闽南-台湾浅滩陆架沉积砂中石英颗粒表面的微结构

石英颗粒表面微结构的研究是随着电子显微镜应用到地质学上而发展起来的。近年来利用扫描电镜观察石英颗粒表面形态特征及差异来研究沉积物物质来源、搬运方式和沉积环境已在我国开展起来。本文是在对闽南-台湾浅滩陆架的地形、沉积物粒度研究基础上,用JSM-50A扫描电镜观察、研究石英颗粒表面微结构时,发现调查海区的(中砂)沉积物中的石英颗粒具有各种微结构,反映特有的沉积环境。     

双壳纲韧带文石纤维的纳米形貌及光学反射特征

采用场发射扫描电镜及微型光纤光谱仪对21种双壳纲韧带中文石纤维的纳米形貌及光学反射特征进行研究,经过对比分析及统计结果表明:形貌上,文石纤维是由约30 nm～80 nm的亚颗粒沿纤维轴向排列而成,呈串珠状结构;纤维横截面常呈近六边形或浑圆形,但棕带仙女蛤、砗蚝及粒帽蚶呈长六边形.纤维直径及相邻纤维间距与生物种类有关,变化范围分别为65 nm～222 nm及88 nm～214 nm.除了砗蚝及粒帽蚶韧带无光学反射外,其他韧带均存在位于可见光范围内单反射峰,并随湿润程度增大而增加,反射强度也增大主波长还发生红移,从而导致韧带的水致变色现象,变色范围为28 nm～145 nm.韧带文石纤维独特的纳米形貌及其复杂的水致变色现象的发现对生物的矿物学及光子学研究具有重要的意义.     

Zn_3(PhCH=CHCOO)_6(phen)_2·H_2O的纳米晶结构计算及环境属性

Zn3(PhCH=CHCOO)6(phen)2.H2O晶体具有与锰氧化物及锰氢氧化物类似的微结构,在生成环境与晶体化学微结构方面有明显的环境属性,是一种新生环境矿物.为研究其纳米晶结构、最佳纳米尺度和环境矿物属性,在溶液法合成该配合物晶体的基础上,采用纳米晶参数计算方法,对该配合物纳米级微粒的晶胞数、原子数、表面原子数和表面活性随微粒在纳米尺度范围内的变化进行了计算,对比锰氢氧化物结构,发现该配合物晶体活性、表面效应与颗粒尺度有密切关系,内部结构具有鲜明的环境属性.结合晶体颗粒的比表面积与总原子数相对颗粒尺度的变化关系,理论上确定了该颗粒最佳纳米化尺度为138nm,为此类物质纳米晶在环境方面的研究应用奠定了基础.     

天然富勒烯及其在P-T界线地层的研究进展

富勒烯（Fullerene）为除金刚石和石墨外碳元素的第三种同素异形体，自Kroto等1985年发现以来，对富勒烯的研究一直是世界性的热点话题，并在多个方面取得重要进展。它具有稳定的封闭笼状结构，被认为在星际空间广泛存在。富勒烯的形成条件特殊，普通的地球环境和地质过程不利于富勒烯的生成。1992年天然富勒烯在俄罗斯前寒武纪地层桑加岩（Shungite）中被发现，引起了人们对天然富勒烯研究的兴趣。随着富勒烯在陨石和撞击构造中的发现，人们更加关注事件地层中富勒烯存在的可能性以及它们的可能来源。二叠纪—三叠纪（P-T）之交发生了地质历史上规模最大的生物灭绝事件，因此，学者十分关注P-T界线地层中是否能检测到天然富勒烯的的存在。文章回顾了富勒烯在陨石、撞击构造、K-T界线地层和P T界线地层的研究进展，并重点对P-T界线富勒烯的存在问题进行讨论，指出从样品采集到样品测试，每一个环节都可能影响富勒烯的检出。P-T界线地层富勒烯可能源于陨石撞击、天然大火等极端地质事件，而包裹在富勒烯碳笼的稀有气体的同位素组成提供了进一步区分的重要证据。事件地层中普遍存在富勒烯，表明天然富勒烯可以作为地层中发生过重大灾变事件的重要的地球化学指标，而具有异常稀有气体同位素组成的富勒烯则是地外撞击事件的最直接证据。     

饱和软土微结构分形特征的试验研究

分形几何学是研究具有自相似性的不规则曲线、具有自反演性的不规则图形、具有自平方性的分形变换以及具有自仿射的分形集等内容的一种理论,是岩土微观结构力学研究和应用的新的生长点。将分形几何学的理论运用于饱和软土微结构研究,关键是获得微结构的参数。利用液氮真空冷冻制样技术、扫描电子显微镜技术和计算机图像处理技术,对广东科学中心饱和软土颗粒分布分维值和孔隙分布分维值等微结构分形参数进行了提取,采用回归分析的方法,对颗粒分布分维值、孔隙分布分维值和孔隙度的关系进行了分析,明确了颗粒分布分维、孔隙分布分维等微结构参数的分形特征的宏观本质。     

天然富勒烯及煤中的富勒烯

天然富勒烯的研究是富勒烯科学和地质科学相交叉的一个新兴的研究领域，是当前的研究热点之一。本文总结了天然富勒烯在自然界的分布、成因及研究现状，从碳稳定同位素系列入手重点讨论了煤中的富勒烯C60的初步成因，并简述了其研究意义；     

固结与荷载耦合作用下吹填土力学性质与微结构参数关联性

固结条件与荷载条件对吹填土的力学特性具有明显的影响,且土的微观结构特征是决定其宏观力学性质的本质因素,为了研究吹填软土力学特性在不同固结条件和荷载条件下的变化规律及与微结构参数的关联性,对天津滨海新区重塑吹填软土进行不同初始固结条件与荷载效应综合作用下的蠕变试验和微观结构测试,研究此条件下吹填土力学特性的变化规律,并通过灰色关联度理论建立宏观力学参数与微结构参数之间的关联性。试验结果表明:稳定性蠕变对吹填软土强度的增长起到积极作用,有偏压固结较无偏压固结强度增长更快,且初始固结越充分,强度增长越快;随蠕变时间的增加,颗粒的等效直径、形态比和圆度呈增大的趋势,而颗粒和孔隙的数量与周长、孔隙的等效直径、形态比和圆度则呈减小的趋势;抗剪强度指标C,φ值随颗粒等效直径、形态比和圆度的增大而增大,但随颗粒和孔隙的数量与周长、孔隙的等效直径、形态比和圆度的增大而减小。关联度分析表明,颗粒（孔隙）等效直径和圆度是影响吹填土力学性质演化的重要微结构参数,固结与蠕变越充分,土体微结构参数调整越稳定,强度越高。     

洛川黄土纳米尺度观察：纳米棒状方解石

本文对洛川黄土剖面典型样品进行了透射电镜分析，发现黄土中存在纳米棒状方解石。此类方解石直径30～50nm，长度几百纳米至几微米。纳米棒状晶体有圆滑地粗细变化和弯曲现象，偶见晶体连接成树枝状或晶体直角连接形成框架状形态。X-射线能谱分析显示方解石有少量的镁、磷和硫，这种纳米棒状方解石在国内外文献中鲜有报道。根据纳米尺度研究结果推测，这种纳米棒状方解石形成与生物衍生物诱导的定向结晶有关。纳米棒状方解石是一种重要的黄土堆积时期干旱环境指示矿物，其碳、氧稳定同位素组成代表黄土堆积时气候参数。纳米棒状方解石的发现，对环境中纳米矿物研究、黄土中碳酸盐碳成因及古气候研究具有重要价值。     

软土固结过程中的微结构变化特征

从粘性土体结构系统观点出发 ,建立了土体结构形态概念模型 ,即土体微结构形态由颗粒形态、颗粒排列方式、孔隙性和颗粒接触关系 4种结构要素定性描述 ,这 4种结构要素分别由颗粒大小、颗粒形状、颗粒定向性等 9种结构参数定量刻划。根据土体具有的非线性特征 ,运用分形几何理论提出了粒度分维、颗粒定向分维等 7项定量表征土体微结构状态的分维指标。在此基础上 ,以厦门软土为例开展了软土固结过程中的微结构变化规律研究 ,发现固结过程中软土微结构要素调整变化具有明显的阶段性 ,前期为剧烈调整阶段 ,后期为缓慢变化阶段 ,整体表现为分维指标下降的趋势 ,从而为软土结构力学模型的建立奠定了基础。     

黄土颗粒结构特征及其对剪切行为的影响

微结构控制着黄土的宏观力学行为,进而影响着工程土体稳定性。本文通过X射线CT试验研究了陕西泾阳Q₂黄土试样的三维颗粒结构特征,结合三轴剪切试验建立了黄土的颗粒流离散元数值计算模型,探讨了颗粒尺寸、形态和排列等结构特征对黄土剪切行为的影响。结果表明黄土试样颗粒的等效直径分布满足Weibull概率分布,球度分布符合Gamma分布,颗粒最大Feret直径方向角集中分布在与地层近平行的方向,表现出横观各向同性的排列特征。颗粒尺寸分布与颗粒球度值对试样的剪切破坏方式影响较小,主要影响试样的剪切强度特征:颗粒尺寸分布越均匀,试样应变硬化现象越显著,抗剪强度越高;椭圆形颗粒的球度值越小,试样的应变硬化现象越显著,但抗剪强度相对越低。颗粒排列方式对剪切行为的影响较显著,颗粒方向主要垂直于轴向加载方向时,试样具有较大的峰值强度和应力降,形成贯通的剪切破坏面;颗粒方向主要平行于轴向加载方向时,试样具有较低的抗剪强度,表现为塑性剪切破坏。     

吉林省粉煤灰的物理和化学特征

首次对吉林省10个大中型热电厂的粉煤灰特征进行较系统的研究,查明了各热电厂粉煤灰的化学成分、物理性质（密度、堆积密度、实密度、粒度）和物质组成。这些特征作为商品粉煤灰的重要经济技术参数决定粉煤灰利用方向,所以该项研究具有重要的意义。     

北京、郑州和深圳三城市空气中气溶胶单颗粒特征的扫描电镜分析

分别采集北京、深圳和郑州3个城市气溶胶样品,使用场发射扫锚电镜-能谱仪观察气溶胶单颗粒的显微形貌和元素组成,并利用图像分析系统对PM2.5的粒径进行了分析。结果表明,城市气溶胶单颗粒类型以矿物颗粒、烟尘和球形颗粒(飞灰和二次粒子)为主。对比3个城市气溶胶中不同颗粒类型数量百分比发现,矿物颗粒数量最多的城市是北京,飞灰和烟尘数量最多的城市是郑州,而规则矿物颗粒数量最多的城市是深圳。3个城市气溶胶单颗粒的数量-粒径分布均呈单峰分布。深圳气溶胶中颗粒物的粒径相对较小,其次为郑州、北京。3个城市气溶胶中颗粒物来源不同程度上都受到交通污染源影响,而燃煤源对北京和郑州气溶胶中颗粒物来源影响仍然不容忽视。     

Molecular mechanics and quantum mechanical modeling of hexane soot structure and interactions with pyrene

Molecular simulations (energy minimizations and molecular dynamics) of an n-hexane soot model developed by Smith and co-workers (M. S. Akhter, A. R. Chughtai and D. M. Smith, Appl. Spectrosc., 1985, 39, 143; ref. 1) were performed. The MM+ (N. L. Allinger, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1977, 395, 157; ref. 2) and COMPASS (H. Sun, J. Phys. Chem., 1998, 102, 7338; ref. 3) force fields were tested for their ability to produce realistic soot nanoparticle structure. The interaction of pyrene with the model soot was simulated. Quantum mechanical calculations on smaller soot fragments were carried out. Starting from an initial 2D structure, energy minimizations are not able to produce the observed layering within soot with either force field. Results of molecular dynamics simulations indicate that the COMPASS force field does a reasonably accurate job of reproducing observations of soot structure. Increasing the system size from a 683 to a 2732 atom soot model does not have a significant effect on predicted structures. Neither does the addition of water molecules surrounding the soot model. Pyrene fits within the soot structure without disrupting the interlayer spacing. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), such as pyrene, may strongly partition into soot and have slow desorption kinetics because the PAH-soot bonding is similar to soot–soot interactions. Diffusion of PAH into soot micropores may allow the PAH to be irreversibly adsorbed and sequestered so that they partition slowly back into an aqueous phase causing dis-equilibrium between soil organic matter and porewater.     

Characterisation and evaluation of reference materials for black carbon analysis using elemental composition, colour, BET surface area and C NMR spectroscopy

A recent comparative exercise found that different black carbon (BC) quantification methods produced widely varying results for a set of BC reference materials that included three laboratory-produced BC-rich materials, five environmental BC matrices and four samples of non-BC organic matter. This variation was attributed to a range of physical and chemical properties of the samples that could, in various ways, result in the over- or under-detection of BC in some or all of the techniques. Here the most pertinent chemical and physical characteristics of the samples are presented, including elemental analysis, lightness measurements, BET surface area measurements and ¹³C NMR analysis. Amongst the BC-rich materials, soot and char could be distinguished from one another mainly on the basis of H/C and O/C ratios, NMR observability and BET surface area. The results indicate that the aromatic structures in the soot are more highly condensed, and this explains why some BC quantification techniques detect these two materials differently. The non-BC potentially interfering materials were shown to share properties with the BC-rich materials (high C content, low lightness values and high aromaticity) that are used for certain BC quantification methods. This may lead to overestimation of BC unless these interfering materials are removed during pre-treatment. The environmental matrices were found to have relatively high amounts of metal oxides that have the potential to catalyse or inhibit thermal and chemical reactions during BC analysis.     

Differentiation of charcoal,soot and diagenetic carbon in soil: Method comparison and perspectives

The various sources of pyrogenic and coalified carbon (black carbon, BC) in soil have considerable structural heterogeneity, making the quantification of BC a challenge. This study was aimed at evaluating the capability of different detection procedures to recover different types of BC from soil. We added defined quantities of urban dust (UD, NIST SRM1649a), diesel particulate matter (DPM, NIST SRM2975), charcoal, lignite, bituminous coal and wood to four topsoil samples. Mixtures were analyzed by way of chemo-thermal oxidation (CTO), thermal gradient oxidation (ThG), the benzene polycarboxylic acid method (BPCA) and mid-infrared spectroscopy (MIRS). CTO returned good quantification of soot BC in the pure DPM, yet the recovery of soot BC from soil was unsatisfactory (18–270%). ThG gave good precision but lower values for pure soot BC. It severely overestimated the BC content for all soil-standard mixtures. The BPCA method gave a low return for soot BC, but for the spiked soil it reliably detected charcoal and coalified C (69–107% avg. recovery) but underestimated soot BC (52–90% recovery of DPM). Linear coherence in specific MIR vibrations was found in one component soil-BC mixtures for each BC type. Applying these standard calibrations to multi-component mixtures allowed detecting charcoal and a quantification of soot BC (88% avg. recovery) via MIRS, but ignored the presence of diagenetic C. We see the greatest potential in differentiating soot from charcoal in soil by employing a combination of chemical and thermal oxidation and MIRS, while the differentiation from diagenetic C is not possible yet.     

A molecular dynamics study of natural organic matter: 1. Lignin, kerogen and soot

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed on molecular models of a spectrum of natural organic matter (NOM) samples represented by two lignin samples (a softwood lignin and a hardwood lignin), a kerogen (Green River Shale kerogen) and a soot sample (n-hexane soot). Simulated thermodynamic properties of each model, including glass transition temperature (T_g), thermal expansion coefficient (α), density (ρ) and solubility parameter (δ) were compared against experimental data for corresponding samples. Results revealed relatively good agreement for glass transition temperature and solubility parameter for softwood lignin, Green River Shale kerogen and n-hexane soot models. An unexpectedly low solubility parameter for a hardwood lignin model suggests, however, certain model deficiencies in terms of intermolecular interactions. In addition, a lower density for a n-hexane soot model relative to the sample was attributed to the small cluster size and poor parallel stacking of aromatic clusters in the model. Discussion of the results is provided in the context of utilizing thermodynamic properties as constraints for improved structural modeling of NOM.     

HPLC separation of higher fullerenes in the synthetical “graphite smokes” soot

Higher fullerenes(C84,C90,C92,C94 and C96) were successfully isolated from the Soxhlet extract of the synthetical "Graphote Smokes" soot(GS sample) by using a big Cosmosil Buckysep(Phenomenex) column(250 mm × 10 mm) with a large injection.The fractions isolated have been determined by high performance liquid chro-matography(HPLC) and laser desorption mass spectrometry(LDMS).It is found that there are different fullerenes molecules in different fractions with retention time.The result indicates that fullerenes do exist in GS samples.Also,it excludes the suspicion to some extent that fullerene molecules might be generated by the laser desorption process in the LDMS.In addition,it also provides the experimental basis for the study of natural higher fullerenes and might be helpful to figure out the question if higher fullerenes do exist in the natural samples.     

The impact of energy consumption on environment and public health in China

Fossil energy consumption is one of the main reasons for the deterioration of environmental pollution and decline in public health. This paper tests for the long-run and short-run relationship among energy consumption, environment pollution and public health using the autoregressive-distributed lag approach in China for the period 1985–2014. The study used energy consumption variables (i.e., the proportion of coal consumption, that of oil and clean energy, abbreviated as PCC, POIL and PCE, respectively), environmental pollution ones (i.e., SO₂ emissions, abbreviated SO₂, soot and dust emissions,), two health proxies (i.e., the proportion of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases mortality, abbreviated as PCD and PRD, respectively). These variables were selected due to vital importance in China. The overall results indicate that there was co-integration relationship under the study with statistically significantly positive relationship between environmental pollution and energy consumption, public health and environmental pollution in the short and long run. Comparing the long-run and short-run coefficients of energy use variable with respect to SO₂ and soot indicates that the long-run coefficients are the same as the short-run. The long-run coefficients of soot and dust emissions with respect to PCD and PRD, respectively, are higher than the short-run coefficients. This implies that environment pollution level is found to worsen with respect to fossil energy use presently and over time, while public health level descending with reference to soot and dust emission over time in China. The Granger causality results suggested a unidirectional Granger causality between energy use and environment pollution, environment pollution and public health. The results emphasized the importance of energy transformation and sustainable development policies that help to adjust the structure of energy consumption and to improve public health level.     

辽东湾北部浅海沉积物铅地球化学评价

依据对辽东湾北部表层沉积物样品化验结果，分析了工作区浅海铅元素分布特征，并探讨其环境生态效应.结果表明：辽东湾北部浅海沉积物中铅含量13.9×10^-6~344×10^-6，平均含量28.4×10^-6.存在形态主要为残渣态、铁锰氧化态和碳酸盐结合态.分布特点为西高东低，异常突出并且集中分布于锦州湾西南部.异常源主要为锌厂排污，及其他工业生产的污水、烟尘排放所致.该异常区的环境质量属三类及超三类沉积物，面积约12 km²，占研究区总面积的0.36%.通过与生物效应数据库法导出的沉积物质量基准值（ERL/ERM和TEL/PEL）的比较，锦州湾有3件样品铅的潜在生物毒性较大，不利生物效应可能频繁发生.     

Characterization of PM2.5 by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive spectrometer: its relation with different pollution sources

Atmospheric PM_2.5 samples were collected by using Mini-Vol TAS air sampler. Samples were characterized directly on the collecting substrate using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive spectrometer. From the analysis, it was found that Si dominate over other elements which follows the trend as Si > S > Zn > Cu > Na > Al > K > Ca > P > Fe > Mg > Ti. Based on the measurements of a population of 840 particles, particle morphology was determined by quantitative image analyzer and value of roundness (R) varies from 0.23 to 1.0 (mean 0.75) which suggests that particles vary in shape from nearly irregular to perfectly spherical shape. The mineral particulate matter identified in the atmosphere of Pune was made up of: silicates (52 %), oxides (22 %), sulfates (8 %), phosphates (7 %), carbonates (3 %) and others. A factorial analysis was carried out to determine the main elements related to the emission sources such as soil and building material erosion (~44.6 %); oil combustion (20.6 %) and fuel and biomass burning (18.3 %). Besides these factors, soot particles are abundantly present in all studied samples. Mineral particles such as sulfates aggregated to soot could have produced localized climatic effect in Pune. The emphasis of the present study is to give insight and detailed analysis of morphological and chemical composition of atmospheric particles at discrete level.