process of straining of quartz, grain size reduction and subgrain development. This is characteristic of mylonitisation. This study demonstrates that the grain size reduction of quartz enhances reactivity by increasing the surface area of quartz grain boundaries available for reaction, and thus giving an overall increase in surface energy. Subgrain development will, besides the high surface area, contribute even more to an enhanced reactivity, due to the high dislocation density associated with the quartz subgrain boundaries. The total grain boundary area of quartz, and the mean grain size of quartz appear to be the most favourable quantitative parameters related to the expansion of different rock types. The measurement of the total grain boundary area of quartz, will enhance the value and improve the effectiveness of the petrographical examination as an engineering tool to screen potentially reactive aggregates.     

岩石颗粒度测量

岩石颗粒度是岩石学研究的一个重要内容,矿物颗粒大小及其分布特征与岩石形成的环境有密切的关系,也是岩石的结晶作用、重结晶作用、沉积作用乃至变形过程的物理化学条件的一种标志。本文介绍了三种岩石颗粒度测量的方法:直线截距法、单位面积/颗粒数法和标准圆量板法。测量结果的对比研究表明,三种方法之间存在系统的差别,其中单位面积/颗粒数法相对最好,能比较客观地反映实际的颗粒大小。     

Morphology and microstructure of chromite crystals in chromitites from the Merensky Reef (Bushveld Complex, South Africa)

The Merensky Reef of the Bushveld Complex consists of two chromitite layers separated by coarse-grained melanorite. Microstructural analysis of the chromitite layers using electron backscatter diffraction analysis (EBSD), high-resolution X-ray microtomography and crystal size distribution analyses distinguished two populations of chromite crystals: fine-grained idiomorphic and large silicate inclusion-bearing crystals. The lower chromitite layer contains both populations, whereas the upper contains only fine idiomorphic grains. Most of the inclusion-bearing chromites have characteristic amoeboidal shapes that have been previously explained as products of sintering of pre-existing smaller idiomorphic crystals. Two possible mechanisms have been proposed for sintering of chromite crystals: (1) amalgamation of a cluster of grains with the same original crystallographic orientation; and (2) sintering of randomly orientated crystals followed by annealing into a single grain. The EBSD data show no evidence for clusters of similarly oriented grains among the idiomorphic population, nor for earlier presence of idiomorphic subgrains spatially related to inclusions, and therefore are evidence against both of the proposed sintering mechanisms. Electron backscatter diffraction analysis maps show deformation-related misorientations and curved subgrain boundaries within the large, amoeboidal crystals, and absence of such features in the fine-grained population. Microstructures observed in the lower chromitite layer are interpreted as the result of deformation during compaction of the orthocumulate layers, and constitute evidence for the formation of the amoeboid morphologies at an early stage of consolidation. An alternative model is proposed whereby silicate inclusions are incorporated during maturation and recrystallisation of initially dendritic chromite crystals, formed as a result of supercooling during emplacement of the lower chromite layer against cooler anorthosite during the magma influx that formed the Merensky Reef. The upper chromite layer formed from a subsequent magma influx, and hence lacked a mechanism to form dendritic chromite. This accounts for the difference between the two layers.