辽东清原地区太古代岩石Rb—Sr年代

清原地区太古界岩石和矿物的Rb-Sr研究给出五个等时线年龄:2924±325Ma(城子疃组麻粒岩),2625±376Ma(通什村组麻粒相岩石),2359±81Ma(线金厂紫苏花岗岩),2366±48Ma(斗虎屯附近混合岩中的包体角闪岩),1639±49Ma(城子疃组麻粒岩的分离矿物)。根据等时线和模式年龄推断:城子疃组和通什村组的火成原岩年龄分别为2900—2800Ma和2600Ma;紫苏花岗岩侵位和麻粒岩相变质作用几乎同时发生于2600Ma前;2360Ma前发生广泛的混合岩化;1640Ma前有后期变质作用叠加。     

冀北张宣高变质花岗岩-绿岩带花岗岩类岩石学、地球化学及锆石铀-铅地质年代学

张宣高变质花岗岩－绿岩带内早期花岗质侵入体是以英云间长岩和花岗间长岩为主体的ＴＴＧ岩系，经历了麻粒岩相高级变质作用的改造，已变质成以含紫苏辉石为特征的片麻岩类岩石。麻粒岩相峰期变质作用的时代为２３９０±１９Ｍａ。紫苏花岗岩属典型岩浆成因侵入岩，其侵位成岩时代为２３９０±２４Ｍａ，是区域麻粒岩相峰期变质作用期间长英质熔浆直接结晶的产物。钾质花岗岩类具多种不同的岩石类型，为一系列小规模的富钾质花岗岩侵入体，是与紫苏花岗岩同一构造岩浆活动事件的产物。麻粒岩相峰期变质作用、岩浆活动时代的一致性，表明了本区太古宙末－古元古代早期，由于大规模构造运动，麻粒岩相变质作用由峰期变质条件向相对低温低压条件演化、花岗岩－绿岩带基底岩石由地壳深部向地壳浅部抬升、并同时伴随紫苏花岗岩及钾质花岗岩等大规模岩浆侵入活动的区域地壳演化规律。     

略谈藏东吉塘群

[摘 要]以往的研究工作将藏东吉塘群分两个组:上部以片岩、变质砂砾岩为主的地层名酉西组;下部以片岩、片麻岩、混合岩为主的地层名恩达组,时代均属前震旦纪。近几年,开展1:25 万编图项目的研究,恩达组可细分为两个岩性段:混合岩段和以片岩、片麻岩、变粒岩、斜长角闪岩及大理岩共同组成的深变质岩段。酉西组中获得新的同位素年龄:240±12Ma( 锆石U-Pb)、226±2Ma( 白云母Ar-Ar),时代可能为古生代,更名为酉西岩群。恩达组的混合岩中新获得锆石SHRIMP U-Pb 同位素年龄254±8Ma、232±9Ma、227±1.8Ma,原1:20 万类乌齐、拉多幅曾于相当恩达组的花岗片麻岩中获得锆石U-Pb年龄253±9Ma、195Ma,这一岩段的混合岩可能是华力西至燕山期变形变质的花岗岩侵入体,应从吉塘群中分离出去。原恩达组中除混合岩外的地层更名为吉塘岩群,时代属古中元古代。     

川西沙坝麻粒岩的Sm-Nd和Rb-Sr同位素年龄及其地质意义

首次测定扬子板块西缘古老的结晶基底岩石沙坝麻粒岩Sm Nd矿物等时线年龄为 114 0± 110Ma ,代表中元古代末期麻粒岩相变质作用时代。Rb -Sr矿物等时线年龄为 2 18± 11Ma ,可能为晚古生代至早中生代基性岩浆侵入的热扰动改造年龄。其亏损地幔模式年龄TDM 为115 8Ma ,表明沙坝麻粒岩的原岩在成岩之后不久即经受麻粒岩相变质作用。根据上述年龄以及紫苏辉石中Nd同位素封闭温度和40 Ar/ 3 9Ar年龄等资料的计算表明 ,以沙坝麻粒岩为代表的下地壳岩石抬升运动速率是缓慢的     

北祁连山西段柳沟峡花岗质片麻岩锆石Ｕ-Ｐｂ法测年研究

柳沟峡花岗质片麻岩是在鱼儿红幅1∶5万区调过程中从北大河岩群变质杂体中解体出的古花岗质侵入体。通过对其进行单矿物锆石U-Pb法年龄测定,获得了(1463±74)Ma和(623±138)Ma两组年龄值。结合区调成果认为(1463±74)Ma代表古花岗质侵入体上侵就位时代,(623±138)Ma代表后期叠加的变形变质热事件时代。两组年龄的获得为北祁连山早期大陆裂解及碰撞造山作用的确定提供了直接证据。     

蛇绿岩及蛇绿岩中浅色岩的SHRIMP U-Pb测年

文中简要评述了蛇绿岩的层状辉长岩,斜长岩和斜长花岗岩,以橄榄岩为主岩的花岗岩和蛇绿岩中的埃达克岩的锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄的地质意义。层状辉长岩(或堆晶层状辉长岩)通常起源于洋脊下的岩浆房,因而它的形成年龄代表洋壳形成的时代。斜长岩与层状辉长岩的时代相近或略晚。斜长花岗岩年龄的解释极其依赖锆石组成和地球化学证据。橄榄岩为主岩的花岗岩,可能记录蛇绿岩的侵位时代。蛇绿岩中的埃达克岩是消减洋壳在深部的部分熔融的产物。文中发表了新疆扎河坝蛇绿岩SHRIMP定年的中间成果,并简略地介绍了滇川西部金沙江和内蒙古图林凯等地的研究实例。根据层状辉长岩的测定结果,扎河坝蛇绿岩形成于(489±4)Ma,金沙江蛇绿岩形成于(328±8)Ma。内蒙古图林凯蛇绿岩中埃达克岩形成于(467±13)Ma～(429±7)Ma。块状辉长岩、斜长花岗岩和橄榄岩为主岩的花岗质岩石记录了蛇绿岩的复杂演化。新疆扎河坝蛇绿岩中的块状辉长岩中存在多组锆石年龄值。较老的一组为468～511 Ma,与层状辉长岩和斜长岩相似,记录了蛇绿岩或洋壳的形成时代,但是,岩石中的大部分锆石年龄为396～419 Ma,加权平均年龄为(406±4)Ma,可能反映了一次部分熔融事件。滇川西部金沙江蛇绿岩中的斜长花岗岩的形成年龄为约300～285Ma,晚于层状辉长岩和?     

阿尔金山克塔什塔格早前寒武纪岩浆活动的年代学证据

在阿尔金山阿克塔什塔格曾测得3605±43Ma的单颗粒锆石U-Pb年龄数据,获得了古老地壳存在的同位素年代学信息。近年来根据野外的实际资料,建立了早前寒武纪岩浆活动的相对序列,这些热事件序列可分为早期花岗岩和二长花岗岩侵入体、英云闪长岩侵入体(赋存有斜长角闪岩的包体)、奥长花岗岩、基性岩墙群和石英二长岩脉等。目前除斜长角闪岩包体和基性岩墙群尚未获得同位素年龄外,其他各期侵入体均已获得单颗粒锆石U-Pb测年数据。在野外建立热事件相对序列的基础上,通过单颗粒锆石U-Pb法测年和Sm-Nd同位素示踪研究,初步建立了该区早前寒武纪岩浆活动的年代格架:石英二长岩(脉):1825±23Ma,T_(DM)=2920Ma;奥长花岗(片麻)岩:2374±10Ma,T_(DM)=3460Ma;英云闪长(片麻)岩:2604±102 Ma,T_(DM)=3063Ma;二长花岗(片麻)岩:3096±17Ma,T_(DM)=2978Ma;花岗(片麻)岩:3605±43Ma,T_(DM)=3528Ma。根据上述年代学和钕同位素地球化学资料,证明阿克塔什塔格是我国西部最古老的地壳出露区,在太古宙3.5～3.6Ga和3.0～3.1Ga时期各有一次造壳活动,而太古宙末约2.6Ga则表现为地壳的活化再造。阿尔金山阿克塔什塔格不仅是我国西部最老地壳出露区,也是早前寒武纪岩浆事件序列保存最完整的地区。该区早前寒武纪岩浆活动序列和年代格     

前寒武纪地质历史中的紫苏花岗岩

麻粒岩-紫苏花岗岩杂岩在世界上的前寒武纪地体中广泛发育,它们形成于2.5Ga的地质历史时期,出现在时间跨度不同的几个阶段,它们对于大陆壳的形成具有重要性。形成紫苏花岗岩且产生区域麻粒岩-片麻岩杂岩的主要也是最长的阶段发生在3.1～2.6Ga。这些紫苏花岗岩具有全球分布特点,包括印度、澳大利亚、非洲、格陵兰、加拿大、南美、南极、中国和苏联等克拉通区,在太古代以后的活动带中也有出现。自元古代至文德期包括了几期紫苏花岗岩的形成:Svecof(?)nnian(1950～1650Ma)Freiser-Musg(?)ave(1400～1200Ma),格林威尔期(1100～900Ma),泛非期(650～600Ma)。不同麻粒岩-紫苏花岗岩杂岩的构造位置不同。区域性麻粒岩与紫苏花岗岩限于古老陆核,即太古宙克拉通。其构造型式受多期褶皱作用控制,即受几期同斜、紧闭和开阔褶皱的综合控制。这些褶皱构造形成等轴状或卵形宽缓穹窿窿起。区域麻粒岩相变质     

南沙微地块花岗质岩石LA ICP MS锆石U Pb定年及其地质意义

南沙微地块一直被作为华南大陆的一部分,但缺乏基底岩石学证据的支持。本文首次报道了南沙微地块花岗质岩石岩浆锆石年龄。测年方法为激光剥蚀等离子体质谱（LAICPMS）测年技术。在站位S0818获得2个斜长花岗岩样品年龄: 分别为159.1±1.6 Ma和157.8±1.0 Ma,在站位S0832获得两个二长花岗岩样品年龄: 分别为153.6±0.3 Ma和127.2±0.2 Ma, 表明它们为燕山期晚侏罗世—早白垩世岩浆事件的产物。其中153～159 Ma年龄值可与南岭燕山期花岗岩年龄比较,而127 Ma年龄值可与浙闽沿海燕山期花岗岩年龄对比。一个样品中存在一个年龄为656.7 Ma的残余锆石核,结合中西沙发现的前寒武纪基底岩石资料,表明南海内散落的微地块可能广泛存在前寒武纪结晶基底,本区中生代花岗岩为古老陆壳重熔形成的。这一新的资料,对研究燕山期岩浆作用在中国南部的影响范围、南海微陆块前寒武纪地质及微陆块的裂离动力学都具有重要意义。     

拉萨地块东南缘晚白垩世高温变质作用及其地质意义:来自石英出溶金红石的证据和锆石U-Pb定年

文中对拉萨地块东南缘林芝杂岩中的含榴斜长角闪岩进行了详细的岩相学研究和锆石U-Pb定年。岩相学观察表明,含榴斜长角闪岩经历了峰期麻粒岩相变质和角闪岩相退变质作用。峰期麻粒岩相矿物组合为石榴子石+高Ti角闪石+紫苏辉石+斜长石+石英+金红石,其中的石榴子石、石英和角闪石中含有大量金红石出溶体,说明这些矿物的初始成分具有高Ti含量。角闪岩相退变质矿物组合为低Ti角闪石+斜长石+斜黝帘石+石英+金红石。利用Ti在石英中的含量(TitaniQ)温度计计算得到峰期麻粒岩相变质温度为803～924℃,后期角闪岩相退变质温度为555～732℃。样品中的锆石具有明显的核边结构,核部为典型岩浆型锆石,具有高的Th/U值,强烈富集HREE,明显的正Ce异常和负Eu异常,206Pb/238U年龄为(89.3±0.6)Ma,代表含榴斜长角闪岩原岩结晶年龄。锆石边部呈无环带结构,同核部相比,具有低的Th/U值,低的M-HREE和弱的Eu负异常,为变质峰期生长的锆石,206Pb/238U年龄为(81.1±0.8)Ma,代表麻粒岩相峰期变质年龄。我们认为约81Ma高温麻粒岩相变质作用可能与洋中脊俯冲造成的板片窗导致的软流圈上涌有关。     

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

混凝剂处理钻井废泥浆液的研究

通过烧杯搅拌实验对混凝剂处理钻井废泥浆液进行研究,从混凝剂适应p H值范围、混凝效果、沉降速度三方面研究比较,找出一种较为理想的混凝剂,并分析了影响混凝剂性能的主要因素,确定了混凝剂的最佳投放剂量。      

黄河源区水环境变化及黄河出现冬季断流的原因

自1954年有水文观测资料以来，黄河曾在青海省玛多县黄河沿水文站发生过3次断流。本文在分析黄河源区水环境特征及其影响因素的基础上指出，鄂陵湖、扎陵湖的环湖融区调节能力低，当遇到连续干旱、冬季其调节水量不足以维系黄河径流时便会发生断流，这是断流的主因。湖水位降低、开采沙金、过度放牧等自然和人为因素也会对黄河发生断流产生影响。鄂陵湖口附近黄河上修建的水电站开始蓄水，提高了两湖及环湖融区的调节能力，今后黄河冬季出现断流的可能性将大为降低。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the     

天山南坡科其喀尔冰川表碛区小气候特征研究

利用天山南坡科其喀尔冰川3号观测站2009年全年的气象观测资料,分析研究了科其喀尔冰川表碛区的小气候特征. 结果表明：总辐射和净辐射夏秋季较高、冬春季较低;反射辐射和地表反照率反之. 与其他地区不同,该区主要受积雪物理性质和下垫面状况的影响,冬春季地表反照率日变化表现为由大到小的变化过程,夏秋季表现为倒U型. 温度年变化表现为夏秋季高、冬春季低,最高月均值出现在8月,为9.4℃,最低月均值出现在1月,为-9.6℃. 受山谷风和冰川风的影响,全年的风向以西北风和西北偏西风为主,风向的日变化以11：00为界发生转向. 受降水和冰川消融等的影响,比湿夏秋季月均值较大,冬春季月均值较小.     

Climate: Is the past the key to the future?

 The climate of the Holocene is not well suited to be the baseline for the climate of the planet. It is an interglacial, a state typical of only 10% of the past few million years. It is a time of relative sea-level stability after a rapid 130-m rise from the lowstand during the last glacial maximum. Physical geologic processes are operating at unusual rates and much of the geochemical system is not in a steady state. During most of the Phanerozoic there have been no continental ice sheets on the earth, and the planet’s meridional temperature gradient has been much less than it is presently. Major factors influencing climate are insolation, greenhouse gases, paleogeography, and vegetation; the first two are discussed in this paper. Changes in the earth’s orbital parameters affect the amount of radiation received from the sun at different latitudes over the course of the year. During the last climate cycle, the waxing and waning of the northern hemisphere continental ice sheets closely followed the changes in summer insolation at the latitude of the northern hemisphere polar circle. The overall intensity of insolation in the northern hemisphere is governed by the precession of the earth’s axis of rotation, and the precession and ellipticity of the earth’s orbit. At the polar circle a meridional minimum of summer insolation becomes alternately more and less pronounced as the obliquity of the earth’s axis of rotation changes. Feedback processes amplify the insolation signal. Greenhouse gases (H₂O, CO₂, CH₄, CFCs) modulate the insolation-driven climate. The atmospheric content of CO₂ during the last glacial maximum was approximately 30% less than during the present interglacial. A variety of possible causes for this change have been postulated. The present burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and cement manufacture since the beginning of the industrial revolution have added CO₂ to the atmosphere when its content due to glacial-interglacial variation was already at a maximum. Anthropogenic activity has increased the CO₂ content of the atmosphere to 130% of its previous Holocene level, probably higher than at any time during the past few million years. During the Late Cretaceous the atmospheric CO₂ content was probably about four times that of the present, the level to which it may rise at the end of the next century. The results of a Campanian (80 Ma) climate simulation suggest that the positive feedback between CO₂ and another important greenhouse gas, H₂O, raised the earth’s temperature to a level where latent heat transport became much more significant than it is presently, and operated efficiently at all latitudes. Atmospheric high- and low-pressure systems were as much the result of variations in the vapor content of the air as of temperature differences. In our present state of knowledge, future climate change is unpredictable because by adding CO₂ to the atmosphere we are forcing the climate toward a “greenhouse” mode when it is accustomed to moving between the glacial–interglacial “icehouse” states that reflect the waxing and waning of ice sheets. At the same time we are replacing freely transpiring C3 plants with water-conserving C4 plants, producing a global vegetation complex that has no past analog. The past climates of the earth cannot be used as a direct guide to what may occur in the future. To understand what may happen in the future we must learn about the first principles of physics and chemistry related to the earth’s system. The fundamental mechanisms of the climate system are best explored in simulations of the earth’s ancient extreme climates. Received: 7 November 1996/Accepted: 23 January 1997