一种非板块深俯冲快折返的柯石英形成新机制——评析“石英—柯石英相变研究中若干问题讨论”一文

本文分析评论了嵇少丞等(2010)发表的"石英—柯石英相变研究中若干问题讨论"一文。指出他们对柯石英非俯冲折返新机制的一些误解,对某些热力学、物理学概念,及其在地学问题中的解释理解的不同。分析了机械球磨的作用机制;论证了机械球磨作用本质与构造挤压剪切作用本质的同一性。分析了岩石糜棱岩化过程的两个阶段;讨论了地震波形成柯石英机制的可能性。围绕比较标准问题,论证了高能机械球磨(预处理)能大大降低α-石英转变成柯石英的压力、温度和合成时间,促进柯石英的形成。用小尺度不均匀局域高压微区模型解释了人工合成柯石英的规律性、南极洲天然矿物的行为,柯石英的寄生矿物、岩石——锆石、榴辉岩包裹体、非包裹体的形成。列举事例澄清了"球磨引进的Fe杂质提高柯石英形成压力迟缓合成"的说法;讨论了第二相存在对石英—柯石英转变的影响和"应变禁区"边界区的应力梯度相变驱动力可以形成柯石英问题。指出了机械球磨石英原料预处理和静高压合成柯石英后处理两步法,是一种实验室研究柯石英形成规律的有效物理方法;小尺度不均匀局域高压微区模型和无需板块深俯冲快折返的柯石英形成机制,是一种有希望的柯石英形成新机制。     

东天山康古尔金矿床石英位错构造及其动力学意义

康古尔金矿床形成于脆韧性—脆性剪切变形构造演化过程中。应用透射电镜超微技术分析水热成矿期石英位错构造、位错密度及差应力值有助于加深认识剪切构造条件下的成矿动力学机制。石英位错构造特征反映成矿期构造变形环境为中温—中低温、高差异应力、高应变速率。成矿期构造差应力演化呈明显的脉动性,这种脉动性所形成的“应力地震泵吸”机制对金矿成矿至关重要。     

超高压变质岩中柯石英→石英相变研究的进展

柯石英是石英的高压同质多相变体，是超高压变质作用的产物，它是识别超高压变质作用的重要标志矿物。柯石英的发现表明了近地表的岩石随板块运动曾被俯冲至地下大于90km的深度并经受了超高压变质作用。研究柯石英→石英相变过程中的微结构变化，对进一步研究超高压变质作用的机理及超高压变质岩折返过程的动力学机制具有重要意义。本文简述了近年来有关超高压变质岩中柯石英→石英相变研究的一些进展。     

石英高压相变研究进展

文中总结了前人有关石英高温高压相变的实验结果。根据以前的实验,在静水压条件下,石英-柯石英-斯石英-CaCl2结构超斯石英相-α-PbO2结构超斯石英相之间的相变方程分别是:p(GPa)=(2.11±0.03)+(9.8×10-4±1.2×10-4)×T(℃),p(GPa)=(8.0±0.2)+(1.1×10-3±3×10-4)×T(℃),p(GPa)=(51±2)+(0.012±0.005)×T(K),p(GPa)=98+(0.0095±0.0016)×T(K)。文中还初步探讨了非静水压状态对石英相变的影响。实验结果表明,差应力的出现降低了石英相变所需要的围压,即相变边界向低压方向偏移,在周永胜等人实验数据的基础上,笔者尝试将二维的相图扩展到三维相图以考虑差应力的影响。最后讨论了石英相变在地学研究中的作用,对比不同的观点分析了前人对超高压变质作用过程的解释,希望可以为以后解释地质资料提供较为广泛的可能性,促进我们对地球内部动力学过程的了解。     

岫岩陨石坑石英的冲击变质特征

直径1.8 km的岫岩陨石坑位于辽宁省岫岩县苏子沟镇。坑区基岩为下元古界变质岩,由变粒岩、片麻岩、角闪岩、透闪岩和大理岩等岩石组成。坑内充填的撞击角砾岩石英颗粒呈现典型的冲击变质特征,其中包括沿着石英(0001)、{10 11}、{10 12}和{10 13}等方向发育的多组面状变形页理,以及石英发生相转变形成二氧化硅玻璃和柯石英。产出在二氧化硅玻璃中的针状和粒状柯石英表明从二氧化硅熔体中结晶形成。石英面状变形页理的发育特点限定冲击压力高达35 GPa,而二氧化硅熔体玻璃的存在表明冲击压力高达50 GPa。当压力释放和温度升高,二氧化硅熔体首先被形成。随着压力进一步释放到2.5～13 GPa,柯石英从二氧化硅熔体中结晶析出。岫岩陨石坑中石英面状变形页理和柯石英的存在提供了矿物冲击变质的诊断性证据。     

石英结晶学优选与应用

石英集合体的结晶学优选可由位错滑移、双晶滑移、定向成核与生长等形成,其中位错滑移是塑性变形岩石中石英结晶学优选产生的最重要的机制。影响变形石英结晶学优选的因素有温度、应变速率、应变、差应力、水、复矿物岩石中各种矿物间的相互作用、初始结晶学方向等。系统总结了石英晶体变形与滑移系,结晶学优选的测量与表达,多种条件下石英的结晶学优选,以及在判断剪切方向、计算运动学涡度、判定变形温度、分析变形历史等方面的应用,并认为应用石英组构作运动学和动力学解析时需与其它微观、宏观现象相结合。     

差应力与石英组构关系的实验研究

为了探讨柯石英的形成条件,利用河北省平山县西柏坡地区太古代阜平群中的黑云母片麻岩进行高温高压条件下的岩石变形实验。实验的温度为800 ℃,围压为0.2 GPa,应变量为10%,应变速率为10^-5/s。实验结果表明,变形后样品中不同部位石英颗粒的激光拉曼光谱与标准的石英光谱相比较发生了明显的变化,具体表现为：挤压带中,石英颗粒的光谱出现了9个峰,而标准石英光谱为6个峰;在剪切带中,石英颗粒的谱线只有一个清晰的峰,在拉伸带中,石英颗粒的谱线无论峰的数目还是出现的位置都与标准石英光谱有着显著的区别,说明导致岩石变形的差应力对石英晶格结构的改造具有一定的影响。     

A New Formation Mechanism of Coesite without the Plate Deeply-Subduction and Fast-Exhumation——Comment on the Article “Discussion on Some Problems of Quartz-Coesite Phase Transition”

本文分析评论了嵇少丞等(2010)发表的“石英—柯石英相变研究中若干问题讨论”一文.指出他们对柯石英非俯冲折返新机制的一些误解,对某些热力学、物理学概念,及其在地学问题中的解释理解的不同.分析了机械球磨的作用机制;论证了机械球磨作用本质与构造挤压剪切作用本质的同一性.分析了岩石糜棱岩化过程的两个阶段;讨论了地震波形成柯石英机制的可能性.围绕比较标准问题,论证了高能机械球磨(预处理)能大大降低α-石英转变成柯石英的压力、温度和合成时间,促进柯石英的形成.用小尺度不均匀局域高压微区模型解释了人工合成柯石英的规律性、南极洲天然矿物的行为,柯石英的寄生矿物、岩石——锆石、榴辉岩包裹体、非包裹体的形成.列举事例澄清了“球磨引进的Fe杂质提高柯石英形成压力迟缓合成”的说法;讨论了第二相存在对石英—柯石英转变的影响和“应变禁区”边界区的应力梯度相变驱动力可以形成柯石英问题.指出了机械球磨石英原料预处理和静高压合成柯石英后处理两步法,是一种实验室研究柯石英形成规律的有效物理方法;小尺度不均匀局域高压微区模型和无需板块深俯冲快折返的柯石英形成机制,是一种有希望的柯石英形成新机制.     

含柯石英榴辉岩形成深度的构造校正测算

应用透射电子显微镜(TEM)对大别地区英山县含柯石英榴辉岩、石英榴辉岩及石榴角闪岩中石榴子石进行研究,结果表明在强塑性变形的三类岩石中,石榴子石的超微构造特征存在明显差异。在含柯石英榴辉岩中的石榴子石位错密度比角闪岩中的低。修正石榴子石材料系数α为0.25,用石榴子石位错密度估算了相对差异应力值,并讨论了在超高压榴辉岩形成和退变质过程中各阶段的变质条件。根据石榴子石位错密度测定的差异应力,结合石榴子石的变形测量,恢复构造三维主应力及构造附加静水压力值P_S,从柯石英相的转变压力P中减去构造附加静水压力值P_S后,利用单纯由重力引起的静水压力值P_G换算上覆岩石的重力和厚度,获得大别超高压变质带含柯石英榴辉岩形成深度仅为 ≥ 32.09~32.11km.因此提出,该含柯石英榴辉岩是在这一地壳深处(或稍深一些)受强烈构造作用形成的新认识。同位素资料分析表明,大别地区榴辉岩系地壳成因,这对于榴辉岩是壳内产物的认识提供了进一步证据。      

大别山区含柯石英榴辉岩的发现

大别山区的榴辉岩可划分为四种类型,目前已在第Ⅲ类和第Ⅰ类中分别发现了柯石英及其假像。柯石英除鉴定其光学特征外,还经显微拉曼光谱证实。含柯石英榴辉岩的形成条件为T600°—710℃,P>2.8GPa,表明其形成于上地幔。大别山区含柯石英榴辉岩是目前世界上发现的少数几处非金伯利岩型高压变质岩之一。它的形成可能与三叠纪中朝板块与扬子板块间发生的陆内俯冲作用有关。     

Upper Limit for Rheological Strength of Crust in Continental Subduction Zone： Constraints Imposed by Laboratory Experiments

The transitional pressure of quartz-coesite under the differential stress and highly-strained conditions is far from the pressure of the stable field under the static pressure. Therefore, the effect of the differential stress should be considered when the depth of petrogenesis is estimated about ultrahigh pressure metamorphic (UHPM) rocks. The rheological strength of typical ultrahigh pressure rocks in continental subduction zone was derived from the results of the laboratory experiments. The results indicate the following three points. (1) The rheological strength of gabbro, similar to that of eclogite, is smaller than that of clinopyroxenite on the same condition. (2) The calculated strength of rocks (gabbro, eclogite and clinopyroxenite) related to UHPM decreases by nearly one order of magnitude with the temperature rising by 100 ℃ in the range between 600 and 900 ℃. The calculated strength is far greater than the faulting strength of rocks at 600 ℃, and is in several hundred to more than one thousand mega-pascals at 700-800 ℃, which suggests that those rocks are located in the brittle deformation region at 600 ℃, but are in the semi-brittle to plastic deformation region at 700-800 ℃. Obviously, the 700 ℃ is a brittle-plastic transition boundary. (3) The calculated rheological strength in the localized deformation zone on a higher strain rate condition (1.6×10-12 s-l) is 2-5 times more than that in the distributed deformation zone on a lower strain rate condition (1.6×10-14 s-1). The average rheological stress (1 600 MPa) at the strain rate of 10-12 s-1 stands for the ultimate differential stress of UHPM rocks in the semi-brittle flow field, and the average rheological stress (550-950 MPa) at the strain rate of l0-14 -10-13 s-l stands for the ultimate differential stress of UHPM rocks in the plastic flow field, suggesting that the depth for the formation of UHPM rocks is more than 20-60 km below the depth estimated under static pressure condition due to the effect of the differential stress.     

The quartz-coesite transition measured in the presence of a silicate liquid and calibration of piston-cylinder apparatus

Hydrothermal melting reactions in the system NaAlSiO₄-SiO₂-H₂O have been extended into the coesite stability field using piston-cylinder apparatus, and the quartz-coesite transition has been bracketed at 735° (28.0±0.9 Kb) and at 800° C (28.15±0.9 Kb) in the presence of a silicate liquid phase; this provided favorable kinetic conditions. The results agree closely with previous piston-cylinder determinations employing a correction for pressure loss due to friction. Consideration of previous calibration and hysteresis experiments leads to the conclusion that despite its potential utility, the quartz-coesite transition can not be confidently used as a calibrant for piston-cylinder apparatus until the question of whether or not to apply a friction correction has been resolved.     

Rheological evolution of a Mediterranean subduction complex

We use field and microstructural observations, coupled to previously published P-T-time histories, to track the rheological evolution of an intracontinental subduction complex exposed in the Betic Cordillera in the western Mediterranean region. The body of rock we focus on, known as the Nevado-Filabride Complex (NFC), was originally part of the upper crust of the Iberian margin. It was subducted into hot asthenospheric mantle, then exhumed back toward the surface in two stages: an early stage of fast exhumation along the top of the subducting slab in a subduction channel, and a late stage of slower exhumation resulting from capture by a low-angle detachment fault rooted at the brittle-ductile transition. Each stage of deformation in the NFC was punctuated by changes in the dominant deformation mechanism. Deformation during initial subduction of the complex was accommodated by pressure-solution creep in the presence of a fluid phase – the grain sizes, stress magnitudes, and estimated strain rates for this stage are most consistent with a thin-film model for pressure solution in which the diffusion length scale is controlled by the grain size. During the early stages of exhumation within the subduction channel, deformation transitioned from pressure solution to dislocation creep due to increases in temperature, which resulted in increases in both water fugacity and grain size, each of which favor the dislocation creep mechanism. Differential stress magnitudes for this stage were ∼10 MPa, and are consistent with simple models of buoyancy-driven channel flow. With continuing subduction-channel exhumation, deformation remained within the dislocation creep field because sequestration of free water into hydrous, retrogressive minerals suppressed the pressure-solution mechanism. Differential stresses progressively increased to ∼100 MPa near the mouth of the channel during cooling as the rocks moved into mid-crustal levels. During the final, core-complex stage of exhumation, deformation was progressively concentrated into a narrow zone of highly localized strain beneath a mid-crustal detachment fault. Localization was promoted by a transition from dislocation creep to dislocation-creep-accommodated grain boundary sliding at temperatures of ∼350–380 °C, grain sizes of ∼4 μm and differential stress magnitudes of ∼200 MPa. Peak differential stress magnitudes of ∼200 MPa recorded just below the brittle-ductile transition are consistent with Byerlee's law in the upper crust assuming a vertical maximum principal stress and near-hydrostatic pore fluid pressures. Overall, the distribution of stress with temperature, coupled to independent constraints on strain rate from field observations and geochronology, indicate that the naturally calibrated Hirth et al. (2001) flow law for wet quartzite accurately predicts the rheological behavior of mid-crustal rocks deforming by dislocation creep.     

叠合盆地差异构造变形与油气聚集

文中探讨叠合盆地差异构造变形特征及其对油气聚集的控制作用。叠合盆地差异构造变形受控于多期构造演化导致的多期构造应力场转换、多种变形介质变化以及多方位边界条件的变化,主要表现为:(1)受关键构造变革期应力场转换制约的分期差异构造变形,早期一般受区域伸展作用形成垒 堑构造,中期由于板块聚敛活动形成冲断滑脱和潜山 披覆构造,晚期在叠置的前陆盆地形成褶皱 冲断带;(2)受大型主断裂带控制的分带差异构造变形,这些大型主断裂带一般与先存基底断裂或基底软弱带有关,不同构造带的变形强度呈有规律变化;(3)受多层次滑脱带控制的分层差异构造变形,深层次滑脱构造变形主要表现为与盆山耦合有关的滑脱拆离变形,中层次滑脱构造表现为基底层系的滑脱拆离,浅层次滑脱构造表现为与盐膏岩或泥页岩有关的塑性构造变形;(4)受构造转换带控制的分段差异构造变形,区域性转换带本身常成为重要的横向构造带,不同构造段之间变形样式和运动学过程具有较大差别,局部构造转换带往往形成有利的油气圈闭。差异构造变形与烃源岩发育、油气成藏期、圈闭形成演化、油气藏形成和分布及油气保存条件密切相关。     

Formation Depth of Coesite-Bearing Eclogite, Dabie UHPM Zone, China

The plastic deformation of garnet in coesite-bearing eclogite,quartz eclogite and garnet amphibolite of the UHPM complex in Yingshan County in the Dabie Mountains has been studied. The stress generated by the strong tectonic movement was an important component of the total pressure that resulted in the formation of the eclogite in the Dabie UHPM zone. The three-dimensional tectonic principal stresses and additional tectonic stress-induced hydrostatic pressure ［ps=(σ1 σ2 σ3)/3］ are reconstructed according to the differential stress and the strain ratio(α) of the garnet in the minor coesite-bearing eclogite of the Yingshan County. Then the gravity-induced hydrostatic pressure(pg) is calculated following the equation p minus ps,where p is estimated to be 2.8 Gpa based on the quartz-coesite geobarmeter. Therefore,the thickness of the rock column overlying the coesite-bearing eclogite in the Ying-shan County is determined ≥32 km. This estimation,significantly different from ≥100 km,the previous one obtained solely based on the weight/specific weight ratio(W/SW),offers a proper explanation for the puzzle that no tracer of the addition of mantle-derived material has been found in the Dabie UHPM zone during the process of UHPM,although a number of researchers claim that this process took place at the depth of the mantle(≥100 km). It is concluded that attention should be paid to the additional tectonic stress-induced hydrostatic pressure in the study of UHPM zones.     

高温高压岩石流变仪的围压标定方法

高温高压岩石流变仪围压标定的主要方法为氯化盐类的部分熔融法和矿物相变法。利用氯化盐类进行压力标定时,不仅可以利用单一盐类,也可以使用多种盐类的混合物;常用的压力标定矿物相变及其适用温压范围如下:石英-柯石英,500~1200℃、2.5~3.2GPa;钠长石-硬玉+石英,600~1200℃、1.6~3.2GPa;铁橄榄石+石英-铁辉石,600~1200℃、1~1.7GPa;磷镁石-Mg3(PO4)2-Ⅱ,565~825℃、0.6~0.9GPa;方解石-文石,600~1200℃、0.5~2.5GPa。不同的标定方法具有不同的特征,文中将进行详细介绍。     

The Genesis and Evolution of Alpine-Type Ultrabasic Rocks in Western Junggar, Xinjiang

The alpine-type ultrabasic rocks of the studied area have undergone plastic deformation under a temperature about 800--1200℃, a pressure about 0.9--1.68 GPa and differential stress of 0.2--0.35 GPa in relatively dry conditions, forming ultrabasie mylonite with porphyroclastic and mylonitic textures, Primary crystallized silicate melt inclusions and melt-fluid inclusions are discovered in porphyroclastic minerals and ore-forming chrome spinel. These rocks are formed under relatively stable physico-chemical conditions through liquid immiscibility of silicate melts, at 1200°-- 1300° and 1.1--1.38 GPa, equivalent to a depth of 40--50 km. No inclusion has been found in recrystallized secondary olivine and pyroxene, indicating that the plastic deformation happened after the formation of the rocks.     

Microfabric of folded quartz veins in metagreywackes: dislocation creep and subgrain rotation at high stress

The microfabrics of folded quartz veins in fine‐grained high pressure–low temperature metamorphic greywackes of the Franciscan Subduction Complex at Pacheco Pass, California, were investigated by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy including electron backscatter diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. The foliated host metagreywacke is deformed by dissolution–precipitation creep, as indicated by the shape preferred orientation of mica and clastic quartz without any signs of crystal‐plastic deformation. The absence of crystal‐plastic deformation of clastic quartz suggests that the flow stress in the host metagreywacke remained below a few tens of MPa at temperatures of 250–300 °C. In contrast, the microfabric of the folded quartz veins indicates deformation by dislocation creep accompanied by subgrain rotation recrystallization. For the small recrystallized grain size of ～8 ± 6 μm, paleopiezometers indicate differential stresses of a few hundred MPa. The stress concentration in the single phase quartz vein is interpreted to be due to its higher effective viscosity compared to the fine‐grained host metagreywacke deforming by dissolution–precipitation creep. The fold shape suggests a viscosity contrast of one to two orders of magnitude. Deformation by dissolution–precipitation creep is expected to be a continuous process. The same must hold for folding of the vein and deformation of the vein quartz by dislocation creep. The microfabric suggests dynamic recrystallization predominantly by subgrain rotation and only minor strain‐induced grain boundary migration, which requires low contrasts in dislocation density across high‐angle grain boundaries to be maintained during climb‐controlled creep at high differential stress. The record of quartz in these continuously deformed veins is characteristic and different from the record in metamorphic rocks exhumed in seismically active regions, where high‐stress deformation at similar temperatures is episodic and related to the seismic cycle.