汉江下游河流渗滤系统原生劣质地下水分布特征及影响因素研究

江汉平原原生劣质地下水问题日趋严重,地下水中砷、亚铁、锰、铵态氮含量严重超标,对居民生产生活和饮用水安全造成了不利影响,但相关研究仍较为薄弱。以汉江下游典型河流渗滤系统为研究对象,对研究区内距离汉江5 km及主要支流2 km范围内的地下水样品的水化学成分及原生劣质组分进行测试分析,旨在查明江汉下游河流渗滤系统原生劣质地下水的分布特征,并探讨其主要影响因素。结果显示:平面上,地下水原生劣质组分呈高度空间异质性,相邻的采样点浓度可能相差很大,极大值点多出现在河流拐弯处;垂向上,地下水中As、Fe²⁺、Mn、NH₄-N高值多出现在20 m左右的深度;强烈的还原环境、中性pH值和富含有机质是该层地下水富集原生劣质组分的主要原因;河流渗滤通过改变地下水的氧化还原条件、酸碱条件和有机质含量影响河流渗滤系统原生劣质地下水的分布。     

Advances in Moisture Migration in Vadose Zone of Dryland and Recharge Effects on Groundwater Dynamics

The vadose zone is the zone in between the land surface and above the groundwater table at vertical profile with partial water saturation and under the unsaturation condition, which constitutes the connections among atmospheric water, surface water and groundwater. Soil moisture migration in the vadose zone is a rather complicate process, which controls the rates of groundwater depletion and recharge, and has close hydraulic connections with highly frequent water transfers on the interfaces among the irrigation farmland, sand dunes, wetlands, lakes, and other landscape types. Recent development on soil moisture migration simulations and the application of tracer techniques, geophysical techniques and other geological methods in the vadose zone research, the factors affecting soil moisture migration and groundwater recharge,and soil moisture migration effects on moisture exchange between different landscapes were reviewed in this paper. Several suggestions on the future research were presented here: ① An intense field observation and research database should be initiated and constructed to determine the soil hydraulic parameters, and quantify the influence of moisture migration in vadose zone on the groundwater recharge; ② The proposed observations and researches should learn from the “Critical Zone Observatory”, and focus on the coupling of the soil moisture migration, solute transport and groundwater recharge.     

岩溶区地下水数值模拟研究进展

岩溶含水介质的不均一性导致岩溶地下水流动、溶质运移和热量迁移的数学模拟研究成为地下水模拟的难点。本文综述了岩溶区地下水流模拟的几种方法,重点阐述了等效多孔介质法、双重连续介质法和三重介质法的定义、发展过程和适用范围,并回顾了这几种方法的研究成果。从等效多孔介质法到三重介质法,模拟精度不断提高,适用范围也逐渐由大区域实际问题向小区域理论研究过渡。介绍了溶质运移模拟和热迁移模拟的研究方法及实例。溶质运移模拟以对流弥散方程为基础,其中尺度效应是溶质运移模拟的重点研究问题;热量迁移模拟应考虑地下热水密度变化对地下热水运动的影响。溶质运移模拟和热量迁移模拟往往是将迁移模型和已经调试成功的地下水流动模型相耦合,从而达到模拟溶质及热量迁移的目的。由于溶质运移和热量迁移的复杂性,现阶段水流模型多数处于等效多孔介质模型阶段。综合理论及实际应用,指出精确刻画裂隙及管道和注重基础数学算法是岩溶水数值模拟进步的关键。      

Review of Study on Groundwater Contamination Risk Assessment in Vadose Zone-Aquifer

The vadose zone-aquifer is an important media for water circulation and solute transport in soil, surface water and groundwater. It is a research hotspot in the field of earth science. In this paper, we took the groundwater contamination risk assessment for the vadose zone-aquifers as the review object. The groundwater contamination status of vadose zone-aquifers was pointed out. The characterization of vadose zone-aquifers, the flow and solute transport as well as the key effect parameters were systematically analyzed and the research progresses were reviewed. Finally, the existing problems in the groundwater contaminant risk assessment under the condition of different scales of vadose zone-aquifers and future research direction were pointed out from the perspective of groundwater contaminant risk assessment. In particular, more attention should be paid to the groundwater contamination risk assessment based on percolation threshold.     

非均质含水层中渗流与溶质运移研究进展简

Natural aquifer heterogeneity controls the groundwater flow and solute transport, and how to accurately quantify the flow and solute transport in heterogeneous aquifers has received wide attention by many scholars, and has become a hot research topic in earth science. Theoretically, a systematic review is given by the following aspect: flow and solute transport model, moment analysis, multi scale analysis. The resolved and remained issues for scale conversion in hydrogeology research are pointed out. Secondly, recent advances of heterogeneous field test, uncertainty and velocity connectivity are analyzed. Finally, the geophysical inversion of aquifer heterogeneity, stochastic theory and development of stochastic simulation software, scale conversion and uncertainty of velocity connectivity, and the relationship between heterogeneity and hydrogeological condition on the major four aspects of the future research direction is pointed out.     

地表“矿物膜”半导体矿物光电子调控微生物群落结构演化特性研究

矿物-微生物交互作用广泛参与地球表层系统物质循环与能量流动过程,深刻地影响着一系列重要的地表生物地球化学进程。近年来地表半导体矿物的相关研究,为矿物-微生物交互作用提供了崭新研究方向,揭示地表“日光-半导体矿物-微生物”系统电子传递过程及其环境效应,是地质微生物学交叉领域研究的核心科学问题之一。本研究从地表不同生境“矿物膜”出发,以光电化学技术证实喀斯特、红壤、岩石漆“矿物膜”在1 000 min长时间循环实验中平均光电流值约为5.4、3.4、3.2 μA/cm²,证实“矿物膜”良好日光响应特性且铁锰氧化物矿物在其中发挥核心作用。基于笔者前期研究所发现的“矿物膜”电活性菌富集且与半导体矿物分布呈正相关性这一现象,本文进一步构建模拟光电子红壤细菌群落系统,20天后细菌群落α多样性显著提升,研究证实细菌群落具有模拟光电子响应活性,且电极与溶液群落均具有演化方向性;16S rRNA测序分析表明模拟光电子作用下Shewanella、Pseudomonas、Streptococcus、Lactobacillus、Acinetobacter等电活性菌显著富集。综上,本文研究结果间接证实地表半导体矿物光电子可有效调控微生物群落结构并促进电活性菌在“矿物膜”中富集。     

南伊沟水体水化学及氢氧同位素特征分析

南伊沟是林芝地区重要水源涵养区,研究南伊沟水体水化学和氢氧同位素特征,揭示“三水转化”规律,对提高林芝地区水体水文地球化学研究程度,支撑当地林水关系研究,服务高原地区水生态保护具有重要意义。运用水化学和氢氧同位素分析方法,分析了地区水化学特征、水岩作用情况和水循环特征。结果表明: 南伊沟水体为极低矿化度淡水,地表水水化学类型为HCO₃-Ca·Mg型和SO₄·HCO₃-Ca·Mg型,地下水水化学类型为HCO₃-Ca·Na型; 地表水和地下水的水化学离子成分主要受岩石风化控制,离子来源主要受碳酸盐岩溶解和硅酸盐岩风化影响,地表水中Na⁺、K⁺、Cl^-主要来源于盐岩溶解,同时还受降雨影响,地表水和地下水中Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺主要来源于碳酸盐岩矿物溶解; 地下水和地表水水岩作用较弱,对比上游雅鲁藏布江和拉萨河地表水,大部分δ¹⁸O、δD值具有明显的高度效应和大陆效应; 南伊沟枯水年内强烈的不平衡蒸发作用是导致地区大气降雨线斜率和截距偏小的主要原因之一。     

Research Hotspots of Karst in 2016 Based on Bibliometrics Analysis

Karst is a special type of landscape that is formed by the dissolution of soluble rocks and forces the investigators to pay attention to hydrological and ecological problems, karst hazards, karst management, and the sustainability of karst environments, etc. To better explore the research hotspots of karst in 2016, 1472 papers included in the Web of Science (WoS) and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) were collected and the CiteSpace software was used to generate visualizing information for bibliometrics analysis. The frontiers in the karst research can be reflected, which provides the basis information for scholars to achieve concise objectives and find breakthrough innovation in the future. When karst or stalagmite was selected as the key word, 795 SCI papers published in 2016 were collected. The clustering results of key words in 795 papers showed that the main research hotspots were “karst hydrochemistry”, “karst rocky desertification and biogeochemistry”, “climate change and paleoenvironmental reconstruction” and “karst engineering and hazard”. China has made great contributions to these papers on karst research, which reflects the regional comparative advantage on karst research in China, though Chinese scholars are lacking in the tight linkage with scholars from other countries. Moreover, 677 papers were collected when karst or stalagmite was chosen as the key word in CNKI. The clustering data showed that the main research hotspots in CNKI were “karst hydrochemistry”, “karst rocky desertification and biogeochemistry”, “karst oil and gas resources” and “karst engineering and hazard”. From the above results, it was found that domestic and international research hotspots of karst were different.     

气体水合物生成实验过程动态监测:一种新的ERT方法及其效果分析

现阶段适用于天然气水合物资源开采过程获得其空间分布变化的现场监测技术仍不完善.以电阻率层析成像(ERT)技术为基础,研发一套新的ERT阵列(由两组平行的垂向电极组合而成,每组阵列有24个环形电极)应用于水合物储层动态变化监测模拟实验.通过开展物理模拟实验,采用新的E RT方法对水合物生成过程进行了动态监测,并分析了动态...     

数字地质与数字矿产勘查

矿产勘探的理念,在西方国家被称为“勘探哲学”,是指导矿产勘探的思想、方法、技术、目标和组织。矿产勘查的3个基本要素是“找什么”、“哪里找”和“如何找”。随着“三要素”的发展,矿产勘查的概念正在逐渐变化,“三要素”为改变矿产勘探的概念、方法和技术提供了强大的动力。矿产勘查概念的创新是持续的勘查和开发与时俱进的结果。“数学地质学”和“信息技术”的结合被称为“数字地质学”。数字地质学是地质科学的数据分析的组成部分。地质数据科学是一种根据地质数据的特征和地质工作的需要,利用数据科学的一般方法来研究地质学的科学。数字矿产勘查是数字地质学在矿产勘查中的应用,以减少找矿的不确定性。     

裂隙岩体地下水溶质运移的尺度问题

核废料的安全贮存、地下污染的预测控制等目前面临的许多重大问题要求对大尺度裂隙岩体地下水溶质运移问题进行研究,然而裂隙岩体地下水溶质运移问题的尺度效应给这项研究带来了极大的挑战.本文介绍了裂隙岩体地下水溶质运移的多尺度概念模型及其物理和数学模拟方法,并探讨了模拟尺度与观测尺度、预测尺度、裂隙介质尺度之间的关系及尺度效应的分形特征.     

地下水溶质迁移模拟研究进展

在地下水的相关研究中,农药和石油等地下水污染、土地盐碱化、海水入侵等诸多实际问题主要的研究方法都涉及地下水溶质迁移模拟. 相比地下水水流模拟的相对完善,对溶质迁移的模拟比较薄弱且迁移过程本身复杂性较高,目前地下水溶质迁移的研究工作还处在全面发展的阶段. 文中阐述了反映地下水溶质迁移机理和过程的数学模型,综述了溶质迁移模拟在地下水污染物防治、土地盐碱化、海水入侵、石油和放射性废物扩散等问题的诸多应用,归类了目前溶质迁移模拟所使用的对流迁移、对流-弥散模拟等主要数值方法,并对这些方法的优缺点和应用实例做了总结. 最后,分析了目前溶质迁移模拟中存在的不足,展望了未来在参数确定、裂隙介质运移机理和多相介质条件下运移模拟可能取得的突破.     

沉积相的一些术语定义的评论

近年来,在《古地理学报》(中文版和英文版)的已刊文章和来稿中,一些作者把岩石或岩石类型称作“微相”或“岩相”,把岩石薄片中的微观特征称作“微相”,把岩石的宏观特征称作“宏观相”。笔者曾写过2篇中文的短文《主编的话——岩石不是微相》和《主编的话——岩石不是岩相》,刊于《古地理学报》(中文版)中。但是此二文尚未引起国内外广大读者的关注。还有,在20世纪80年代,一些中国沉积学家根据野外露头和钻井岩心的岩石宏观特征,提出了“亚相”和“微相”。这个“微相”的定义与外国沉积学家在20世纪40年代根据岩石的显微镜下微观特征提出的“微相”的定义完全不同。这些问题屡屡出现从而迫使笔者,作为《古地理学报》(中文版和英文版)的主编,应该遵循“百花齐放和百家争鸣”的方针,再写出1篇中文及英文兼有的新文章,即《沉积相的一些术语定义的评论》(A review on the definitions of terms of sedimentary facies),把沉积相的一些术语,如“相”、“沉积相”、“岩相”、两种“微相”、“宏观相”、“亚相”等术语的定义讲清楚,并把此文同时在《古地理学报》(中文版和英文版)中刊出。希此文能引起国内外广大读者的关注,并撰写文章和参与这些问题讨论及争鸣,争取逐步得到一些共识,从而促进沉积学和古地理学的进步与发展。     

金沙江“11·3”白格堰塞湖溃决洪水事件在奔子栏—石鼓段的地貌作用和沉积特征

古堰塞湖溃决洪水事件的重建是当前地学研究的热点问题之一,寻找足够的可参考的现代溃决洪水事件案例是顺利开展这项工作的基础。2018年11月13日发生在金沙江干流的白格堰塞湖超万年一遇的溃决洪水事件(学术界称之为“11·3”白格堰塞湖溃决洪水事件)就是一个难得的样本。这次溃决事件发生在枯水期,洪峰完全由溃决洪水产生,没有叠加其他来源,对评估流域地貌和沉积体系对堰塞溃决事件的响应有很好的参考价值。本文以溃决洪水事件受灾最为严重的奔子栏—石鼓段为研究区,通过详细的野外调查和初步的水力学估算发现“11·3”白格堰塞湖溃决洪水事件在奔子栏—石鼓段的地貌作用主要表现为洪水淹没区的岸坡塌岸和沉积物堆积,未发现明显的基岩侵蚀。沉积物主要由分选良好的具水平纹层的砂组成。受金沙江较低的河床比降影响,洪水产生的基底剪切应力较弱在27~142 N/m²,不能悬浮和搬运直径5 cm以上的砾石,也不能产生明显的磨蚀和冲(撞)击作用。在发生塌岸的部分段落,洪水沉积物中有砾石坠入,甚至会出现类似浊流沉积的层序。这些现象的发现对深入理解堰塞湖溃决洪水的复杂地貌过程和沉积特征有重要参考意义。     

Research on the Global Warming Hiatus

A global warming “hiatus” has been observed since the beginning of the 21st century despite the increase in heat-trapping greenhouse gases, challenging the current global warming studies. Focusing on the phenomena and mechanisms of the global warming “hiatus”, the National Key Research Program of China launched a project in July, 2016. The main research themes of this project cover: ①Revealing the spatial and temporal variability of the global warming hiatus, and quantifying the contributions of external forcing and internal (natural) variability, respectively; ②Revealing the role of the atmosphere in the global heat and energy redistribution under global warming hiatus; ③Revealing the role of the ocean in the global heat and energy redistribution under global warming hiatus; ④Investigating the predictability of the global warming hiatus. The key scientific issues to be resolved include: ①Identifying characteristics of the global warming hiatus and discerning the roles of decadal, multi-decadal oscillations; ②Revealing the role of ocean-atmosphere dynamical processes in the global redistribution of heat and energy; ③Understanding the predictability of the global warming hiatus. The research aims to predict the future development of the global warming hiatus, and to point out the possible impacts on China and other important areas, including “The Belt and Road” core area and the Polar Regions.     

Formation environment and metallogenic mechanism of Weng'an phosphorite in the Early Sinian,Central Guizhou Province

Weng'an phosphorites are located at the east of Central Guizhou oldland and are important constituent of Hubei-Hunan-Guizhou phosphorite belt. Among them,the Datang ore block developed intact Early Ediacaran stratigraphic sequence,and the phosphorite occurred in the Doushantuo Formation which are divided into the lower layer of dolomite, layer A, the upper layer of dolomite, and layer B. Geochemistry showed that the P₂O₅ concentration of phosphorites in the layer A was higher than that of layer B,while the Sr and Mg/Ca were opposite. These characteristics indicate the degree of aridity and torridity increased from layer A to layer B. δ¹³C,δ¹⁸O,and Z value in layer A are -4.30‰-2.03‰, -11.30‰-7.53‰, and 112119,respectively,and those of layer B are -1.16‰1.49‰, -8.41‰-2.26‰, and 123129,respectively,indicating that the salinity increased from layer A to layer B. Ce_anom of the layer A are greater than -0.1, whereas those of the layer B are less than -0.1, suggesting the redox conditions changing from anoxic to oxic. The NASC-normalized REE distribution patterns of the layer A show “left-inclining”,indicating the input of hydrothermal fluids. Furthermore,the Si,Al,and Ti content in the phosphorite and the periodical change of δ¹³C indicate the input of terrigenous weathering and deep seawater. The “left-inclining”REE plots,high psephicity,and intraclast and blocky textures of phosphate from the layer A collectively suggest the phosphorite formed via mechanical power of seawater. The “hat-shaped”REE plots and microbial debris of phosphate from the layer B indicate the phosphorite formed via microbially mediated accretionary growth.     

黔中瓮安早震旦世磷块岩的形成环境及成因机制*

瓮安磷矿为鄂—湘—黔成矿带的重要组成部分,位于黔中古陆的东侧,其中,大塘矿段位于发育完整的下震旦统陡山沱组中,该组地层自下而上为下白云岩段、A矿层、上白云岩段和B矿层。元素地球化学特征表明: A矿层P₂O₅高于B矿层,而Sr含量、Mg/Ca值却相反,表明从A矿层到B矿层,气候干旱炎热程度升高。碳酸盐C、O同位素表明: δ¹³C、δ¹⁸O和Z值在A矿层分别为-4.30‰~-2.03‰、-11.30‰~-7.53‰、112~119,B矿层分别为-1.16‰~1.49‰、-8.41‰~-2.26‰、123~129,表明A矿层的盐度较低,B矿层的盐度较高。Ce_anom在A矿层均大于-0.1,在B矿层均小于-0.1,另外,Mo、U、V元素在A矿层高于B矿层,表明氧化还原条件从A矿层的还原转变为B矿层的氧化条件。A矿层稀土元素呈“左倾型”配分曲线和热水元素的富集,指示海相热水输入;Si、Al、Ti含量占一定比例,指示了陆源风化物质输入;δ¹³C阶段性变化指示了上升洋流带来的深海海水,因此,陡山沱组磷块岩成矿物质可能有多个来源。A矿层“左倾型”稀土配分曲线以及磷酸盐球状、团块状结构和较高磨圆度,表明其成矿作用机制主要为海水机械动力;B矿层稀土元素呈“帽型”配分模式和大量微生物碎屑发育,表明其成矿机制主要为微生物生长成矿作用,伴随海水机械动力。     

大区域地下水流数值模拟研究现状及存在问题

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