塔里木盆地吐木休克构造带断裂构造分析

吐木休克断裂位于塔里木盆地西部,是一条大型基底卷入型断裂构造带,构成塔里木盆地次级构造单元阿瓦提凹陷和巴楚断隆的分界。根据系统的地震资料解释,可以将吐木休克断裂分为西段、中段和东段3部分,各段构造特征有所差异。西段,为单一的基底卷入型高角度逆冲断层,倾向巴楚断隆; 中段,除倾向巴楚断隆的主冲断层外,倾向相反的反冲断层越来越清晰,楔状冲断构造的轮廓逐渐显现出来。同时,在断层上盘还发育第四纪正断层; 东段,倾向巴楚断隆的主冲断层,向上断至中寒武统,未断开中寒武统以上的地层,其冲断位移量完全为倾向阿瓦提凹陷的反冲断层所吸收,形成典型的楔状冲断构造。根据地震资料解释,认为吐木休克断裂带主要存在两期断裂构造:深部高角度基底卷入型逆冲断裂带和其上叠加的浅部正断层。前者形成于库车组沉积前,在库车组沉积期间持续活动,并在新近纪晚期定型; 后者是本次研究首次发现的,形成于第四纪早中期,仅发育在吐木休克断裂带的中部。     

塔里木盆地阿恰构造带断裂构造分析

阿恰构造带位于塔里木盆地西部,主要由阿恰断裂和乔来买提断裂组成,构成了塔里木盆地次级构造单元阿瓦提凹陷和巴楚断隆分界线的西北段。通过地震资料解释,将阿恰断裂带分为西段、中段和东段3部分。西段为基底卷入型单断逆冲构造样式,断层倾向巴楚断隆;中段为"Y"字形基底卷入型逆冲构造样式,除倾向巴楚断隆的主冲断层外,还发育倾向相反的反冲断层,开始显现出楔状冲断构造的轮廓;东段为典型的楔状冲断构造,倾向巴楚断隆的主冲断层向上断至中寒武统,其冲断位移量完全被倾向阿瓦提凹陷的反冲断层吸收。同时,在阿恰断裂的西段和中段,断层上盘还发育第四纪正断层,而断裂东段不发育。研究认为阿恰断裂带主要存在两期断裂构造:深部基底卷入型逆冲断裂带和其上叠加的浅部正断层。前者形成于新近纪库车组沉积前,在库车组沉积期间持续活动,并在新近纪晚期定型;后者是本次研究首次发现的,形成于第四纪早中期,且只发育在阿恰断裂带的西段和中段。     

塔里木盆地塔中低凸起古构造演化与变形特征

通过区域地质和构造地震精细研究,提出了塔里木南缘早古生代板块构造控制塔南—塔中从伸展到挤压盆地演化：寒武纪—早奥陶世板缘拉张控制了塔中北斜坡断陷构造;中奥陶世北昆仑洋盆关闭后塔中前缘隆起;晚奥陶世—晚泥盆世塔中前陆冲断与走滑构造变形。晚奥陶世塔南前陆冲断构造由东南向西北方向传播,形成塘北—塔中南—塔中5号断裂带等弧形断裂体系和塔中低凸起中西段与Ⅰ号断裂带小角度斜交的走滑断裂体系。冲断构造位移的传播受控于两个滑脱层：其一是沿寒武系内部膏盐岩的滑脱,形成弧形冲断构造,终止于塔中南缘断裂带;另一个是沿中地壳韧性变形带的滑脱,形成塔中1号断裂带东端的弧形构造带。塔中1号断裂带东段的构造变形方式主要为向北传播水平位移的断层传播褶皱和向南反向冲断的楔形构造。塔中低凸起的中西段右行走滑构造导致了向东收敛的扫帚状走滑断裂体系的形成,剖面发育花状构造。塔中低凸起的古构造演化与变形特征、构造变形样式、构造变形成因和断裂体系,是克拉通盆地内部叠合盆地深层的主要构造地质特征。     

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘沙井子——平凉地区构造样式与形成机制

探究鄂尔多斯盆地西缘沙井子-平凉段的构造样式与成因机制.以沙井子-平凉地区及其邻区7条地质剖面的野外观察以及钻井资料作为约束,综合利用重力资料和航磁资料,通过地震剖面解释和构造解析等方法对沙井子地区的构造样式进行研究.区内整体构造呈现出由四条近南北向的大型断层呈叠瓦状西倾东冲的构造格局,自西向东逆冲作用逐渐增强,出露地层变老;新生界和白垩系下覆的蓟县系、寒武系、奥陶系主体呈现出与冲断层相协调的构造形态;区域上白垩系广泛不整合覆盖于下伏不同时代地层之上,白垩系沉积前研究区的蓟县系-奥陶系已经作为一个相对独立的构造带存在.结论:沙井子地区的基本构造样式为西倾单向叠瓦状的冲断层组合形式.燕山期平板结构模式下的基底滑脱型单向冲断构造与喜马拉雅期的右旋剪切走滑构造的复合叠加,是沙井子地区现今构造样式形成的基本模式.     

塔里木盆地乌什凹陷晚新生代构造变形特征与油气

基于高分辨率二维地震反射剖面地质解释,认为晚新生代塔里木盆地乌什凹陷具"对冲"构造变形特征.凹陷北侧为南天山冲断体系,自北向南逆冲,主冲断层为神木园断裂,前锋断层为下塔尕克断裂.凹陷南侧为温宿凸起反冲断层体系,自南向北逆冲,主冲断层为古木别兹断裂.由于基底对冲,上覆沉积盖层沿中新统吉迪克组底部和古近系膏盐层向南北两侧滑脱,形成一大型向斜构造,造成深、浅构造层变形差异明显.构造变形开始于上新世库车组沉积期,第四纪加剧,为印藏碰撞"远距离效应"的结果,其对晚新生代构造圈闭发育和油气运移具重要控制作用.     

塔里木盆地上新世晚期—更新世早期伸展构造:喜马拉雅碰撞造山远程效应的一个构造间歇期

受控于印度-亚洲碰撞的远程效应,中亚地区的晚新生代挤压冲断构造异常发育,同时发育少量区域挤压构造背景下派生的局部伸展构造。以往的研究没有发现晚新生代区域性伸展构造。我们通过认真、系统的地震资料解释,在塔里木盆地发现一系列上新世晚期-更新世早期的正断层。这些正断层主要分布于塔里木盆地西部的阿瓦提坳陷、巴楚隆起、麦盖提斜坡以及塘古孜巴斯坳陷。正断层走向NW-SE和NE-SW,剖面上组合成堑-垒构造,仅塔里木盆地西北缘沿沙井子断裂带分布的上新世晚期-更新世早期正断层带组合成负花状构造,显示出张扭性断层带的特征。根据生长指数计算,正断层活动的起始时间是上新世晚期（ca.3 Ma）,持续演化至更新世早期（ca.2 Ma）,然后停止活动。这些正断层形成于一个弱的区域性伸展构造背景;这期正断层活动代表印度-亚洲碰撞远程效应下,中亚地区脉动挤压冲断过程中的一个构造间歇期。     

塔里木盆地巴楚隆起北缘的吐木休克断裂与巴东断裂

吐木休克断裂位于塔里木盆地西部,巴楚隆起和阿瓦提凹陷之间,是一条大型基底卷入型冲断构造。走向NW‐SE,呈弧形向NEE凸出;倾向巴楚隆起。根据构造变形特征,断裂自NW向SE可以划分为4段。Ⅰ和Ⅲ段为简单基底卷入型冲断构造段;Ⅱ段发育背冲断层,与主干断层呈“y”字型剖面组合关系;Ⅳ段为基底卷入型楔状构造,主冲断层顶部出现一条向巴楚隆起逆冲的反冲断层。断裂上盘发育背斜,下盘有明显的“牵引构造”,显示吐木休克断裂可能是由吐木休克背斜北翼突破形成的,是一条褶皱相关断层。吐木休克断裂形成于中新世晚期至上新世初,持续演化至第四纪。断裂带上发育的上新世末—第四纪初正断层代表印度—亚洲碰撞脉动式远程效应的一个构造间歇期。吐木休克断裂东侧的巴东断裂是巴楚隆起与塔中隆起的过渡构造带,雏形形成于奥陶纪晚期—志留纪,晚新生代复活。     

塔里木盆地东南缘新生代构造变形特征研究

塔里木盆地东南缘新生代变形特征研究对探讨阿尔金构造带新生代的活动特征及阿尔金构造带与西昆仑构造带的相互作用具有重要意义。本文在野外地质调查的基础上,结合地球物理和沉积学资料,探讨了塔里木盆地东南缘的新生代变形及演化特征。塔里木盆地东南缘新生代构造变形受西昆仑构造带、阿尔金构造带和车尔臣断裂带的控制,且变形由西向东减弱。西南部的构造样式主要表现为受西昆仑向北冲断作用控制的冲断构造;东南部为受阿尔金断层走滑作用控制的走滑-冲断构造;而北部则为受车尔臣断层走滑作用控制的基底卷入走滑-冲断构造。中新世,盆地东南缘受西昆仑构造带大规模的冲断活动影响,导致民丰山前盆地挠曲沉降和冲断层发育,而车尔臣断裂仅有微弱活动;上新世开始,构造变形扩展到整个研究区,不仅西昆仑构造带和车尔臣断裂带表现出强烈变形,而且阿尔金断层走滑作用强烈,导致北侧次级断层的强烈走滑冲断作用和若羌山前挤压挠曲盆地的形成。新生代时期,西昆仑构造带北向冲断作用要早于阿尔金构造带的走滑变形,阿尔金构造带的走滑作用对西昆仑构造带北向冲断构造有强烈的改造。     

山东焦家金矿带深部找矿的重大突破及其意义

通过5年时间对山东焦家金矿带深部的地质找矿工作,发现了位于莱州寺庄矿区深部的特大型破碎带蚀变岩型金矿.该矿床与产于焦家断裂第一矿化富集带中的寺庄矿区浅部金矿床之间有100～250m垂深的无矿间隔,构成第二矿化富集带.认为胶西北地区3务主要金矿控矿断裂--三仓断裂、焦家断裂、招平断裂具有明显的相似性,形成上陡下缓的铲状断层,构成了沿玲珑花岗岩与早前寒武纪地质体边界分布的大型伸展构造带.建立了焦家式金矿新的成矿模式:在伸展构造主断面附近的岩石受到强烈的伸展剪切应力,产生倾向与伸展滑动方向一致的一系列伸展断层,构造岩为变形均匀的碎粒岩和糜棱岩,形成浸染状蚀变岩型矿石;主断面之下,由伸展引起的剪切应力,产生了具共轭剪节理性质的网状裂隙带,形成网脉状矿石;远离主断面,岩体上拱造成的引张作用产生近直立的裂隙带,形成脉状矿石.指出焦家金矿带深部成矿远景区在该断裂平面位置的西侧,而非其东侧的玲珑花岗岩分布区.     

塔里木盆地东北缘吐格尔明背斜和阳北断裂带构造分析

吐格尔明背斜和阳北断裂位于塔里木盆地北缘,南天山山前库车褶皱冲断带的东段,两者均为基底卷入型构造。阳北断裂是一个反转构造,其变形历史可以追溯到侏罗纪—白垩纪的正断层;新生代构造反转,发生了多期冲断变形加速期,分别发生于白垩纪末—古近纪初、古近纪末—新近纪初、中新世早期、上新世和第四纪。吐格尔明背斜构造带是阳北断裂中新世早期及以后的冲断作用派生出来的一个次级基底卷入型构造变形带。它由吐格尔明背斜及其南、北两条呈背冲关系的逆冲断层组成。背斜核部元古宇变质岩出露地表;中、新生界直接不整合于变质岩之上,缺失全部古生界,说明研究区可能属于一个长期存在的古生代古隆起。     

塔里木盆地阿瓦提凹陷周缘的晚新生代张扭性断层带

塔里木盆地西北部的阿瓦提凹陷周缘发育晚新生代正断层,其中第四纪的正断层活动是塔里木盆地构造地质研究的新发现。这些正断层受先存基底断裂控制,平面上沿沙井子断裂带、阿恰断裂带和吐木休克断裂带右阶式雁列状分布,构成右阶左旋张扭性正断层带。剖面上,向下断达下古生界后不清楚,向上断至第四系上部,构成阶梯状或小型地堑(或负花状构造)构造。生长系数计算结果表明,正断层带形成于新近纪末,第四纪早-中期持续活动,到第四纪晚期停止活动。这些张扭性正断层带的成因是阿瓦提地块相对于周边地质体的顺时针旋转而致,其动力学来源于印度板块与欧亚板块陆-陆碰撞,在晚喜马拉雅山期依然持续作用而导致的远程效应。     

Late Cenozoic transtensional fault belt discovered on the boundary of the Awati Sag in the northwestern Tarim Basin

Late Cenozoic transtensional fault belt was discovered on Shajingzi fault belt, NW boundary of the Awati Sag in the northwestern Tarim Basin. And numerous Quaternary normal faults were discovered on Aqia and Tumuxiuke fault belts, SW boundary of Awati. This discovery reveals Quaternary normal fault activity in the Tarim Basin for the first time. It is also a new discovery in the southern flank of Tianshan Mountains. Shajingzi transtensional fault belt is made up of numerous, small normal faults. Horizontally, the normal faults are arranged in right-step, en echelon patterns along the preexisting Shajingzi basement fault, forming a sinistral transtensional normal fault belt. In profile, they cut through the Paleozoic to the mid-Quaternary and combine to form negative flower structures. The Late Cenozoic normal faults on the SW boundary of Awati Sag were distributed mainly in the uplift side of the preexisting Aqia and Tumuxiuke basement-involved faults, and combined to form small horst and graben structures in profile. Based on the intensive seismic interpretation, careful fault mapping, and growth index analysis, we conclude that the normal fault activity of Shajingzi transtensional fault belt began from Late Pliocene and ceased in Late Pleistocene (mid-Quaternary). And the normal faulting on the SW boundary of Awati Sag began from the very beginning of Quaternary and ceased in Pleistocene. The normal faulting on Awati’s SW boundary began a little later than those on the NW boundary. The origin of Shajingzi transtensional normal fault belt was due to the left-lateral strike-slip occurred in the southern flank of Tianshan, and then, due to the eastward escape of the Awati block, a tensional stress developed the normal faults on its SW boundary.     

Mesozoic and Cenozoic structural deformation in the NW Tarim Basin,China: a case study of the Piqiang–Selibuya Fault

The Piqiang–Selibuya Fault is the most significant fault in the NW Tarim Basin, China. It has attracted increasing attention because of the discovery of a series of oil (gas) fields in and around the fault zone. The structural characteristics and evolution of the Piqiang–Selibuya Fault remain controversial. Field geological surveys and seismic data interpretation reveal that the fault has experienced three stages of activity. The thicknesses of the Permian and Miocene strata on opposing sides of the fault are clearly different, and these reveal that the fault has experienced two stages of significant thrusting. The first stage took place at the end of the Triassic and was associated with the Qiangtang Block amalgamated to the south margin of Eurasia. The second stage occurred at the end of the Miocene and might have been caused by the northwards overthrusting of the Pamir. These two stages of thrusting led to the lower–middle Cambrian detachment layer in the eastern part of the Keping thrust belt being 2 km shallower than in the western part. Since the Pliocene, the southern Tien Shan orogenic belt has been reactivated and thrust towards the interior of the Tarim Basin, and a series of ENE–WSW-trending thrust sheets have formed in the Keping thrust belt. Because of the different depth of the detachment layer on the opposing sides of the Piqiang–Selibuya Fault, the number and spacing of thrust sheets formed to the east of the fault differ from those to the west. This dissimilar deformation led to the strike–slip displacement on the Piqiang–Selibuya Fault. The three stages of fault activity record three important tectonic events in the NW Tarim Basin. Qualitative analysis of this activity helps us better understand the influence of the far-field effect of the collisions that occurred on the southern margin of the Eurasia plate on the structural deformation of the NW Tarim Basin.     

Meso-Cenozoic extensional structures in the Northern Tarim Basin, NW China

Meso-Cenozoic extensional structures are important for understanding the tectonics of the Chinese Central Asia. This paper presents a systematic investigation on the Meso-Cenozoic extensional structures in the Northern Tarim Basin. Close interpretations of seismic data reveal that the Meso-Cenozoic extensional structures were widely developed in the Northern Tarim Basin. These extensional structures are regionally composed of many small normal faults, which usually group into left- or right-step en echelon and form several transtensional fault zones. Combinations of normal faults in profile become small graben-horst or staircase-like cross-sections. Based on the areal distribution, structural style, combination relationship, formation and evolution time, and formation mechanism of the extensional structures, we found that the Meso-Cenozoic extensional structures in Northern Tarim Basin can be classified into two conjugate normal fault systems, which were formed separately in Jurassic-Early Cretaceous and Late Cretaceous-Neogene. The former is likely associated with the stress relaxation after a collisional orogeny accompanied with a certain degree of anticlockwise rotation of the Tarim block relative to the South Tianshan; the latter is possibly induced by the east by south tectonic escape of the Tarim block with a certain degree of clockwise rotation relative to the South Tianshan triggered by the far-field effect of the Himalayan orogeny.     

西南三江构造体系及演化、成因

西南三江构造体系突出表现为以昌都-兰坪-思茅地块为中轴的不对称走滑对冲构造,次为与走滑断裂相伴的伸展滑脱、走滑拉分盆地构造体系,再次为块体内部的近北东、北西向走滑断裂系。西南三江造山带构造体系演化分为挤压收缩变形、走滑深熔热隆、走滑剪切伸展、走滑剥蚀隆升等4个阶段。自晚白垩世开始,印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞,西南三江造山带对冲体构造体系初始形成。自渐新世开始,印度板块持续向北楔入欧亚大陆,印度板块与扬子克拉通构成力偶,两者相向、相对运动,挤压与剪切特提斯大洋缝合带及两大陆边缘弧盆系等地质体,西南三江造山带对冲体构造体系进一步发展,近南北向剪切走滑构造体系形成,构造方向也由近东西转为近南北向。而与近南北向主走滑断裂带之相伴的伸展滑脱构造、拉分盆地,块体内部近北东、北西“X”型剪切走滑断裂同时相伴形成。这样,就形成了西南三江造山带大规模的对冲、走滑、旋转及其伴生的伸展、拉分盆地构造的构造体系。     

Structural evolution of the Piqiang Fault Zone,NW Tarim Basin,China

The Piqiang Fault is a prominent strike-slip (tear) fault that laterally partitions the Keping Shan Thrust Belt in the NW Tarim Basin, China. In satellite images, the Piqiang Fault appears as a sharp, NW-trending lineament that can be traced for more than 70 km. It is oblique to the general structural trend of the thrust belt and subparallel to the thrust transport direction. This paper presents a structural analysis of the Piqiang Fault, based on satellite image interpretation and field data. A net loss of Late Paleozoic sediment across the fault zone implies that it was initiated as a major normal fault during the Early Permian, and corresponds to widespread extension and magmatism during this period. Differential erosion across the fault resulted in the subsequent removal of sediment from the east relative to the west. During the Middle to Late Cenozoic, contraction of the NW Tarim Basin and the formation of the Keping Shan Thrust Belt resulted in reactivation of the Piqiang Fault as a strike-slip (tear) fault. The fault has accommodated lateral differences in thrust density and spacing which have arisen due to the abrupt, pre-existing change in stratigraphic thickness across it. The Piqiang Fault provides an insight into the formation of oblique, strike-slip (tear) faults in contractional belts and demonstrates the importance of inherited basement structures in such settings.     

徐沛煤田控煤构造特征及成因分析

徐沛煤田石炭—二叠纪成煤以来,经过多期次构造运动,对煤系的赋存产生较大影响。利用徐沛地区近年来最新的地震、钻探等勘查成果,运用板块构造学和地质力学的观点,对区内控煤构造特征及其演化进行了探讨。分析认为,本区的控煤构造在空间上呈现出一定的规律性:丰沛区以伸展型和平移走滑型控煤构造样式为主,九里山区和贾汪区以压缩型控煤构造样式为主;近东西向掀斜断块的形成是印支期挤压运动和喜马拉雅期拉张运动的结果,走向近南北的右旋平移走滑断裂形成于新近纪以来右旋压剪性活动,构造面向NW倾的褶皱-逆断层构造型式形成于印支期NW-SE挤压力的作用,构造面向SE倾的褶皱-逆断层构造型式则形成于燕山期SE-NW挤压力的作用。