地壳结构的轮廓和形成

M.尤文、F.普瑞斯論述过“大陆和大洋盆地之間的地球物理差异”,J.季陆利述及过“大陆和大洋盆地之間的地貭差异”。P.M.捷麦尼茲卡娅編制过世界地壳結构厚度图,并論証过地壳厚度与地貭年代的关系。柴田勇曾討論过地壳的分层及其发展过程。这些工作对我們认識地壳結构的輪廓及其发展作出了重要的貢献。本文拟在截至目前为止所收得到的地壳地震測深資料及高温高压下岩石物理性貭实驗結果,結合地面地貭构造研究所取得的結果,来进一步討論一下地壳的厚度、分层、物貭組成及其发展过程等有关問題。     

大陆边缘动力沉降及其深部构造作用控制

动力沉降是动力地形的一种,即动力地形低。动力地形一般认为具有两种成因,一种为与超大陆集聚和分散有关的动力地形,另一种为与大洋板片俯冲有关的动力地形。大陆边缘动力沉降的模拟已经提出了不同的动力学模型,如大洋板块缓倾角或陡倾角俯冲模型、不同样式（俯冲角度变化和速度变化）和性质（大洋岩石圈热年代变化等）的大洋板块俯冲模式和具应力引导的、动态三维的板块俯冲模型。关于大陆边缘动力沉降及其深部板块俯冲作用控制的研究已经趋向更加符合实际、更加精细和系统。对深部地幔活动及其地表动力地形响应的深入研究有望对关于大陆边缘区高级别层序单元及其界面的成因机制、大陆内部动力沉降与深部构造作用之间的耦合关系、我国晚中生代至新生代大陆边缘区动力学背景和油气资源评价等问题的研究取得新的进展和突破。     

吉黑东部中生代构造演化特征

自晚三叠世以来，吉黑东部成为古亚洲大陆中生代大洋板块陆缘重要组成部分，与东北亚大陆边缘构造发展具同步性和统一性。本文将跃进山断以东作为东北亚大陆边缘的构造外带，以西的广大吉黑地区为构造内带。     

玄武岩的 MnO-TiO2-P2O5判别图的修改与补充

近些年来,人们广泛地利用火山岩的主元素或微量元素的特征对火山岩进行地球化学、成因岩石学和构造岩石学的研究。Mullen(1983)利用玄武岩的 MnO、TiO₂和P₂O₅建立大洋型玄武岩的 MnO×10-TiO₂-P₂O₅×10的构造背景判别图(以下简称MTP图)和圈出了大陆拉斑玄武岩在 MTP 图中的分布范围。他选择了能反映玄武岩形成过程中的重要地球化学特征和成因机制的元素组作为该图的端元组分。     

亚洲东部大陆边缘的构造扩张和地球动力环境

东亚大陆边缘位居大陆岩石圈和大洋岩石圈交接地带,是各种地质作用的强烈演变带,也是它们之间的物质交换和能量转变带。在这里我们可以看到大洋岩石圈和大陆岩石圈的差别,也可以看到大陆边缘在构造扩张中陆壳解体、分离和漂移的演变历史,以及在构造收缩中陆壳块体聚合、拼贴和碰撞的发展过程。大陆边缘构造背景的变换,取决干大陆岩石圈板块和大洋岩石圈板块之间构造作用的动平衡,也取决于区域地幔应力场的变化。     

地幔柱构造与成矿作用：以兰坪盆地为例

以兰坪盆地为例,根据地幔柱构造特征及地幔柱与陆内矿床间的关系和地幔柱构造对盆地中矿床形成,分布的控制理论。对兰坪盆地的各种矿床类型与冷,热地幔柱的发展,演化的关系进行分析,认为正由于大陆岩石圈与大洋岩石圈构造体制的相互转化,大陆的分裂与聚合,导致了在地幔柱的构造的控制不一系列不同成矿作用的矿床的形成。     

我国的一些造山带的侧向挤出构造

尽管大陆只占地球表面的三分之一,但是人类生活在大陆上,大部分资源也来自于大陆,因此大陆构造研究有特别的意义,我国的地质前辈们为此做出了重要的贡献。然而,陆壳具有高度的非均质性,因此大陆构造要比大洋构造复杂的多,认识其演化规律极其困难,但是人类正在通过不同的途径朝这个目标前进。地块的侧向挤出是大陆构造的主要形式。尽管大规模的地块侧向挤出是否发生在青藏高原主体存在很大的争议,但是有证据显示地块的侧向挤出广泛地发生在青藏高原周边以及我国其它的一些造山带内,呈现出不同的规模、位移量和变形特征。位于滇西三江断裂带内的兰坪-思茅盆地在印度和华南第三纪的压扭性相互作用下向南挤出; 沿喜马拉雅西构造结发生的地块侧向挤出形成于早第三纪印度与欧亚大陆之间的南北向碰撞,最新的挤出地体是塔里木盆地; 雪峰地块向南的侧向挤出受控于华南地区北西-南东向区域性扭性构造作用; 沿扬子地块北缘发生的地块侧向挤出形成于扬子地块与秦岭造山带中生代晚期的南北向挤压,造成四川盆地发生向西的侧向挤出; 沿秦岭-大别山发生的地块侧向挤出发生在中生代,经历了超高压变质作用的下地壳随扬子地块的挤入向东运动,最后在桐柏-大别山隆升到地表,而中上地壳包括留凤关复理石沉积和碧口地块向西挤出。桐柏-大别山和青藏高原均形成于大陆的碰撞,地壳都曾发生过大规模的增厚。因此,有理由相信青藏高原的下地壳和桐柏-大别山的下地壳结构和构造是一样的,要研究两者物质组成和赋存状态以及运动和变形特征可以互相参考和借鉴。例如： 5·12汶川大地震的发生引发了对高原下地壳流变的关注和争论。上述桐柏-大别山中生代下地壳的侧向挤出就是通道流,由此证明青藏高原下地壳通道流是存在的; 而青藏高原下地壳和桐柏-大别山一样,一定是由壳内花岗岩、活化的前寒武结晶基底、变质核杂岩以及混入的上地幔物质组成。     

黔北地区下寒武统底部黑色页岩沉积环境条件与源区构造背景分析

为了深入探讨黔北地区下寒武统底部黑色页岩的沉积环境条件和源区构造背景,对黔北地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组黑色页岩进行系统采样,对其微量元素和稀土元素地球化学特征进行了系统分析。研究表明,微量元素中高的WV/(WNi+WV)和U/Th比值等反映该区黑色页岩形成于海域开阔的还原环境。区内黑色页岩样品中Mo、Sb、U、Cd、 V、Ba、Tl、Ni、W、 Cr、Cs、Cu、Zn、Bi等元素的高富集以及正Eu异常和较低的Co/Zn比值均反映了黔北下寒武统底部黑色页岩受到深部热液活动的影响。根据主、微量和稀土元素组合及比值特征可以看出黔北地区下寒武统底部黑色页岩的源岩具有花岗岩、沉积岩和玄武岩等多成因性质。源区构造背景以被动大陆边缘为主,由于受深部热液活动的影响,也显示大陆岛弧构造背景的特征。     

河南嵩山区震旦系古构造型式

引言前人对本区震旦系的研究多侧重地层的划分和对比,而对其构造则重视不够。作者等虽多年来着重研究本区的构造形变史,但对震旦系构造特征的认识,长期以来只看到一些表面现象,而对其本质的认识则经历了一个不断反复和深化的过程。首先是震旦系和寒武系的接触关系,在豫西、华北乃至中国东部,它们之间都主要是假整合的平行接触关系,也就是在震旦纪末波状运动基础上,寒武纪海浸超覆。     

皖中地区深层构造分析

通过对地球物理场特征与不同层次地质体之间对应关系的分析,可以探讨深层构造的演化。本文根据对重力和磁力场数据处理的结果,研究皖中地区地壳上部的层块结构和滑脱构造。     

Global 1° × 1° thermal model TC1 for the continental lithosphere: Implications for lithosphere secular evolution

This paper reports a new 1° × 1° global thermal model for the continental lithosphere (TC1). Geotherms for continental terranes of different ages (> 3.6 Ga to present) constrained by reliable data on borehole heat flow measurements (Artemieva, I.M., Mooney, W.D. 2001. Thermal structure and evolution of Precambrian lithosphere: a global study. J. Geophys. Res 106, 16387–16414.), are statistically analyzed as a function of age and are used to estimate lithospheric temperatures in continental regions with no or low-quality heat flow data (ca. 60% of the continents). These data are supplemented by cratonic geotherms based on electromagnetic and xenolith data; the latter indicate the existence of Archean cratons with two characteristic thicknesses, ca. 200 and > 250 km. A map of tectono-thermal ages of lithospheric terranes complied for the continents on a 1° × 1° grid and combined with the statistical age relationship of continental geotherms (z = 0.04  t + 93.6, where z is lithospheric thermal thickness in km and t is age in Ma) formed the basis for a new global thermal model of the continental lithosphere (TC1). The TC1 model is presented by a set of maps, which show significant thermal heterogeneity within continental upper mantle, with the strongest lateral temperature variations (as large as 800 °C) in the shallow mantle. A map of the depth to a 550 °C isotherm (Curie isotherm for magnetite) in continental upper mantle is presented as a proxy to the thickness of the magnetic crust; the same map provides a rough estimate of elastic thickness of old (> 200 Ma) continental lithosphere, in which flexural rigidity is dominated by olivine rheology of the mantle.Statistical analysis of continental geotherms reveals that thick (> 250 km) lithosphere is restricted solely to young Archean terranes (3.0–2.6 Ga), while in old Archean cratons (3.6–3.0 Ga) lithospheric roots do not extend deeper than 200–220 km. It is proposed that the former were formed by tectonic stacking and underplating during paleocollision of continental nuclei; it is likely that such exceptionally thick lithospheric roots have a limited lateral extent and are restricted to paleoterrane boundaries. This conclusion is supported by an analysis of the growth rate of the lithosphere since the Archean, which does not reveal a peak in lithospheric volume at 2.7–2.6 Ga as expected from growth curves for juvenile crust.A pronounced peak in the rate of lithospheric growth (10–18 km³/year) at 2.1–1.7 Ga (as compared to 5–8 km³/year in the Archean) well correlates with a peak in the growth of juvenile crust and with a consequent global extraction of massif-type anorthosites. It is proposed that large-scale variations in lithospheric thickness at cratonic margins and at paleoterrane boundaries controlled anorogenic magmatism. In particular, mid-Proterozoic anorogenic magmatism at the cratonic margins was caused by edge-driven convection triggered by a fast growth of the lithospheric mantle at 2.1–1.7 Ga. Belts of anorogenic magmatism within cratonic interiors can be caused by a deflection of mantle heat by a locally thickened lithosphere at paleosutures and, thus, can be surface manifestations of exceptionally thick lithospheric roots. The present volume of continental lithosphere as estimated from the new global map of lithospheric thermal thickness is 27.8 (± 7.0) × 10⁹ km³ (excluding submerged terranes with continental crust); preserved continental crust comprises ca. 7.7 × 10⁹ km³. About 50% of the present continental lithosphere existed by 1.8 Ga.     

Volcanic passive margins

Compared to non-volcanic ones, volcanic passive margins mark continental break-up over a hotter mantle, probably subject to small-scale convection. They present distinctive genetic and structural features. High-rate extension of the lithosphere is associated with catastrophic mantle melting responsible for the accretion of a thick igneous crust. Distinctive structural features of volcanic margins are syn-magmatic and continentward-dipping crustal faults accommodating the seaward flexure of the igneous crust. Volcanic margins present along-axis a magmatic and tectonic segmentation with wavelength similar to adjacent slow-spreading ridges. Their 3D organisation suggests a connection between loci of mantle melting at depths and zones of strain concentration within the lithosphere. Break-up would start and propagate from localized thermally-softened lithospheric zones. These ‘soft points’ could be localized over small-scale convection cells found at the bottom of the lithosphere, where adiabatic mantle melting would specifically occur. The particular structure of the brittle crust at volcanic passive margins could be interpreted by active and sudden oceanward flow of both the unstable hot mantle and the ductile part of the lithosphere during the break-up stage. To cite this article: L. Geoffroy, C. R. Geoscience 337 (2005).     

Rheological thickness and strength of the Indian continental lithosphere

The estimates of rheological thickness and total lithospheric strength for the Indian continental lithosphere have been obtained based on the representative rheological properties of upper crust, lower crust and upper mantle, and some of the available heat flow and heat generation data. The rheological thickness, computed at different locations in the Indian shield, shows lateral variation ranging from 79km in the southern part to 65 km in the northern part for a strain rate of 10^-14 s^-1. The total strength of the continental lithosphere is of the order of 10¹³ Nm^-1 for the same value of strain rate and decreases northward. The computations carried out for a range of strain rates show an increase in the rheological thickness and strength of the lithosphere with increasing strain rate. These results would be important in understanding the flexural response of the Indian continental lithosphere to surface and subsurface loading, and response to tectonic forces acting on it.     

东海陆架盆地西湖凹陷岩石圈热流变性质

为了探讨东海陆架盆地西湖凹陷岩石圈热流变性质,本文以实测地温数据为依据,模拟西湖凹陷岩石圈热结构,在此基础上,应用流变学原理模拟确定西湖凹陷岩石圈流变性质。结果表明,西湖凹陷岩石圈为一个冷地壳-热地幔、强地壳-弱地幔的"奶油蛋糕"型岩石圈。西湖凹陷平均地表热流密度为71 m W/m~2,地幔热流密度为40~65 m W/m~2,对地表热流密度的贡献度达73%~79%,地表热流受地幔热流控制,莫霍面温度在700℃左右,热岩石圈平均厚度为66 km。西湖凹陷岩石圈流变分层明显,上、中地壳基本为脆性层,下地壳和岩石圈上地幔为韧性层,岩石圈总流变强度平均约为2.65′10~(12) N/m,其中地壳流变强度为2.12′10~(12) N/m,地幔流变强度为5.29′10~(11) N/m,有效弹性厚度为11.7~14.5 km,地壳的流变性质控制了岩石圈的流变行为。此外,西湖凹陷岩石圈总强度较低,在构造应力作用下易于变形,且存在壳幔解耦现象。西湖凹陷岩石圈热状态及流变性质决定了西湖凹陷东部地区主要以浅部地壳的断层滑动和地层破裂来调节深部的构造应力。     

Meso–Cenozoic thermal regime in the Bohai Bay Basin,eastern North China Craton

This article discusses the Meso–Cenozoic thermal history, thermal lithospheric thinning, and thermal structure of the lithosphere of the Bohai Bay Basin, North China. The present-day thermal regime of the basin features an average heat flow of 64.5 ± 8.1 mW m^–2, a lithospheric thickness of 76–102 km, and a ‘hot mantle but cold crust’-type lithospheric thermal structure. The Meso–Cenozoic thermal history experienced two heat flow peaks in the late Early Cretaceous and in the middle to late Palaeogene, with heat flow values of 82–86 mW m^?2 and 81–88 mW m^?2, respectively. Corresponding to these peaks, the thermal lithosphere experienced two thinning stages during the Cretaceous and Palaeogene, reaching a minimum thickness of 43–61 km. The lithospheric thermal structure transformed from the ‘hot crust but cold mantle’ type in the Triassic–Jurassic to the ‘cold crust but hot mantle’ type in the Cretaceous–Cenozoic, according to the ratio of mantle to surface heat flow (q_m/q_s). The research on the thermal history and lithospheric thermal structure of sedimentary basins can effectively reveal the thermal regime at depth in the sedimentary basins and provide significance for the study of the basin dynamics during the Meso–Cenozoic.     

南海北部及其沿岸中、新生代壳幔相互作用与构造演化——纪念“陆缘扩张带”概念的倡导者陈国达教授

新生代火山岩中的深源捕虏体资料反映,南海北部及其沿岸地区岩石圈地幔的主体由主量元素易熔组分相对饱满的、同位素组成类似MORB-OIB型的、高温型的二辉橄榄岩所组成;但在其顶部残留有古老的岩石圈地幔,它由主量元素易熔组分相对贫瘠的、同位素组成类似EM型的、较低温的方辉橄榄岩组成。在下地壳底部,分布着由晚中生代幔源岩浆分离结晶和堆晶的基性麻粒岩。由此提出了该区中、新生代壳 -幔或岩石圈 -软流圈相互作用与构造演化的简略模式: (1)印支期 -燕山早期为地壳岩石圈厚度增大的华夏型后地台活化造山带环境;(2)燕山晚期岩石圈快速减薄(如拆沉作用),造山带拉伸塌陷,地壳深处并发生广泛的底侵作用; (3)始新世 -渐新世软流圈再次上涌(如地幔柱的影响),岩石圈地幔发生底蚀减薄,地壳也因为下部层的塑性流展和上部层的张裂拉伸而减薄; (4)中新世以来,由于地幔热源在拉伸环境中被释放,壳幔发生冷却,部分软流圈地幔转化为“新生的”岩石圈地幔。研究进一步说明,南海北部陆缘扩张是该区大陆构造演化到大陆活化造山带后期,在深部壳 -幔的相互作用下,岩石圈所发生的垂向减薄和侧向伸展,既不同于弧后扩张,也不是受控于大西洋式的海底扩张。     

Crustal and mantle strengths in continental lithosphere: is the jelly sandwich model obsolete?

The relative importance of the contribution of the lower crust and of the lithospheric mantle to the total strength of the continental lithosphere is assessed systematically for realistic ranges of layer thickness, composition, and temperature. Results are presented as relative strength maps, giving the ratio of the lower crust to upper mantle contribution in terms of crustal thickness and surface heat flow. The lithosphere shows a “jelly sandwich” rheological layering for low surface heat flow, thin to average crustal thickness, and felsic or wet mafic lower crustal compositions. On the other hand, most of the total strength resides in the seismogenic crust in regions of high surface heat flow, crust of any thickness, and dry mafic lower crustal composition.     

由震源机制和地震波各向异性探讨青藏高原岩石圈变形

本文据青藏高原天然地震震源参数和地震波各向异性资料，讨论了高原岩圈不同圈层的变形特性。     

华北地块南部巨型陆内俯冲带与秦岭造山带岩石圈现今三维结构

豫西横穿秦岭造山带的反射地震为主的综合地球物理探测，发现秦岭现今北界存在华北地块南部自北向南向秦岭的巨型陆内俯冲带，深达Ｍｏｈｏ面以下，与之相伴而生，在中上地壳发育自南向北的逆冲推构造带，千公里东西向延伸，主要发生于晚白垩世１００Ｍａ±，成为秦岭与华北地区块间中新生代重要陆内构造，它是秦岭造山带岩石圈现今三维结构的基本要素和组成部分，秦岭造山带岩石圈现今结构具有流变学分层的“立交桥”三维结构框架模型。显然它们具有统一的动力学背景，是秦岭造山带现今处于印度－青藏、太平洋和欧亚板块的西伯利亚地块等三大构造动力学体系复合部位，导致其从深部地幔动力学的最新调整到上部地壳响应所发生的壳幔等圈层相互作用的综合产物，可能是大陆长期保存、演化的主要途径与形式之一，具有重要的大陆动力学意义，对中国大陆构造、灾害、环境研究也具重要意义。     

燕山陆内造山作用的深部制约因素

中生代燕山陆内造山带是在克拉通软弱带上发育起来的。陆内造山作用受到深部条件的制约是与陆缘造山的主要区别。深部制约表现在:(1)继承性的构造活动;(2)断块的差异升降;(3)主动裂谷盆地演化;(4)岩石圈剧烈的构造变动。其中,岩石圈剧烈的构造变动和主动裂谷盆地演化直接受制于上地幔的影响,而断块差异升降是深部作用的间接反映。继承性的构造活动贯穿于燕山运动各个时期,其表现形式可以不同。这些深部影响因素随着时间是有变化的,存在交叉叠置,但是构造-岩浆活动的深度总的来说趋于越来越浅。与其他陆缘、陆间造山带对比,可以看到深部热体制调整在燕山陆内造山作用中是最重要的因素。陆内造山作用是上部地壳对岩石圈不同深度层次剧烈变动的响应,地壳以及岩石圈的加厚和随后的变薄是其实质性的构造过程,不仅导致岩石的变形,而且也引起了山脉的隆升。