粤北白沙岩体早白垩世细粒花岗岩年代学、地球化学特征及成因意义

粤北佛冈岩体北缘的白沙岩体细粒黑云母二长花岗岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb加权平均年龄为130.3±3.0Ma,表明细粒黑云母二长花岗岩侵入于早白垩世。岩体高硅(SiO2=70.64~75.01wt%),高Na2O+K2O(7.62~8.33wt%),低P2O5(0.024~0.100wt%),富集Rb、Th、U、K、Pb、Nd、Zr和Hf等元素,亏损Ba、Nb、Ta、La、Ce、Sr、P和Ti等。明显富集轻稀土元素[(La/Yb)N=6.74~54.69],显示明显的负Eu异常(δEu=0.15~0.35),少量正Eu异常(δEu=0.82~1.19)。这些地球化学特征指示细粒黑云母二长花岗岩为高分异I型花岗岩。锆石Hf同位素研究结果表明,εHf(t)=-7.3^-10.6,其平均值为-8.89。其两阶段模式年龄(T2DM)主要为1654~1865Ma(n=8),平均值为1751Ma。佛冈复式岩体早白垩世细粒黑云母二长花岗岩形成于古太平洋板块向欧亚板块俯冲的陆缘弧构造背景下,其地球化学特征表明其物质主要来源于古元古代地壳的杂砂-泥质源岩部分熔融,并有少量幔源物质参与。     

甘肃北山南带晚泥盆世岩浆事件:锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学和Sr-Nd-Hf同位素体系约束SCIEI北大核心CSCD

北山造山带处于中亚造山带南缘,研究其岩浆事件对于推演中亚造山带地质构造演化具有重要意义。在甘肃北山南带的双鹰山-花牛山岛弧带中,分布有大量花岗质岩体。本文选取甘肃北山南带双峰山南复式岩体中的花岗闪长岩和二长花岗岩,开展LA-ICP-MS锆石年代学、Hf同位素、全岩地球化学和Sr-Nd同位素研究。研究结果表明该复式岩体成岩时代、地球化学与同位素特征基本一致,具体如下:(1)锆石年代学结果显示二长花岗岩年龄为367.5±1.7Ma、368.0±1.8Ma,花岗闪长岩年龄为366.3±2.2Ma,均为晚泥盆世;(2)复式岩体SiO_(2)含量为64.39%~74.95%、碱含量为5.01%~9.21%,属准铝质(A/CNK=0.88~1.00),P 2O 5含量低(0.02%~0.17%),且与SiO_(2)呈负相关,具有典型的I型花岗岩特征;(3)样品总体富集轻稀土元素((La/Yb)N=6.23~23.0),具有较强烈的Eu负异常(δEu=0.31~0.55),富集Rb、Th、U等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ti、P等高场强元素;(4)锆石εHf(t)值为-3.1~+6.0,t DM2为928~1327Ma,全岩(87 Sr/86 Sr)i在0.705607~0.708523之间,εNd(t)在-4.1~-1.9之间。结合区域构造环境,实验数据表明,双峰山南晚泥盆世复式岩体是在活动大陆边缘的环境下,由幔源岩浆底侵加热下地壳使之部分熔融,并与之混合形成的,代表了晚泥盆世柳园洋向北俯冲的构造事件。     

赣西蒙山岩体地球化学、锆石U-Pb年龄、Hf同位素特征及地质意义北大核心CSCD

以赣西地区蒙山岩体为研究对象,通过对该岩体地球化学、锆石U-Pb年龄及Hf同位素的研究,探讨其岩浆物质来源及构造背景。该岩体经历了印支期、燕山期岩浆侵入活动,形成六种岩石类型,LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄分别为224.0±2.10 Ma(n=19,MSWD=1.9)、223.0±2.20 Ma(n=21,MSWD=2.6)、222.0±2.80 Ma(n=21,MSWD=2.7)、220.0±1.90 Ma(n=16,MSWD=1.5)、217.0±3.70 Ma(n=8,MSWD=1.8)、142.0±0.98 Ma(n=21,MSWD=1.4),表明岩体经历了印支期、燕山期两期岩浆活动。印支期花岗质岩石地球化学具高硅富钾、准铝-过铝质特征;微量元素富集高场强元素Zr、Hf、Th、U和稀土元素La、Ce、Sm、Nd、Y,明显亏损Rb、Ba、Sr、Ti、P;稀土元素分馏程度不高,δEu介于0.03~0.15,具强Eu负异常,Ce异常不明显,稀土配分曲线呈“V”型;为同源岩浆演化的特点。CaO/Na_(2) O比值<0.3、Rb/Sr>5,岩石二阶段模式年龄T DM2主体介于868~1465 Ma,为中-新元古代,εHf(t)对应的T DM2值显示,岩体物源起源于成熟地壳,后期有大量新生地壳物质的加入,表明岩石来源于含水矿物(如白云母、绿帘石/黝帘石)的脱水反应导致成熟度高地壳物质的熔融而形成。在花岗岩构造环境判别图上,投于碰撞大地构造背景上的花岗岩和造山后花岗岩类(POG)区域,锆石U-Pb年龄表明成岩时段滞后于印支运动高峰期(258~243 Ma),为受印支运动造成华南地壳加厚滞后,地壳进入伸展阶段,减压熔融形成的花岗质岩浆。     

张广才岭南部横道河子岩体地球化学特征及其成因

对张广才岭南部地区横道河子岩体进行锆石U—Pb测年、锆石原位Lu-Hf同位素、主量元素、稀土元素和微量元素测试分析。结果表明,横道河子岩体主体岩性为黑云母正长花岗岩,由石英(40%~45%)、条纹长石(35%~40%)、斜长石(12%~15%)、黑云母(3%~5%)和角闪石(1%~3%)组成。岩体成岩年龄为198.5±1.6 Ma,属早侏罗世。A/CNK值变化于1.01~1.03,分异指数DI=93.69~95.95,富集大离子亲石元素K、Rb和LREE,Rb/Sr较高(2.06~2.76),贫Ba、Sr和高场强元素Nb、Ta、P、Ti,铕负异常中等(δEu=0.26~0.57),表明横道河子岩体具有弱过铝质I型花岗岩的特征。锆石εHf(t)=5.7~9.7,TDM2=618~874 Ma,显示岩浆起源于新元古代晚期增生的地壳物质,形成于古太平洋板块俯冲的活动大陆边缘环境。     

西昆仑岔路口西花岗岩地球化学特征及构造意义

岔路口西花岗岩侵位于塔什库尔干-甜水海微地块下—中二叠统神仙湾组。通过对岩体进行锆石U-Pb测年,获得两组年龄为(99.1±1.7)Ma(MSWD=14)和(93.2±1.1)Ma(MSWD=4.4),属晚白垩世早期。岩石地球化学特征显示,岩体SiO_2含量较高(平均74.32%),全碱含量7.82%~7.97%,低CaO(0.38%~0.5%)、MgO(0.16%~0.27%),FeOt/MgO比值较高(6~9.7);微量元素富集Rb,Th,Nb,Zr,Hf,Y,LILE元素Sr,Ba极亏损;REE元素具"燕式"分布特征,极亏损Eu(δEu=0.21~0.41),属A1型花岗岩。结合地球化学特征及区域构造演化认为,自晚白垩世新特提斯洋北支洋已转入陆内伸展机制,该区进入伸展减压环境,使得下地壳发生减压部分熔融形成A1型花岗岩。     

湖南塔山、阳明山花岗岩的岩石成因：来自锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学及Sr-Nd同位素证据

湖南塔山、阳明山岩体位于扬子地块和华夏地块的结合部位,主要由不同粒度的斑状二长花岗岩构成,其中塔山岩体的粗中粒、中细粒、中粒斑状二长花岗岩的锆石La-ICP-MS定年结果分别为221.3±0.9Ma、221.5±1.9Ma、213.4±1.1Ma,阳明山中细粒斑状二长花岗岩的年龄为213.7±1.0Ma,均属印支晚期花岗岩。花岗岩富SiO_2(70.43%~74.06%)、Al_2O_3(13.25%~15.37%)、高A/CNK(1.03~1.24)、高分异指数DI(85.25~93.0)、富集Rb、Th、U、Ta,亏损Ba、Sr、Nb、Ti,具明显的负Eu异常(δEu=0.15~0.45),为高分异的过铝花岗岩。高(~(86)Sr/~(87)Sr)_i(0.72993~0.77391)、低ε_(Nd)(t)(-9.9~-12.11)、Nd的t_(DM2)(1801~1978Ma)较大等特征,表明塔山、阳明山花岗岩为壳源S型花岗岩。结合其形成年龄和区域构造背景,认为塔山、阳明山岩体是在印支运动晚期挤压作用向伸展作用转换形成的局部伸展-减薄的机制下,由加厚地壳中的中元古代变质砂屑岩、变质泥岩部分熔融形成,并经历了分离结晶作用。年龄为3523Ma的继承锆石核显示本区可能存在古太古代的古老基底。     

北秦岭宝鸡地区早志留世鸡冠崖高分异碰撞型花岗岩年龄、地球化学特征及地质意义

对北秦岭宝鸡地区鸡冠崖花岗岩进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学和岩石地球化学研究。结果显示,锆石206Pb/238Pb加权平均年龄为(435±2)Ma(MSWD=0.13,n=22),限定该岩体的形成时代为早志留世。鸡冠崖花岗岩具有高硅(w(SiO2)=72.77%~77.71%)、富钾(w(K2O)=3.51%~6.32%)、低铁(w(Fe2OT3)=0.71%~1.30%,Fe2OT3/MgO=2.71~7.29)、低镁(w(MgO)=0.14%~0.31%)、低磷(w(P2O5)=0.05%~0.10%)的特征,A/CNK=0.94~1.10,AR=2.95~4.10,属准铝质至弱过铝质、钙碱性系列。鸡冠崖花岗岩稀土元素质量分数较低(32×10-6~102×10-6),铕异常明显(δEu=0.22~13.83),富集Rb、U、Th、Nd、Zr、Hf等微量元素,贫Ba、Nb、P、Ti等元素,分异程度较高(DI=89~93),整体表现出高分异I型花岗岩特征。结合区域资料,认为鸡冠崖花岗岩形成于同碰撞构造环境,为下地壳物质部分熔融成因。     

华北陆块南缘泌阳李仙桥花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄及地球化学特征

华北陆块南缘李仙桥花岗岩基分布于河南省泌阳县李仙桥-大尖山-贾楼一带,主要岩性为二长花岗岩类,以发育弱片麻理为特征。LA-MC-ICPMS锆石U-Pb年龄资料表明,岩体侵位年龄为131.6~120Ma,属于早白垩世。可划分为3个侵入期次,其中第一期次侵位时间为131Ma左右;第二期次侵位时间为127Ma左右,第三期次侵位时间为120Ma左右。李仙桥花岗岩基具有高硅(w(SiO_2)=70.48%~76.20%)、高碱(w(K_2O+Na_2O)=7.26%~9.55%)、高分异指数(DI=83.90~95.53)的特点,A/CNK平均为1.12,属于高钾钙碱性系列,为过铝质S型花岗岩,富集轻稀土元素、亏损重稀土元素,Eu亏损较为明显(δEu=0.35~0.63),Ba、Sr、P、Ti相对亏损,Rb和高场强元素Th、U、Zr、Hf相对富集。源区岩石成分主要为变质砂屑岩、次为变质泥岩,可能来源于包括太华岩群和秦岭岩群的副变质岩,是地壳部分熔融作用的结果。岩体形成于陆内造山环境下由挤压向伸展的过渡期。     

江西彭山锡多金属矿集区隐伏花岗岩体的岩石地球化学、锆石U-Pb年代学和Hf同位素组成

本文对江西彭山锡多金属矿集区隐伏花岗岩体进行了详细的锆石U-Pb年代学、Hf同位素组成和岩石地球化学研究。SHRIMP和LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年表明,该岩体年龄为128~129Ma,属燕山晚期岩浆活动的产物。详细的地球化学分析显示,彭山隐伏花岗岩体具有高硅(SiO2=75.42%~76.46%)、富碱(Na2O+K2O=7.93%~8.35%,K2O/Na2O=1.32~1.61)的特征,极度贫Mg(普遍MgO=0~0.07%),贫Ca(CaO=0.37%~0.69%),弱过铝质(A/CNK=1.04~1.11),富集Rb、Th、U等大离子亲石元素及Hf、Nb等高场强元素,强烈亏损Sr、Ba、Eu、P、Ti。稀土总量偏低(∑REE=41.18×10-6~85.06×10-6),强烈的Eu负异常(Eu/Eu*=0.05~0.11)。104×Ga/Al比值变化于2.75~4.04,平均值为3.19。这些特征均不同于典型的A型和S型花岗岩。岩石学和地球化学特征指示该岩体可能是一个高分异的I型花岗岩。该花岗岩中锆石εHf(t)值偏高,主要集中在-0.6~-4.5,显示在成岩过程中有地幔组分的参与,属壳幔混源花岗岩,推测该岩体的形成可能与燕山晚期华南岩石圈伸展拉张环境有关。     

内蒙古巴林右旗胡都格绍荣岩体的年代学、地球化学、Hf同位素特征及构造背景

大兴安岭地区晚中生代的大地构造背景一直存在争议,通过对内蒙古巴林右旗胡都格绍荣岩体进行锆石U-Pb测年、岩石地球化学以及锆石Lu-Hf同位素分析,探讨其形成时代及构造背景.胡都格绍荣岩体主体岩性为似斑状黑云母二长花岗岩,LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年确定其加权平均年龄为129.9±1.4 Ma(MSWD=0.91),指示其侵位于早白垩世.花岗岩具有高SiO₂、Na₂O、K₂O含量,低CaO、MgO含量,富集Cs、Rb、K、Th、U、Zr,亏损Ba、Sr、P、Ti,轻稀土富集,具明显Eu负异常(δEu=0.35~0.44),10 000×[w(Ga)/w(Al)]为2.08~3.05,表明其为典型的A型花岗岩.Hf同位素分析结果显示,锆石具有正的ε_Hf(t)值(2.24~9.41),Hf两阶段模式年龄为1 030~570 Ma,平均为809 Ma,结合其微量元素特征,认为岩浆来源于新元古代地壳的部分熔融.胡都格绍荣花岗岩指示研究区在早白垩世为伸展构造背景,可能与蒙古-鄂霍茨克洋闭合关系更为密切.      

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.