初论浅成作用和热液矿床成因分类

通过简单列举现有金矿床类型的名称,发现热液矿床分类命名混乱、繁杂、缺乏科学逻辑,严重制约着教学、科研和找矿勘探事业的发展,原因是对于深度<10 km、温度为50~300 ℃条件下的地质作用研究薄弱,缺乏概念描述,构成认识盲区,因此提出了浅成作用(epizonogenism)的概念,用于概括深度<10 km、温度为50~300 ℃条件下的地质作用。藉此将热液矿床划分为浅成热液、变质热液和岩浆热液等3个成因端员;确定浅成、变质和岩浆流体的特征分别是低盐度 贫CO₂、低盐度 富CO₂和高盐度 CO₂含量变化大;岩浆热液矿床发育含多种子晶包裹体和高盐度富CO₂的包裹体,变质热液矿床发育低盐度富CO₂包裹体,浅成热液矿床只发育水溶液包裹体,缺乏含子晶包裹体和富/含CO₂包裹体。     

吉林安图海沟金矿成矿流体特征及成矿机制

海沟金矿流体包裹体为3种类型：富CO₂三相、气液两相和纯气相。流体盐度集中在7.44％～8．67％NaCleqv,8.54％～8.94％NaCleqv和9.84％～10.87％NaCleqv三个区间;流体密度为0.54～0.88 g/cm3;成矿温度主要集中在298.4℃～313.5℃和258.2℃～264.6℃。研究表明成矿早期阶段流体为低盐度、富CO₂的高温流体,且富CO₂型和富气相包裹体共存。成矿中晚期阶段流体盐度和温度明显降低,CO₂、H₂O等气体能够大量逃逸,流体体系由封闭状态转化为较开放状态,大气降水、层间水等大量进入与岩浆流体发生混合,并引起流体内金络合物的溶解度减小而直接导致金和金属矿物的沉淀和富集。成矿压力范围为110～146 MPa,成矿深度为8.7～10.1 km。通过与典型的造山型金矿特征对比,该矿床成因类型为中成造山型金矿,动力学背景为早一中侏罗世华北板块与西伯利亚板块碰撞的持续汇聚力和古太平洋板块俯冲欧亚大陆的作用力引起的远程效应联合作用的结果。     

渤中凹陷北部陡坡带热液活动及其对湖相碳酸盐岩储层的影响

渤海海域渤中凹陷北陡坡带沙一段发育湖相碳酸盐岩及相关的混积岩类油藏,探明储量超亿方,产量高,埋深超过3 200~3 800 m.分析表明:湖相碳酸盐岩段及混积岩段发生了强烈的白云岩化作用,溶蚀作用强,储层物性好,孔隙度可超过25%.早期研究认为生屑的溶蚀是储层物性改善的重要因素.进一步研究表明,除了上述因素外,储层还受到了深部热流体的影响.通过包裹体激光拉曼分析证实,储层中存在大量含CO₂、N₂、H₂S、H₂的包裹体,CO₂最高含量超过70%;研究区多个构造富含CO₂,碳同位素及氦同位素显示其为幔源成因;对储层中大量的自生黄铁矿分析表明,大部分黄铁矿Co/Ni比值大于1,显示了热液成因;在缝洞及大孔隙内沉淀典型微晶鞍形白云石,具弧形晶面,波状消光,扫描电镜下鞍形白云石内见密集的生长纹.综合分析表明,富CO₂深部幔源热液侵位时间为3 Ma以来,侵位后造成了白云石晶间残余方解石的大量选择性溶解;酸性流体对粒内长石也产生了强烈的溶蚀作用,形成了大量砾石及岩屑的铸模孔并沉淀高岭石,流体上述溶解作用对储层段物性改善起到了决定性影响.随着方解石及长石的溶解,流体PH值的升高,盐度的增加,储层出现明显的白云岩化作用,晚期白云石的较高的均一温度及鞍形白云石证实了深部热液对白云岩化的贡献.幔源流体主要来自深大断裂及早期火山后期的排气、排液作用.      

山东莱芜盆地碳酸盐岩热液溶蚀特征及水文地质意义

鲁中山区莱芜盆地在燕山期发生大规模岩浆侵入活动,岩浆岩体外围碳酸盐岩区分布有水源地、富水块段等岩溶发育富水区,且靠近岩体含水层多发生大理岩化。富含CO₂、H₂S等酸性成分的岩浆热液流体,能对碳酸盐岩产生明显的溶蚀作用。基于岩石样品化学组分分析、水文地质调查及数据统计分析、热液溶蚀地质点详细观测,构建热液溶蚀模式,对莱芜盆地及外围热液溶蚀特征及机理进行研究。结果表明:高温高压岩浆侵入使得接触带碳酸盐岩发生热液变质大理岩化;沿渗透性断裂、裂缝以及不整合面等运移的热液流体,对碳酸盐岩地层产生酸性热液溶蚀和混合溶蚀作用,形成不同规模溶蚀孔洞,构成地下水富集空间,为寻找城镇地下水后备水源地提供新方向。     

高盐度卤水对CO2地质封存的影响: 以江汉盆地潜江凹陷为例

江汉盆地潜江凹陷卤水资源十分丰富,潜江组泥膏岩、泥岩和砂岩交替沉积,构成CO₂地质储存的潜在场所.但是潜江组卤水层矿化度非常高,平均值高达283.25 g/L.以高盐度卤水为对象,探讨了高盐度卤水对CO₂封存过程中产生的物理化学影响.结果表明,往高盐度卤水层中单纯地注入CO₂会造成CO₂溶解量和矿物捕集量的显著降低,不利于CO₂的储存安全.高盐度会造成注入井附近发生盐岩大量沉淀,不利于CO₂的持续注入,同时造成近井周围压力严重积累,降低了封闭安全系数.采用CO₂与卤水联合注采模式,可有效缓解CO₂单纯地注入过程中的压力严重积累和盐岩沉淀问题,实现资源和地下空间最大化利用,收获经济和环保的双重效益.      

方解石与含硅流体的水-岩反应实验及其对“硅化碳酸盐岩”储层成因的启示

近年来的油气勘探表明, 含硅热液是碳酸盐岩层系中一种重要的溶蚀性流体, 查明其与碳酸盐岩的水-岩反应机理是揭示“硅化碳酸盐岩”储层发育机制并实现储层分布预测的基础和关键问题之一。文章采用熔融毛细硅管和水热反应釜为反应腔,开展了200~375℃范围内方解石和含硅流体的水岩反应实验。利用原位拉曼光谱技术在线描述反应过程中体系组成的变化,对于淬火后的固相样品,则采用扫描电镜—能谱分析进行形貌观测和成分鉴定。首先,查明了含硅流体与方解石脱碳反应发生的温度条件。方解石和含硅流体在275℃以上反应形成CO₂,固相为非硅灰石的钙硅酸盐,其结构有待进一步揭示。该结果表明单纯的硅质组分难以在储层温度条件下与灰岩发生反应;其次,提出高盐度、富CO2流体作用是造成灰岩溶蚀的重要因素;最后, CO₂的存在能够促进硅质（含石英）沉淀。在上述实验认识的基础上,结合前人研究结果探讨了塔里木盆地顺托果勒地区“硅化碳酸盐岩”储层的发育机制。含硅热液沿深大断裂上移,途径震旦系—下奥陶统白云岩层系,其中的硅质组分将与白云石反应形成富镁硅酸盐和CO₂。CO₂是重要的酸性组分,有利于鹰山组碳酸盐的溶蚀和孔隙的保存。流体温度和压力的降低以及CO₂的存在促进了石英沉淀,并形成了大量的石英晶间孔隙。     

凡口超大型铅锌矿床成矿流体的物理特征和地球化学特征

流体是汲取矿质、搬运矿质和沉淀矿质的介质, 是当代盆地研究和成矿研究的重要课题.在野外矿床地质研究和室内镜下研究、地球化学研究的基础上, 对矿区矿物流体包裹体的温度、盐度和化学成分的测试分析结果表明, 凡口矿床的成矿流体为低盐度、弱酸性的中低温热液, 属富CO₂的K+-Ca2+-Cl-型的流体.它既不同于盆地压实流体, 也不同于斑岩型矿床的成矿流体, 是具有独特组成的深部循环流体      

赣中良山钼矿床流体包裹体特征及其地质意义

良山钼矿是近年来赣中地区新发现的钼矿,浅部矿体主要赋存于南华系浅变质岩系的构造裂隙中,矿石类型以含辉钼矿石英脉为主。流体包裹体岩相学和显微测温结果表明：含辉钼矿石英脉中的流体包裹体主要呈星散状随机或成群分布,其形态多样,大小集中在2~15 μm,包裹体的类型主要有纯液相包裹体、富气相两相包裹体、富液相两相包裹体和含液体CO₂三相包裹体4类,其中以富液相两相包裹体最为发育;包裹体的均一温度为136~298 ℃,盐度为1.22%~10.11%NaCleqv,密度为0.78~0.99 g/cm3,成矿流体属中-低温、低盐度、较低密度流体;成矿压力估算为13~70 MPa,形成深度为0.5~2.6 km。流体包裹体激光拉曼光谱分析表明：包裹体中气液相成分以H₂O为主,气相中还有少量的CO₂和CO。H、O、S同位素组成显示：成矿流体的δD值介于-61‰~-57.9‰,δ¹⁸OH₂O值介于-3.32‰~-0.52‰,具有岩浆水和大气降水混合的特征;成矿热液中的δ³⁴S值介于-1.8‰~+1.9‰,具有岩浆硫的特征。综合成矿地质特征及相关分析,认为成矿流体可能与燕山期的岩浆活动有关,属于岩浆热液流体,混合作用及钾化作用是促进金属富集沉淀成矿的主要因素,推测矿床属于岩浆热液充填石英脉型钼矿。     

莺歌海盆地浅层气藏二氧化碳分布特征及其原因分析

从CO₂的成因、充注期次以及不同底辟发育特征等出发,对不同类型底辟之上的CO₂分布特征及其原因进行了分析。研究认为：浅层二氧化碳主要来源于壳源碳酸盐岩的高温分解,其分布差异的主要原因是流体组成、充注期次的不同以及底辟活动强度的差异。在低幅度弱能量底辟带,二氧化碳主要富集在烃类气储层的下部。在高幅度中等能量底辟带,二氧化碳呈现明显的分块分层特征：在断裂的同一侧,浅层富烃,深层富二氧化碳;断裂上盘相对富烃,断裂下盘相对富二氧化碳;同一气层内部,靠近断裂富二氧化碳,远离断裂富烃。在喷口型强能量底辟带,二氧化碳的分布没有明显的规律性。研究还表明,CO₂分布深度与水中CO₂溶解度有关,深层地层水中的CO₂溶解度很大,游离态的CO₂大量出现的可能性较小。     

巴西桑托斯盆地CO2区域分布及主控因素

桑托斯盆地盐下油气田中发现了大量CO₂,给油气勘探开发和生产都带来诸多困难和挑战.利用地层测试、样品分析及文献资料等,明确了CO₂成因及来源,统计分析了其区域分布特征,并基于区域重磁和深源地震等资料,剖析了控制CO₂分布的地质因素.盆内CO₂主要为幔源—岩浆成因,且幔源CO₂贡献了至少92%的CO₂总量.区域上,CO₂自陆向海呈增加趋势,并相对集中在盆地东部隆起带上.地壳减薄和地幔局部隆升是控制CO₂宏观分布最重要的背景因素.极端的地壳伸展造成了圣保罗地台下部陆壳强烈拉伸减薄,形成了一个面积约5.1×104 km2的地壳减薄区,造成了富含CO₂的地幔物质上拱进入陆壳,宏观上决定了盆内CO₂区域分布.此区域之外,出现高含量CO₂的可能性大幅降低.岩浆侵入和活动断层都是沟通隆升地幔和浅部储层的重要路径,但以断裂沟通最常见.NW-SE向区域走滑断裂和NE-SW向I-II级正断层对CO₂在浅部地层中的分配起控制作用,两组断裂交汇部位或周缘是幔源岩浆或CO₂最集中发育区.      

苏北盆地黄桥地区富CO_2流体对二叠系龙潭组砂岩储层的改造与意义

富CO_2流体-砂岩相互作用是砂岩储层次生孔隙的重要形成机制。苏北黄桥地区作为中国重要的CO_2气产区,富CO_2流体对上二叠统龙潭组砂岩储层的改造问题备受关注。为揭示富CO_2流体的作用特征及其对储层的影响,对黄桥地区典型钻井开展了系统的岩心描述和岩矿鉴定,并进行了微区原位观测和相关地球化学分析。结果表明,在靠近CO_2流体活动强烈的断裂带部位(特别是断层上盘),砂岩中碳酸盐胶结物基本溶蚀殆尽,仅存少量交代成因菱铁矿,同时钾长石类碎屑溶蚀非常强烈,并伴随高岭石等矿物沉淀,以及石英次生加大,还发育片钠铝石等指示高浓度CO_2作用的特征矿物,形成与CO_2流体作用相关的特征矿物组合(片钠铝石+高岭石+次生石英+菱铁矿);而在远离断裂的部位,受CO_2流体影响较弱,溶蚀作用也较弱,有较多的次生方解石沉淀,形成了以方解石+菱铁矿为主的自生矿物组合。前者次生孔隙发育,后者则更加致密。据此提出了深源断裂主控下与富CO_2流体作用相关的储层发育模式,为油气勘探和开发提供了新的思路。     

Coal seam gas distribution and hydrodynamics of the Sydney Basin,NSW, Australia

This paper reviews various coal seam gas (CSG) models that have been developed for the Sydney Basin, and provides an alternative interpretation for gas composition layering and deep-seated CO₂ origins. Open file CSG wells, supplemented by mine-scale information, were used to examine trends in gas content and composition at locations from the margin to the centre of the basin. Regionally available hydrochemistry data and interpretations of hydrodynamics were incorporated with conventional petroleum well data on porosity and permeability. The synthesised gas and groundwater model presented in this paper suggests that meteoric water flow under hydrostatic pressure transports methanogenic consortia into the subsurface and that water chemistry evolves during migration from calcium-rich freshwaters in inland recharge areas towards sodium-rich brackish water down-gradient and with depth. Groundwater chemistry changes result in the dissolution and precipitation of minerals as well as affecting the behaviour of dissolved gases such as CO₂. Mixing of carbonate-rich waters with waters of significantly different chemistries at depth causes the liberation of CO₂ gas from the solution that is adsorbed into the coal matrix in hydrodynamically closed terrains. In more open systems, excess CO₂ in the groundwater (carried as bicarbonate) may lead to precipitation of calcite in the host strata. As a result, areas in the central and eastern parts of the basin do not host spatially extensive CO₂ gas accumulations but experience more widespread calcite mineralisation, with gas compositions dominated by hydrocarbons, including wet gases. Basin boundary areas (commonly topographic and/or structural highs) in the northern, western and southern parts of the basin commonly contain CO₂-rich gases at depth. This deep-seated CO₂-rich gas is generally thought to derive from local to continental scale magmatic intrusions, but could also be the product of carbonate dissolution or acetate fermentation.     

塔里木盆地塔河奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层埋藏成岩和构造-热流体作用及其有效性

对层状风化壳模式的认识一度支撑着塔里木盆地下古生界深层碳酸盐岩油气勘探,但这类深层碳酸盐岩储层显示出的强烈非均质性使得勘探风险愈来愈大。研究以塔里木盆地塔河地区中—下奥陶统碳酸盐岩储层为典型实例,重点论述了成岩作用和构造—热流体复合作用对储层的制约,并结合表生岩溶等其它要素开展了储层分布综合解释。研究认识到:①奥陶系碳酸盐岩正常深埋藏成岩作用的主要效应是碳酸盐的沉淀而不是碳酸盐的溶解,建设性改造主要与表生岩溶作用（古喀斯特）或构造—热流体作用有关,并导致了碳酸盐岩储层强烈的非均质性。②从中下奥陶统到上奥陶统,下部碳酸盐岩地层热流体活动迹象明显优于上部地层。③奥陶系碳酸盐岩构造—热流体的建设性改造作用主要发生在中—晚泥盆世与二叠纪叠加改造的断裂构造交汇区,以及中—晚奥陶世、前石炭纪形成的表生岩溶发育区;有效储层与高能沉积相带关系有限。为此,提出了奥陶系碳酸盐岩构造—流体作用与储层形成概念模式,这为进一步认识储层的形成分布规律提供了新的线索。     

On leakage and seepage of CO2 from geologic storage sites into surface water

Geologic carbon sequestration is the capture of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO₂) and its storage in deep geologic formations. The processes of CO₂ seepage into surface water after migration through water-saturated sediments are reviewed. Natural CO₂ and CH₄ fluxes are pervasive in surface-water environments and are good analogues to potential leakage and seepage of CO₂. Buoyancy-driven bubble rise in surface water reaches a maximum velocity of approximately 30 cm s⁻¹. CO₂ rise in saturated porous media tends to occur as channel flow rather than bubble flow. A comparison of ebullition versus dispersive gas transport for CO₂ and CH₄ shows that bubble flow will dominate over dispersion in surface water. Gaseous CO₂ solubility in variable-salinity waters decreases as pressure decreases leading to greater likelihood of ebullition and bubble flow in surface water as CO₂ migrates upward.     

Analysis of impact factors on scrubland soil respiration in the southern Gurbantunggut Desert,central Asia

Monitoring soil CO₂ respiration with chamber measurements and identifying controlling factors such as the diversity of vegetation species, moisture and temperature can help guide desert scrubland management. Soil CO₂ respiration and potential controlling factors at four sites in desert scrubland were examined along the Sangong River Basin (SRB) in northwestern China in 2004. Soil CO₂ respiration descended along the SRB as did the diversity of vegetation species, air temperature and air humidity. The two sites of the field station (FS) and the north desert (ND) and the low reaches of the SRB among these locations were monitored to analyze the effects of pH value, soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN) and calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) on soil CO₂ respiration during the growing season in 2005. The ND site was located at the southern edge of the Gurbantunggut Desert; the FS site was in the border area of the SRB Alluvial Fan. One-way ANOVA was performed. The result showed that air humidity and CaCO₃ content had a strong influence on soil CO₂ respiration; SOC content was a limitation to soil CO₂ respiration in the arid-desert zone. Effective management activities can attenuate soil CO₂ respiration and keep carbon balance trends at a desirabe level in desert scrublands.     

CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> Air–Sea Exchange due to Calcium Carbonate and Organic Matter Storage,and its Implications for the Global Carbon Cycle

Release of CO₂ from surface ocean water owing to precipitation of CaCO₃ and the imbalance between biological production of organic matter and its respiration, and their net removal from surface water to sedimentary storage was studied by means of a quotient θ = (CO₂ flux to the atmosphere)/(CaCO₃ precipitated). θ depends not only on water temperature and atmospheric CO₂ concentration but also on the CaCO₃ and organic carbon masses formed. In CO₂ generation by CaCO₃ precipitation, θ varies from a fraction of 0.44 to 0.79, increasing with decreasing temperature (25 to 5°C), increasing atmospheric CO₂ concentration (195–375 ppmv), and increasing CaCO₃ precipitated mass (up to 45% of the initial DIC concentration in surface water). Primary production and net storage of organic carbon counteracts the CO₂ production by carbonate precipitation and it results in lower CO₂ emissions from the surface layer. When atmospheric CO₂ increases due to the ocean-to-atmosphere flux rather than remaining constant, the amount of CO₂ transferred is a non-linear function of the surface layer thickness because of the back-pressure of the rising atmospheric CO₂. For a surface ocean layer approximated by a 50-m-thick euphotic zone that receives input of inorganic and organic carbon from land, the calculated CO₂ flux to the atmosphere is a function of the CaCO₃ and C_org net storage rates. In general, the carbonate storage rate has been greater than that of organic carbon. The CO₂ flux near the Last Glacial Maximum is 17 to 7×10¹² mol/yr (0.2–0.08 Gt C/yr), reflecting the range of organic carbon storage rates in sediments, and for pre-industrial time it is 38–42×10¹² mol/yr (0.46–0.50 Gt C/yr). Within the imbalanced global carbon cycle, our estimates indicate that prior to anthropogenic emissions of CO₂ to the atmosphere the land organic reservoir was gaining carbon and the surface ocean was losing carbon, calcium, and total alkalinity owing to the CaCO₃ storage and consequent emission of CO₂. These results are in agreement with the conclusions of a number of other investigators. As the CO₂ uptake in mineral weathering is a major flux in the global carbon cycle, the CO₂ weathering pathway that originates in the CO₂ produced by remineralization of soil humus rather than by direct uptake from the atmosphere may reduce the relatively large imbalances of the atmosphere and land organic reservoir at 10²–10⁴-year time scales.     

Reactions between olivine and CO2-rich seawater at 300 °C: Implications for H2 generation and CO2 sequestration on the early Earth

To understand the influence of fluid CO₂ on ultramafic rock-hosted seafloor hydrothermal systems on the early Earth, we monitored the reaction between San Carlos olivine and a CO₂-rich NaCl fluid at 300 °C and 500 bars. During the experiments, the total carbonic acid concentration (ΣCO₂) in the fluid decreased from approximately 65 to 9 mmol/kg. Carbonate minerals, magnesite, and subordinate amount of dolomite were formed via the water-rock interaction. The H₂ concentration in the fluid reached approximately 39 mmol/kg within 2736 h, which is relatively lower than the concentration generated by the reaction between olivine and a CO₂-free NaCl solution at the same temperature. As seen in previous hydrothermal experiments using komatiite, ferrous iron incorporation into Mg-bearing carbonate minerals likely limited iron oxidation in the fluids and the resulting H₂ generation during the olivine alteration. Considering carbonate mineralogy over the temperature range of natural hydrothermal fields, H₂ generation is likely suppressed at temperatures below approximately 300 °C due to the formation of the Mg-bearing carbonates. Nevertheless, H₂ concentration in fluid at 300 °C could be still high due to the temperature dependency of magnetite stability in ultramafic systems. Moreover, the Mg-bearing carbonates may play a key role in the ocean-atmosphere system on the early Earth. Recent studies suggest that the subduction of carbonated ultramafic rocks may transport surface CO₂ species into the deep mantle. This process may have reduced the huge initial amount of CO₂ on the surface of the early Earth. Our approximate calculations demonstrate that the subduction of the Mg-bearing carbonates formed in komatiite likely played a crucial role as one of the CO₂ carriers from the surface to the deep mantle, even in hot subduction zones.     

Dissolution of Carbonate Sediments Under Rising <Emphasis Type="Italic">p</Emphasis>CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> and Ocean Acidification: Observations from Devil’s Hole,Bermuda

Rising atmospheric pCO₂ and ocean acidification originating from human activities could result in increased dissolution of metastable carbonate minerals in shallow-water marine sediments. In the present study, in situ dissolution of carbonate sedimentary particles in Devil’s Hole, Bermuda, was observed during summer when thermally driven density stratification restricted mixing between the bottom water and the surface mixed layer and microbial decomposition of organic matter in the subthermocline layer produced pCO₂ levels similar to or higher than those levels anticipated by the end of the 21st century. Trends in both seawater chemistry and the composition of sediments in Devil’s Hole indicate that Mg-calcite minerals are subject to selective dissolution under conditions of elevated pCO₂. The derived rates of dissolution based on observed changes in excess alkalinity and estimates of vertical eddy diffusion ranged from 0.2 mmol to 0.8 mmol CaCO₃ m⁻² h⁻¹. On a yearly basis, this range corresponds to 175–701 g CaCO₃ m⁻² year⁻¹; the latter rate is close to 50% of the estimate of the current average global coral reef calcification rate of about 1,500 g CaCO₃ m⁻² year⁻¹. Considering a reduction in marine calcification of 40% by the year 2100, or 90% by 2300, as a result of surface ocean acidification, the combination of high rates of carbonate dissolution and reduced rates of calcification implies that coral reefs and other carbonate sediment environments within the 21st and following centuries could be subject to a net loss in carbonate material as a result of increasing pCO₂ arising from burning of fossil fuels.     

CO<Subscript>2</Subscript>-rich fluid inclusions with chalcopyrite daughter mineral from the Fenghuangshan Cu–Fe–Au deposit,China: implications for metal transport in vapor

CO₂-rich fluid inclusions containing opaque mineral crystals were found in the Fenghuangshan skarn-porphyry Cu–Fe–Au deposit in Tongling, Anhui, China. These inclusions show variable CO₂ contents and are accompanied by aqueous inclusions, both occurring as secondary inclusions in quartz and being locally associated with chalcopyrite mineralization. Laser Raman microspectroscopic analyses confirm the predominance of CO₂ in the vapor and the presence of H₂S as high as 8 mol%, and identify the opaque mineral with yellow reflectance color in the inclusions as chalcopyrite. More than half of the CO₂-bearing inclusions contains chalcopyrite, whereas few of the associated aqueous inclusions do so. The chalcopyrite, occupying less than 1% (volume) of the inclusions, is interpreted to be a daughter mineral, and calculated Cu concentrations in the inclusions range from 0.1 to 3.4 wt%. Copper is inferred to have been transported in CO₂-dominated fluids as HS⁻ complexes. The occurrence of chalcopyrite daughter crystals in CO₂-rich fluid inclusions indicates that CO₂-rich vapor has the capacity of transporting large amounts of Cu, and possibly Au. This finding has significant implications for metal transport and mineralization in hydrothermal systems enriched in CO₂, such as orogenic-type and granitic intrusion-related gold deposits.     

Melt and fluid inclusion evidence for a genetic relationship between magmatism in the Shuangliao volcanic field and inorganic CO2 gas reservoirs in the southern Songliao Basin,China

We have studied melt and fluid inclusions in minerals from alkali basalts, mantle xenoliths, and dawsonite-bearing sandstones from the Shuangliao volcanic field in southern Songliao Basin, Northeast China. The inclusions have been investigated using petrographic, geochemical, and laser Raman spectroscopic techniques. Volcanic rocks of the Shuangliao field are predominantly alkali olivine basalts that contain rare mantle xenoliths. Silicate melt and fluid inclusions are common in both olivine phenocrysts and the mantle xenoliths. The fluid inclusions are mainly composed of CO₂ with small amounts of CO, CH₄, N₂, and H₂O, which is consistent with an upper mantle origin. CO₂ gas reservoirs in the southern Songliao Basin are mostly derived from a mantle–magmatic source. Coeval fluid-inclusion homogenization temperatures, coupled with the thermal burial history, show that the CO₂ gas reservoirs in the southern Songliao Basin are Cenozoic (40–63 Ma) and coeval with the magmatism in the Shuangliao volcanic field. Despite the relatively small scale of this volcanic activity, it released large amounts of CO₂. Much of the magma was not erupted, and CO₂- and H₂O-rich magma was probably intruded into the basin along deep faults, acting as a major source of inorganic CO₂ gas in the southern Songliao Basin.