辽北早白垩世泉头组沉积体系

通过辽北早白垩世泉头组地层研究,提出泉头组沉积层序划分方案:划分为2个层序,11个旋回层序,20个基本层序;总结了层序划分的4种类型及其识别标志;识别出3种沉积体系———湖相三角洲分流河道沉积体系、浅湖相沉积体系、湖相三角洲前缘沉积体系。     

鄂尔多斯盆地西北部石千峰组沉积特征及沉积—层序模式

根据沉积学、地球物理和地球化学等标志,确定研究区石千峰组为辫状河、曲流河、三角洲和湖泊的沉积类型。在沉积特征研究的基础上,进行层序界面的识别和划分,进而在研究区石千峰组内划分并识别出短期、中期、长期、超长期4种类型的旋回层序。通过对各级别层序特征的详细研究,表明中期基准面旋回与沉积体系有很好的响应关系,表现为辫状河和曲流河具有A1和A2型中期基准面变化特征,三角洲平原、三角洲前缘和湖泊沉积分别具有C1、C2、C3和B型的响应特征。结合研究区石千峰期由北至南发育河流—三角洲—湖泊的古地理展布特征,最终将这些丰富的地质信息以沉积—层序模式进行了概括,表现为由北至南发育河流—三角洲—湖泊的沉积类型,具有A1-A2-C1-C2-C3-B型的层序响应特征。建立的这样一套等时模式,能更详尽的了解研究区生储盖的时空配置关系,为下一步油气勘探提供地质依据。     

龙川江盆地上第三系芒棒组沉积体系与层序地层分析

龙川江盆地是造山带内部发育的新生代小型山间断陷盆地。本文结合该盆地晚新世构造、火山活动与沉积作用，对盆地盖层芒棒组沉积体系与层序地层进行了分析。通过分析，建立了龙川江盆地晚新世沉积模式，认为晚新世早期断陷带内快速堆积，主要以发育冲积扇沉积体系为特征，中、晚期冲积扇快速人湖，由此而形成冲积扇一扇三角洲一湖泊沉积体系组合；提出了龙川江盆地芒棒组层序的形成受多期构造活动控制的观点，并建立了3个构造层序，划分了体系域。     

准噶尔盆地车排子凸起多物源复杂沉积体系中的地震沉积学

准噶尔盆地车排子凸起新近系沙湾组为湖盆缓坡多物源、复杂沉积体系沉积,其沉积体系认识争议很大,时空演化难以刻画.准确刻画其沉积体系类型、演化规律和砂体分布特征,是精细刻画单砂体及内部构型等储层的基石,对后期油气开发具有重要指导意义.在岩心、测井、测试分析及地震资料,充分利用相位转换、地层切片等地震沉积学技术方法,对其沉积体系特征进行深入研究.建立研究区精细层序地层格架,将沙湾组划分为2个三级层序、4个四级层序;识别出冲积扇、辫状河、曲流河、曲流河三角洲、扇三角洲及滨浅湖6种沉积体系类型,并确定沉积体系边界及演化规律;建立了多物源冲积扇-辫状河、扇三角洲-曲流河三角洲沉积模式及砂体分布模式.辫状河道、心滩、点坝复合体及冲积扇砂体均钻遇较好油气显示,为重要储集体.此次研究丰富了地震沉积学在湖盆缓坡多物源、多沉积体系类型中的应用.      

内蒙古西南部石炭系砂坝─泻湖沉积体系的比较沉积学分析

石炭纪内蒙古西南部广泛发育砂坝─泻湖沉积体系,该体系不同时期形成的泻湖沉积物相互叠置?沉积厚度大?沉积层序多样,这在全新世泻湖中难以形成和观察到?依据沉积特征?沉积层序,识别出与现代同类沉积体系相似的四种基本类型:海侵型?海退型?稳定型和局部海侵型?这表明研究全新世砂坝─泻湖体系得出的地层模式有助于识别地质时期的同类沉积体系?由于研究地区石炭纪砂坝─泻湖体系发育于广阔的空间和较长的时间内,它们常成复合类型,如海侵型─局部海侵型?稳定型─局部海侵型?此外,全新世稳定型砂坝─泻湖体系的上覆和下优层皆为陆相,但是石炭系同类沉积体系在同一地区连续叠置,这是长时期构造持续下陷和岸线相对稳定的反映?海侵型砂坝─泻湖体系形成于海侵层序中,泻湖沉积物的厚度大于砂坝沉积物的厚度,据此,建立了不同于现代同类沉积体系的地层模式?     

内蒙古西南部石炭系砂坝─泻湖沉积体系的比较沉积学分析

石炭纪内蒙古西南部广泛发育砂坝─泻湖沉积体系，该体系不同时期形成的泻湖沉积物相互叠置、沉积厚度大、沉积层序多样，这在全新世泻湖中难以形成和观察到。依据沉积特征、沉积层序，识别出与现代同类沉积体系相似的四种基本类型：海侵型、海退型、稳定型和局部海侵型。这表明研究全新世砂坝─泻湖体系得出的地层模式有助于识别地质时期的同类沉积体系。由于研究地区石炭纪砂坝─泻湖体系发育于广阔的空间和较长的时间内，它们常成复合类型，如海侵型─局部海侵型、稳定型─局部海侵型。此外，全新世稳定型砂坝─泻湖体系的上覆和下优层皆为陆相，但是石炭系同类沉积体系在同一地区连续叠置，这是长时期构造持续下陷和岸线相对稳定的反映。海侵型砂坝─泻湖体系形成于海侵层序中，泻湖沉积物的厚度大于砂坝沉积物的厚度，据此，建立了不同于现代同类沉积体系的地层模式。     

珠江三角洲晚第四纪沉积特征

本文根据钻孔资料和沉积分析资料，研究和探讨了珠江三角洲晚第四纪沉积特征及其沉积层的形成过程。结果表明，珠江三角洲晚第四纪具有两个陆相－海陆过渡相的沉积旋回；在两个沉积旋回之间，包含了一个海退过程。珠江三角洲晚第四纪沉积层是由晚更新世和全新世两套海进河床充填层序和海退进积层序构成。     

海拉尔盆地呼和湖凹陷南屯组层序地层与沉积体系分析

以层序地层学理论为指导,充分利用岩心、测井、地震等资料,依据层序界面反射特征,建立了海拉尔盆地呼和湖凹陷南屯组层序地层格架,将南屯组划分为两个三级层序:层序Sq1相当于南屯组一段,层序Sq2相当于南屯组二段。每个层序发育完整,分别由低水位体系域、水进体系域和高水位体系域组成。针对研究区目的层段所划分层序发育的特点,在层序地层单元划分和对比基础上,对层序格架内的沉积相类型和沉积体系分布规律进行了研究,确定研究区主要发育扇三角洲、辫状河三角洲、湖底扇、湖泊等沉积体系。Sq1层序在凹陷北部发育辫状河三角洲沉积体系, 而在南部发育扇三角洲沉积体系。Sq2层序缓坡带发育辫状河三角洲沉积体系,陡坡带发育扇三角洲沉积体系,湖盆周围发育沼泽相。综合分析各层序沉积特征及演化规律,指出了呼和湖凹陷南部沉积砂体为较有利的勘探区域。     

滦平盆地沉积-构造演化及高精度层序地层特征

为了确切描述扇三角洲各相带空间分布形态与规模, 以便与地下相同类型的沉积体进行比较, 采用精细露头层序地层学的方法, 重点对滦平盆地晚期阶段发育的扇三角洲序列进行了高精度层序划分.在幕式构造作用下, 滦平盆地经历了5期火山喷发和构造沉降演化阶段.在分析目前高精度层序划分意见的基础上, 提出了以初始水泛面作为划分四级层序界面的观点, 建立了若干界面识别标志; 提出了划分五级层序的基本原则.按照上述观点, 对滦平盆地所研究层段进行了高精度层序划分, 共划分了2个层序、15个四级层序和40多个五级层序.剖析了滦平扇三角洲沉积构成, 认为它是属同生断裂构造控制的近源陡坡粗粒浅水为主的扇三角洲体系, 发育了3种沉积组合, 共17种成因相.概括了盆地构造活动性对扇三角洲发育的3种控制模式, 即构造平静期干旱气候发育了缓坡浅水型扇三角洲; 沉降作用为主的构造活动期发育陡坡半深水-浅水型扇三角洲; 盆缘抬升为主的构造活动期则发育陡坡粗粒扇三角洲.研究结论对于中国东部类似盆地的沉积体系类比以及能源勘探开发都具有借鉴意义.      

珠江三角洲晚第四纪环境演化的沉积响应

珠江三角洲是一个复杂的网状河三角洲沉积体系,目前对其第四纪环境演化的历史仍存在多种认识。为进一步查清珠江三角洲地区第四纪环境演化的过程,对位于珠江口西岸的QZK6孔,在沉积结构、构造等研究的基础上,利用AMS14C和光释光(OSL)测年、有机碳同位素、粒度等对第四纪地层的形成年代和沉积特征进行了详细分析。结果显示,该孔39.40~27.38m发育晚更新世风化层、河流等陆相沉积体系,27.38~2.00m发育全新世三角洲沉积体系。其中全新世三角洲沉积又可分为27.38~5.30m由三角洲平原、三角洲前缘和前三角洲组成的退积式三角洲沉积体系,以及5.30~2.00m的河口湾-三角洲前缘进积式三角洲沉积体系。该孔第四纪沉积特征揭示的环境变化,是对末次冰期低海面、早中全新世海面升高及晚全新世下降的响应。     

Holocene stratigraphy and geomorphological evolution of the Aegean coastal plains of Anatolia

Three main stages can be distinguished in the sedimentary development and geomorphological formation of the present delta plains on the Aegean coast of Turkey. The Early Holocene is characterized by post-glacial transgression and dependent sedimentation. The Middle Holocene was the period when sea level reached the present level, and apart from small fluctuations, stopped rising. Alluviation and deltaic progradation were prevalent during this transition period from marine to terrestrial environments. As for the Late Holocene, deltaic progradation slowed down and delta plains were covered by floodplain sediments. These characteristics can be observed in the same sequence throughout the Aegean coast of Turkey.     

Lithological and palynological evidence of late Quaternary depositional environments in the subaqueous Yangtze delta, China

AMS ¹⁴C ages of post-glacial core sediments from the subaqueous Yangtze delta, along with sedimentary structures and distributions of grain size, pollen spores, and dinoflagellate cysts, show an estuarine depositional system from 13 to 8.4 cal ka BP and a deltaic system from 5.9 cal ka BP to the present. The estuarine system consists of intertidal to subtidal flat, estuarine, and estuarine-front facies, characterized by sand–mud couplets and a high sedimentation rate. The deltaic system includes nearshore shelf and prodelta mud featured by lower sedimentation rate, markedly fewer coastal wetland herbaceous pollens, and more dinoflagellate cysts. We explain the extremely high sedimentation rate during 9.2–8.4 cal ka BP at the study site as a result of rapid sea-level rise, high sediment load due to the unstable monsoonal climate, and subaqueous decrease of elevation from inner to outer estuary. A depositional hiatus occurred during 8.2–5.9 cal ka BP, the transition from estuarine to deltaic system, caused possibly by a shortage of sediment supply resulting from delta initiation in paleo-incised Yangtze valley and strong tidal or storm-related reworking in offshore areas. The subsequent development of deltaic system at the study site indicates accelerated progradation of Yangtze delta post-5.9 cal ka BP.     

末次盛冰期以来长江三角洲地区的沉积相和古地理

末次盛冰期低海平面期间,长江三角洲地区可划分为2个古地理单元：古河谷和古河间地。下切河谷底部侵蚀面和古河间地顶面构成了冰后期海侵沉积旋回的底界面,它相当于层序地层学中的层序界面。位于河口湾-浅海相中的最大海侵面将冰后期海侵沉积旋回分为其下的海侵层序和其上的海退层序。随着δ¹⁸O ₃期的海平面下降,长江开始下切,至δ¹⁸O ₂期低海面时形成巨大的下切河谷。冰后期海平面上升引发的海侵造成了长江古河谷系的充填和河床、河漫滩－河口湾和部分河口湾－浅海相的形成,尔后的进积产生了部分河口湾－浅海相及三角洲相等。溯源堆积是产生下部河流沉积单元的主要过程,其中河漫滩沉积中出现的潮汐层理和少量小个体有孔虫说明了海洋因素的影响,河口湾－浅海相泥质沉积主要形成于最大海侵之时,三角洲的进积则产生了具有多期河口坝的三角洲。古河间地表面的硬粘土层经历了沉积和成壤作用交替、持续成壤作用和早期成岩作用,它们大致分别对应于δ¹⁸O ₃期、δ¹⁸O ₂期和δ¹⁸O ₁期,硬粘土层中留下了这3种作用的烙印。长江三角洲古河间地的古土壤母质属河漫滩相。持续成壤阶段河流基面和地下水位均较低,年降雨量约为500～800 mm,相当于现今的温带地区,干湿周期变化明显,地下水升降频繁。所有这些表明,当时并非干旱气候。     

我国南北方三角洲体系沉积特征的对比

根据我国南北方三角洲沉积的特点,提出三角洲沉积体系的共性和特殊性。三角洲的共性包括基本相带的分布,垂直层序和海进河床充填层序;特殊性则是指三角洲砂体的组合、某些相指标,三角洲发育速度和改造程度。海进时溯源堆积在古河谷内形成了海进河床充填层序,而涨潮流和溯源堆积使该层序含某些海陆过渡相特征。南北方河流对已形成的三角洲层序改造程度有明显差异,这是由于南北方构造和气候条件不同所致。     

Distribution of diagenetic alterations in glaciogenic sandstones within a depositional facies and sequence stratigraphic framework: Evidence from the Upper Ordovician of the Murzuq Basin, SW Libya

The spatial and temporal distribution of diagenetic alterations has been constrained in relationship to depositional facies and sequence stratigraphy of the Upper Ordovician glaciogenic quartzarenite sandstones in the Murzuq Basin, SW Libya, which were deposited during the Haritanian glaciation when the basin was laying along the continental margin of Gondwana. Eogenetic alterations encountered include: (i) replacement of detrital silicates, mud matrix and pseudomatrix by kaolinite in paraglacial, tide-dominated deltaic, in foreshore to shoreface (highstand systems tract; HST) and in post-glacial, Gilbert-type deltaic (lowstand systems tract; LST) sandstones, particularly below the sequence boundaries (SB). Kaolinite formation is attributed to the influx of meteoric water during relative sea level fall and basinward shift of the shoreline. (ii) Cementation by calcite (δ¹⁸O_VPDB = − 3.1‰ to + 1.1‰ and δ¹³C_VPDB = + 1.7‰ to + 3.5‰) and Mg-rich siderite in the paraglacial, tide-dominated deltaic and foreshore to shoreface HST sandstones, in the glacial, tide-dominated estuarine (transgressive systems tract; TST) sandstones and in the post-glacial, shoreface TST sandstones is interpreted to have occurred from marine pore-waters. (iii) Cementation by Mg-poor siderite, which occurs in the post-glacial, Gilbert-type deltaic LST sandstones and in the paraglacial, tide-dominated deltaic and foreshore to shoreface HST sandstones, is interpreted to have occurred from meteoric waters during relative sea level fall and basinward shift of the shoreline. (iv) Pervasive cementation by iron oxides has occurred in the glacial, shoreface–offshore TST sandstones and post-glacial, shoreface TST sandstones immediately below the maximum flooding surfaces (MFS), which was presumably enhanced by prolonged residence time of the sediments under oxic diagenetic conditions at the seafloor. (v) Formation of grain-coating infiltrated clays mainly in the glacial, fluvial incised-valley LST sandstones and in the post-glacial, Gilbert-type deltaic LST sandstones as well as, less commonly, in the paraglacial, foreshore to shoreface HST sandstones and in the tide-dominated deltaic HST sandstones below the SBs.

Mesogenetic alterations include mainly the formation of abundant quartz overgrowths in the glacial, fluvial incised-valley LST sandstones, post-glacial, Gilbert-type deltaic LST sandstones and glacial, shoreface TST sandstones, in which early carbonate cements are lacking. Illite, chlorite and albitized feldspars, which occur in small amounts, are most common in the glacial, tide-dominated estuarine TST sandstones and paraglacial, shoreface HST sandstones. This study demonstrates that the spatial and temporal distribution of diagenetic alterations and their impact on reservoir-quality evolution in glacial, paraglacial and post-glacial sandstones can be better elucidated when linked to the depositional facies and sequence stratigraphic framework.     

Facies and sequence stratigraphy of a Late Barremian wave-dominated deltaic deposit, Agadir Basin, Morocco

The late Barremian succession in the Agadir Basin of the Moroccan Western High Atlas represents wave-dominated deltaic deposits. The succession is represented by stacked thickening and coarsening upwards parasequences 5–15 m thick formed during fifth- or fourth-order regression and building a third-order highstand systems tract. Vertical facies transitions in parasequences reflect flooding followed by shoaling of diverse shelf environments ranging from offshore transition interbedded mudstones, siltstones and thin sandstones, lower shoreface/lower delta front hummocky bedforms to upper shoreface/upper delta front cross-bedded sandstones. The regional configuration reflects the progradation of wave-dominated deltas over an offshore setting. The maximum sea-level fall led to the development of a sequence boundary that is an unconformity. The subsequent early Aptian relative sea-level rise contributes to the development of an extensive conglomerate lagged transgressive surface of erosion. The latter and the sequence boundary are amalgamated forming a composite surface.     

Facies characteristics and architecture related to palaeodepth of Holocene fjord–delta sediments

Lithofacies characteristics and depositional geometry of a sandy, prograding delta deposited as part of the Holocene valley‐fill stratigraphy in the Målselv valley, northern Norway, were examined using morpho‐sedimentary mapping, facies analysis of sediments in exposed sections, auger drilling and ground penetrating radar survey. Various lithofacies types record a broad range of depositional processes within an overall coarsening‐upward succession comprising a lowermost prodelta/bottomset unit, an intermediate delta slope/foreset unit containing steeply dipping clinoforms and an uppermost delta plain/topset unit. Bottomset lithofacies typically comprise sand‐silt couplets (tidal rhythmites), bioturbated sands and silts, and flaser and lenticular bedding. These sediments were deposited from suspension fall‐out, partly controlled by tidal currents and fluvial effluent processes. Delta foreset lithofacies comprise massive, inverse graded and normal graded beds deposited by gravity‐driven processes (mainly cohesionless debris flows and turbidity currents) and suspension fall‐out. In places, delta foreset beds show tidal rhythmicity and individual beds can be followed downslope into bottomset beds. Delta plain facies show an upward‐fining succession with trough cross‐beds at the base, followed by planar, laminated and massive beds indicative of a bedload dominated river/distributary system. This study presents a model of deltaic development that can be described with reference to three styles within a continuum related primarily to water depth within a basin of variable geometry: (i) bypass; (ii) shoal‐water; and (iii) deep‐water deltas. Bypass and deep‐water deltas can be considered as end members, whereas shoal‐water deltas are an intermediate type. The bypass delta is characterized by rapid progradation and an absence of delta slope sediments and low basin floor aggradation due to low accommodation space. The shoal‐water delta is characterized by rapid progradation, a short delta slope dominated by gravity‐flow processes and a prodelta area characterized by rapid sea‐floor aggradation due to intense suspension fallout of sandy material. Using tidal rhythmites as time‐markers, a progradation rate of up to 11 m year^?1 has been recorded. The deep‐water delta is characterized by a relatively long delta slope dominated by gravity flows, moderate suspension fall‐out and slow sea‐floor aggradation in the prodelta area.     

Deltaic plain development and environmental changes in the Petite Camargue, Rhone Delta, France, in the past 2000 years

The deltaic plain of the Petite Camargue which constitutes the western part of the Rhone Delta, began its main progradation around 2000 yr ago. Several delta lobes follow each other and have participated in the deltaic evolution. The deltaic lobes have distinct morphologies which reflect the dynamic fluvial and marine processes under the influence of climatic and human controls. Two delta lobe systems were built by the Daladel and Peccaïs channels, after which a deflected wave-influenced delta lobe was formed by the La Ville and Saint-Roman channels. The latest channel, the Rhone Vif channel, is skewed because this channel was completely canalized and engineered up to its mouth in the beginning of the 16th century. Since the avulsion of this channel about 1550 A.D., the coastline of the Petite Camargue has been especially affected by the influence of waves and currents. The spits replaced the beach ridges which juxtaposed themselves and have migrated westward since the 16th century. The formation of the western part of the delta in the last 2000 yr is affected by not only the fluvial sedimentary fluxes and the coastal dynamics to the mouth but also climatic change and human influence.     

Late Holocene depositional environments and coastal evolution of the Mekong River Delta,Southern Vietnam

The Mekong River Delta in Southern Vietnam is a tide-dominated delta and has been formed by the Mekong River system. The sediments are dominantly fine grained and were deposited in the receiving basin with slight inclination of pre-existing deposits in the South China Sea and Gulf of Thailand.Around 6000 to 5000 yr BP maximum Holocene transgression occurred and seawaves surrounded uplands of the Late Pleistocene terrace, basement rock and weathered land in the northern parts of the delta. Double notches were undercut by seawaves on the limestone hill in Hatien at about 4.5 and 2.5 m above present sea level. Marine deposits prevailed throughout the delta. During the highstand and regressions of relative sea level over the last 4550 yr BP, delta progradation has produced a great flat-plain of 62,520 km². This extremely fast progradation could be due to: (a) very high sediment supply depositing in the slight inclination of the receiving basin; (b) neotectonic movements and relative sea-level changes; (c) widespread mangrove forests playing an important role to enhance sediment accumulation. Former mangrove marshy deposits were significantly developed in the Plain of Reeds and Longxuyen Quadrangle. Mangrove marshes have also been developing well in the Camau Peninsula and present coastlines. Moreover, regressions over the last 4550 yr BP have produced many distinct sets of relict beach ridges which are useful in distinguishing the former coastlines and evolutionary history of the delta.     

Fluvial shoal water deltas: pre-vegetation sedimentation through the fluvial–marine transition,Lower Cambrian,English Channel region

Lower Palaeozoic fluvial systems tend to be more sand-prone than those of later eras and the nature of coastal environments less certain. Field studies are presented that characterize the fluvial to marine transition over a distance of 80 km, in the Lower Cambrian of the Cotentin Peninsula, northern France. The sedimentary rocks are divided into six facies associations which represent deposition in proximal fluvial, distal fluvial, delta plain, delta front, pro-delta and offshore carbonate bank environments. The basin fill is sandstone-dominated and subdivided into three stratigraphic intervals. A 200 to 300 m thick basal interval contains very coarse-grained fluvial sandstones deposited during a relative sea level lowstand. An overlying interval, 250 to 1500 m thick, is a facies mosaic. Fluvial strata in the north-west pass laterally south-east into deltaic and shallow marine pro-delta sediments. The delta front deposits show repetitively stacked, upward-coarsening parasequences, 8 to 10 m thick, which reflect the repeated progradation of lobate, fluvially-dominated deltas onto a shallow marine shelf. The deltas formed following marine transgression and accumulated during a period of gradually rising relative sea level. An upper unit, 130 m thick, containing offshore stromatolitic and oolitic limestones, caps the study interval and represents deposition during a relative sea level highstand. The fluvial and delta distributary channel sandstones of the middle unit contain <1% mudstone. The cohesionless substrate determined that deltaic distributaries were predominantly braided in character and subject to common bifurcations which resulted in an ordered diminution of channel size and competence in a seaward direction. Terminal distributary channels show evidence of migratory levées and mouth-bars and consistently delivered fine to medium-grained sand to the delta front. The study highlights an example of pre-vegetation deltaic sedimentation that was hydraulically organized and predictable, despite being fed by braided fluvial systems with high levels of peak discharge.