含煤地层转换波叠后横波波阻抗反演

叠后地震反演方法适用于纵波和横波地震资料的反演,但对转换波地震资料却不适用。为了实现利用转换波剖面得到横波波阻抗信息,通过建立转换波反射系数和横波反射系数之间的关系,直接从转换波地震数据中获取横波反射系数,把转换波叠后波阻抗反演问题转化为横波波阻抗反演问题。基于测井约束反演原理,利用横波反射系数和转换波解释层位建立初始横波波阻抗模型,优选反演处理参数,实现转换波叠后横波波阻抗反演。含煤地层转换波横波波阻抗反演结果,为进一步研究岩性参数比属性奠定了基础。和横波勘探相比,转换波勘探施工方便,工作成本相对低廉,因此利用转换波叠后地震反演获得横波波阻抗,是一种经济的办法。但由于在计算横波反射系数时采用了近似公式,所以反演结果精度会受到一定影响。     

纵横波弹性阻抗联合反演方法

在弹性阻抗反演方法的基础上,充分利用纵波和转换波地震信息,开展了纵横波弹性阻抗联合反演方法研究。首先对转换波反射系数近似精度进行对比分析,选取了转换波弹性阻抗近似公式,并对选取的转换波弹性阻抗公式进行标准化处理;其次详细研究了该反演算法的基本原理,并提出了具体实现流程;最后分别利用二维模型和实际工区的井数据制作叠前角度道集,添加随机噪声,对该反演方法进行模型试算。结果表明,纵横波弹性阻抗联合反演所得纵波速度、横波速度及密度估测值与真实值之间吻合较好;而且与单纯纵波弹性阻抗反演结果相比,纵横波弹性阻抗联合反演所得密度估测值更加稳定,从而为准确储层识别和流体检测提供了可靠的依据。     

PP-PS联合反演含气性预测方法及应用

讨论了利用PP波和PS转换横波进行叠前联合反演的理论和实现方法,结合某油田实际多波地震资料,在叠前联合反演的基础上,对深层火成岩气藏进行了含气性预测。经钻井资料验证,根据联合反演资料预测的气藏结果与井资料吻合较好。实践证明,纵横波叠前联合反演可以避免单纯使用纵波信息进行弹性反演而造成的岩石弹性参数的多解性,提高气藏预测的准确性。     

地震剖面分类与浅层三种波的层位对比

3种波指的是反射纵波,折射纵波,瑞雷面波.层位对比指的是3种波波场特征对比和它们各自反演所得的波速对比.对比的目的是为了确定剖面中形成3种波的地层及其层位,为3种波交叉渗透的联合反演奠定基础.本文所述内容是同时应用3种波,进行多波勘探方法理论的重要组成部分.为适应这种新型多波勘探的正、反演,文中首先以剖面中层数和相邻层之间波速大小关系为依据,介绍剖面分类与命名的方法,而后针对本文主题,论述利用3种波的波场特征和波速关系,进行层位对比的方法.     

叠前多属性概率神经网络反演储层孔隙度

近十年来非线性反演方法(如人工神经网络、遗传算法)在地球物理解释中,得到越来越多的应用,但人工神经网络反演目前通常只采用叠后波阻抗反演结果和叠后地震属性(如振幅、频率和相位)进行预测,而忽略了地震叠前道集中包含的地层信息.这里通过叠前地震反演获得纵波、横波阻抗和密度信息,结合叠前地震属性,综合应用PNN神经网络方法来反演地层孔隙度参数.其过程包括:①提取叠前地震属性和叠前反演纵波、横波阻抗和密度参数;②分析孔隙度和各类叠前属性和叠前弹性参数的相关程度,确定出与孔隙度关系密切的主要参数;③综合叠前反演弹性参数和叠前属性等参数,应用神经网络分析方法反演得出孔隙度体.该方法克服了由于砂泥岩波阻抗重叠造成的叠后波阻抗反演储层预测存在多解性的问题,反演孔隙度体提高了储层识别精度,储层预测和钻井结果一致,符合实际地质规律,证明本方法正确有效.     

多波联合解释提高四川盆地震旦系储层预测的精度

随着研究和钻探的深入,越来越认识到四川盆地川中PLN地区震旦系灯影组复杂的地质背景和储层的非均质性。震旦系灯影组反射特征多变,且存在低速的硅质云岩,其纵波阻抗与储层接近,利用单一纵波无法区分硅质与储层,储层预测难度较大。通过测井数据统计和模型正演综合分析得出,横波阻抗可以有效地识别储层和硅质云岩。通过对实际多波资料的层位标定和层位匹配,联合对比解释纵波和转换波地震剖面,能够有效地识别储层,提高储层预测的精度。     

叠后地质统计学反演在碳酸盐岩储层预测中的应用:以哈拉哈塘油田新垦区块为例

以叠后地质统计学反演方法为依托,重点论述了精细地质模型的建立、储层划分及统计学参数分析、地质统计学反演和等效孔隙度协模拟等关键技术。针对碳酸盐岩储层预测的难题进一步研究,系统地优化了反演的相关参数,通过井震精细标定,提高了储层预测的准确性。本次共有35口井参与试验,结合本区地质特征对总孔隙度大于1.8%的储层进行储层厚度和积分厚度定量分析。结果显示,储层及非储层的空间展布特征直观、清楚,与测井解释结果符合程度高,目的层段已钻井储层与叠后地质统计学反演的储层吻合率达80%以上,说明叠后地质统计学反演预测的远离井的储层分布合理,接近实际地质特征。反演结果具有较高的分辨能力,能更好地反映储层的非均质性,这是常规波阻抗反演无法实现的。     

叠前PS 波Q 值提取与稳定高效的反Q 滤波算法

多波多分量地震勘探是进行岩性油气藏和隐蔽油气藏勘探的一种非常有潜力的方法。但由于实际地层是黏弹介质,造成地震波能量衰减和波形畸变,导致地震资料信噪比和分辨率难以满足油气勘探的精度要求。为更好地利用纵横波信息,需要对PP 波和PS 波进行振幅和相位补偿。通过解析法推导出一种从叠前转换波共炮点道集中提取横波Q 值的方法,将叠后稳定高效的反Q 滤波算法推广到叠前纵波和转换波的反Q 滤波中,改进了沿着纵波和转换波的传播路径进行补偿的叠前反Q 滤波算法,并进一步将常Q 层内的纵波和转换波反Q 滤波振幅补偿算子解耦为时间项和频率项的乘积,在保证补偿效果稳定的前提下,计算效率得到显著提高。     

白云凹陷深水区重力流砂岩储层反演与定量解释

珠江口盆地白云凹陷深水区A气田在珠江组发育重力流砂岩储层,勘探潜力大。由于受到泥质充填和钙质胶结的影响,气层在叠后剖面上振幅强弱差异大,叠前道集AVO响应特征多变,储层及油气预测多解性强。为此,开展储层敏感弹性参数分析,认识到纵波阻抗和纵横波速度比交会能够有效区分该区岩性和含油气性,通过叠前反演能够解决储层预测与烃类检测问题。进一步建立深水区重力流沉积环境下的岩石物理量版,对反演结果进行定量解释,实现了A气田砂体厚度、孔隙度和含气性平面展布规律的预测。预测结果与已钻井吻合率高,孔隙度和气层厚度定量预测值与实际钻探值误差小于15%。同时,弱振幅气层得到有效识别,研究成果为精确计算气田储量规模提供借鉴,并有效指导该区下一步勘探部署。     

基于纵波约束的转换波静校正

在转换波地震勘探中,由于转换波速度低、信噪比差、初至拾取难度大,常规的纵波静校正方法不能有效地解决转换波静校正问题。从同一构造层的纵波和横波的叠加剖面在同相轴上具有相似特征的角度出发,利用速度比进行P-P波拉伸,使之与P-SV波达到同一时间层上,然后匹配校正相应的P-SV波数据,得到P-SV波的长波长静校正量,最后用互相关的方法计算P-SV波的短波长静校正量。利用这种方法对西部某地区地震资料进行了转换波静校正量的求取,并取得了较好的效果。     

联合PP、PS波叠前AVA反演方法

从单一pp波数据中提取出来的弹性参数与岩性以及孔隙内流体之间的联系是不充分的,这就造成了在油藏的解释中包含有大量的不确定性.通过加入PS波数据信息,可以有效降低反演的多解性,提高反演的稳定性.笔者所研究的反演方法是基于精确的Zoeppritz方程,利用广义线性反演方法,通过迭代的思想来反演出纵波速度、横波速度和密度.该方法相对单一pp反演可以有效提高横波速度的估计精度.     

Crustal structure of the Eastern Alps along the TRANSALP profile from wide-angle seismic tomography

The objective of the TRANSALP project is an investigation of the Eastern Alps with regard to their deep structure and dynamic evolution. The core of the project is a 340-km-long seismic profile at 12°E between Munich and Venice. This paper deals with the P-wave velocity distribution as derived from active source travel time tomography. Our database consists of Vibroseis and explosion seismic travel times recorded at up to 100 seismological stations distributed in a 30-km-wide corridor along the profile. In order to derive a velocity and reflector model, we simultaneously inverted refractions and reflections using a derivative of a damped least squares approach for local earthquake tomography. 8000 travel time picks from dense Vibroseis recordings provide the basis for high resolution in the upper crust. Explosion seismic wide-angle reflection travel times constrain both deeper crustal velocities and structure of the crust–mantle boundary with low resolution. In the resulting model, the Adriatic crust shows significantly higher P-wave velocities than the European crust. The European Moho is dipping south at an angle of 7°. The Adriatic Moho dips north with a gentle inclination at shallower depths. This geometry suggests S-directed subduction. Azimuthal variations of the first-break velocities as well as observations of shear wave splitting reveal strong anisotropy in the Tauern Window. We explain this finding by foliations and laminations generated by lateral extrusion. Based on the P-wave model we also localized almost 100 local earthquakes recorded during the 2-month acquisition campaign in 1999. Seismicity patterns in the North seem related to the Inn valley shear zone, and to thrusting of Austroalpine units over European basement. The alignment of deep seismicity in the Trento-Vicenza region with the top of the Adriatic lower crust corroborates the suggestion of a deep thrust fault in the Southern Alps.     

倾斜CCP道集抽取方法及影响因素分析

界面上三维PS波(反射转换横波)的转换点在地表有相应的界面法向投影点,抽取CCP (共转换点)道集的实质就是确定不同方位上投影点距离炮点和对应检波点的比例关系。当界面倾斜时,该比例关系是界面的倾角、倾向、法向深度、炮检方位以及纵横波速度比等参数的函数。就上述参数通过这一比例关系是如何影响共转换点道集的构成及影响程度设计了特定的模型进行讨论。计算结果表明,忽视倾斜界面的影响将引起转换波抽道集的混乱,并造成后期成像的错误。      

裂缝型HTI介质中的弹性阻抗

在回顾封闭平行硬币状裂缝模型的基础上,将裂缝填充物性质、分布密度与背景介质的横纵波速度比,引入裂缝型水平横向各向同性介质纵波、转换横波弹性阻抗公式,并进行归一化弹性阻抗响应特征模拟。分析表明：裂缝介质弹性阻抗呈现方位各向异性,且随裂缝密度加大而增强;纵波、转换横波弹性阻抗在值域分布规律上具有较大区别;在典型砂岩介质的前提下,弹性阻抗差可以作为裂缝含气、含水指示因子定性地识别裂缝填充物性质。     

Seismically constrained two-dimensional crustal thermal structure of the cambay basin

The temperature field within the crust is closely related to tectonic history as well as many other geological processes inside the earth. Therefore, knowledge of the crustal thermal structure of a region is of great importance for its tectonophysical studies. This work deals with the two-dimensional thermal modelling to delineate the crustal thermal structure along a 230 km long Deep Seismic Sounding (DSS) profile in the north Cambay basin. In this work P-wave velocities obtained from the DSS studies have been converted into heat generation values for the computation of temperature distribution. The model result reveals the Curie isotherm at a depth of ≈22 km and Moho temperature at around 900‡C.     

VTI介质转换波速度分析方法研究及应用

速度分析是转换波处理的核心问题之一,采用单平方根方程对具有垂直对称轴的横向各向同性(VTI)介质进行速度分析,使得转换波的处理不依赖于纵波的数据,既简化了转换波处理流程,又消除了由于纵波处理不精确所带来的传递误差。通过理论分析和数值计算,总结并设计了一套求取VTI介质转换波动校正参数的方法和处理流程,总结出了采用双参数扫描法获得较高分辨率和精度所需满足的必要条件。通过批处理和交互结合的方式对实际资料进行处理,取得了较好的处理效果,证明了该方法及软件的正确性。     

不同煤岩介质模型的波场特征研究

准确和形象地分析煤矿微地震波在不同介质中的传播规律,能够为煤矿主动地震勘探以及反演煤矿不同区域内部介质结构提供有效的理论依据。基于二维介质模型,以煤矿典型的煤、岩单一均匀介质模型、煤岩组合多层介质模型、含断层煤岩介质模型以及含水煤岩双相介质模型为例,利用高阶有限差分法对不同煤岩介质进行了波场模拟,分析不同介质的波场特征。研究结果表明,高阶有限差分法可以准确、形象地得到煤岩不同介质条件下的纵横波的波场特征;不同介质模型的波场特征各不相同,在多层煤岩介质中不同介质的分界面会发生纵横波的反射、透射和转换,产生透射波、透射转换波、反射波和反射转换波;在含断层煤岩介质中断层处不仅可以产生透射波、透射转换波、反射波和反射转换波,还可以发生绕射产生绕射波;在含水煤岩双相介质中不仅有快纵波和横波,也会产生慢纵波。不同时刻的波场快照可以进一步形象地描述波场动态特征,都为矿山微震波场分析打下了理论基础。     

Crustal structure of the northeastern margin of the Tibetan plateau from the Songpan-Ganzi terrane to the Ordos basin

The 1000-km-long Darlag–Lanzhou–Jingbian seismic refraction profile is located in the NE margin of the Tibetan plateau. This profile crosses the northern Songpan-Ganzi terrane, the Qinling-Qilian fold system, the Haiyuan arcuate tectonic region, and the stable Ordos basin. The P-wave and S-wave velocity structure and Poisson's ratios reveal many significant characteristics in the profile. The crustal thickness increases from northeast to southwest. The average crustal thickness observed increases from 42 km in the Ordos basin to 63 km in the Songpan-Ganzi terrane. The crust becomes obviously thicker south of the Haiyuan fault and beneath the West-Qinlin Shan. The crustal velocities have significant variations along the profile. The average P-wave velocities for the crystalline crust vary between 6.3 and 6.4 km/s. Beneath the Songpan-Ganzi terrane, West-Qinling Shan, and Haiyuan arcuate tectonic region P-wave velocities of 6.3 km/s are 0.15 km/s lower than the worldwide average of 6.45 km/s. North of the Kunlun fault, with exclusion of the Haiyuan arcuate tectonic region, the average P-wave velocity is 6.4 km/s and only 0.5 km/s lower than the worldwide average. A combination of the P-wave velocity and Poisson's ratio suggests that the crust is dominantly felsic in composition with an intermediate composition at the base. A mafic lower crust is absent in the NE margin of the Tibetan plateau from the Songpan-Ganzi terrane to the Ordos basin. There are low velocity zones in the West-Qinling Shan and the Haiyuan arcuate tectonic region. The low velocity zones have low S-wave velocities and high Poisson's ratios, so it is possible these zones are due to partial melting. The crust is divided into two layers, the upper and the lower crust, with crustal thickening mainly in the lower crust as the NE Tibetan plateau is approached. The results in the study show that the thickness of the lower crust increases from 22 to 38 km as the crustal thickness increases from 42 km in the Ordos basin to 63 km in the Songpan-Ganzi terrane south of the Kunlun fault. Both the Conrad discontinuity and Moho in the West-Qinling Shan and in the Haiyuan arcuate tectonic region are laminated interfaces, implying intense tectonic activity. The arcuate faults and large earthquakes in the Haiyuan arcuate tectonic region are the result of interaction between the Tibetan plateau and the Sino–Korean and Gobi Ala Shan platforms.     

华北东部地区地壳泊松比异常及其成因

利用地震层析成像方法可以提供地壳上地幔P波和S波速度扰动精细图像,进一步换算还可以得到泊松比的图像.但是,与P波和S波速度扰动图像相比,泊松比成像是否具有独特优点还有待研究.通过对华北东部进行了高分辨率地震层析成像研究,作出了该地区地壳速度结构和泊松比的图像,揭示了该区域存在一个高泊松比异常区,位于恒山-北太行-张家口...     

Anomalous lithospheric structure of Northern Juan de Fuca plate — a consequence of oceanic rift propagation?

Anomalous crustal and upper mantle structure of northern Juan de Fuca plate is revealed from wide-angle seismic and gravity modelling. A 2-D velocity model is produced for refraction line II of the 1980 Vancouver Island Seismic Project (VISP80). The refraction data were recorded on three ocean bottom seismometers (OBSs) deployed at the ends and middle of a 110 km line oriented parallel to the North American continental margin. The velocity model is constructed via ray tracing and conforms to first-arrival amplitude observations and travel time picks of direct, converted and reflected phases. Between sub-sediment depths of 3 to 11 km, depths normally associated with the lower crust and upper oceanic mantle, the final model shows that compressional-wave velocities decrease significantly from southeast to northwest along the profile. At sub-sediment depths of 11 km at the northwestern end of the profile, P-wave velocities are as low as 7.2 km/s. A complementary 2-D gravity model using the geometry of the velocity model and velocity–density relationships characteristic of oceanic crust is produced. The high densities required to match the gravity field indicate the presence of peridotites containing 25–30% serpentine by volume, rather than excess gabbroic crust, within the deep low velocity zone. Anomalous travel time delays and unusual reflection characteristics observed from proximal seismic refraction and reflection experiments suggest a broader zone of partially serpentinized peridotites coincident with the trace of a pseudofault. We propose that partial serpentinization of the upper mantle is a consequence of slow spreading at the tip of a propagating rift.