地文期-构造节律-气候旋回耦合与三峡地质灾害关系的探讨

构造-地貌-气候耦合是现代地球系统科学研究的热点之一。大量地质事实表明,构造、地貌、气候与地质灾害的发生密切相关,而三者的阶段性耦合,即地文期-构造节律-气候旋回耦合,在很大程度上决定了地质灾害在时间分布上的群发和空间上的群集。从地文期-构造节律-气候旋回的关系及耦合作用的分析入手,通过地文期、构造节律、气候旋回与地质灾害的关系论述,建立了地文期、构造节律、气候旋回与地质灾害的耦合关系模式。依据现有资料,对三峡地区滑坡的群(高)发与地文期、构造、气候的耦合关系进行了初步分析,并就如何加强这方面的研究进行了讨论。     

科学大洋钻探与全球气候变化研究

文章简要地回顾了科学大洋钻探的发展历程。深海钻探计划（ＤＳＤＰ）革命性地改变了地球科学家们对地球动力作用的认识。ＤＳＤＰ的后继者，即大洋钻探计划（ＯＤＰ）正在全球各大洋收集有关这些作用在几万至几十万年时间尺度上变化的高分辨率记录，并已在与全球气候有关的下述领域取得了重要进展：地质历史时期气候变化的幅度、速度及原因，按轨道调谐的新生代（１０Ｍａ前以来）地质年代表，高纬度地区冰盖形成及演化历史，造山运动与长期气候变化之间的相互关系，气体水合物与全球气候变化的相互制约关系。ＤＳＤＰ和ＯＤＰ的成就使地球科学家们相信，在全球年轻的大洋底实施钻探以取得连续的沉积记录和录井记录，是研究过去全球气候的长期、短期变化的有效而重要的手段，并将给未来全球变化的研究带来启示     

青岛崂山地区地质灾害变形监测研究

青岛崂山地区一直都存在着地质灾害及隐患,在旅游业快速发展的带动下,更是加剧了改造环境的人类工程地质活动,这些活动不仅增加了崂山地区滑坡、崩塌、泥石流等地质灾害及隐患的存在,而且增强了地质灾害的危险程度。近年来随着经济活动的增加,区内地质灾害隐患更是时刻威胁着人类的生命财产安全,并且有些已经造成了生命财产损失,因此有必要对区内开展地质灾害研究,为灾害防治提供科学依据。本文以青岛崂山区为实证,针对旅游背景条件下地质灾害隐患存在区域已经建立的灾害监测系统,对监测数据变化规律进行分析。通过对监测数据和气候因素的变化分析,结果表明气候因素对地质灾害的影响具有差异性,强降雨仍然是灾害引发的重要因素之一。同时旅游业的发展所带来的人类工程活动对地质灾害与隐患的存在有着不可忽视的影响作用。本文为崂山区地质灾害监测预警提供了地质灾害变形方面的参考资料,并为旅游地区的人类活动影响下的地质灾害研究拓宽了新的思路。     

沙漠环境的时空演化及其成因探讨

沙漠化是全球气候、地表岩石、区域构造演化所控制的一种地质事件。岩石记录表明，古沙漠环境在中生代中期就开始了，第四纪以来南北两半球各存在一条中纬度沙漠带，中国的沙漠化是全球沙漠化进程的一个组成部分。人类活动是局部的，在整个地球沙漠化进程中只是起到一个加速剂的作用。     

对流层大气甲烷浓度对地震活动的响应

根据气候要素的特征周期, 利用小波分析方法, 从大气对流层甲烷体积混合比产品中分解、识别并去除气候和人为因素对应甲烷浓度变化分量, 从而提取出地质活动所引起的甲烷异常幅值变化信息.在此基础上, 以龙门山和玉树地区为例, 研究了甲烷异常幅值与地震活动间的关系.研究表明: 甲烷异常幅值与地震活动存在明显的对应关系; 龙门山地区3年间(2004—2006年)共出现甲烷异常峰值13次, 玉树地区2年间(2004—2005年)共出现14次; 其中21次(78%)甲烷异常峰值与地震峰值出现的时间间隔不超过2个月; 两个研究区的间隔天数随时间演化非常同步, 均呈现先降后升的规律; 龙门山地区异常增幅与地震能量峰值存在明显的正相关关系, 而玉树地区则不存在.最后, 初步探讨了甲烷异常产生和变化的原因, 认为地源甲烷来源于壳-幔流体的上涌; 其值的波动与韧性流变层中地质流体的存储状态及中上地壳"微破裂"、"破裂链"的发育过程有密切关系.      

Geological environment and causes for desertification in arid-semiarid regions in China

. In the past 40 years, the desertification rates have reached between 0.81 and 1.64% per year in northern China. Many researchers have focused their studies particularly on climate change and human activities occurring in recent years but have overlooked the possible effect of changing geological environment on a much longer time scale on this deterioration of land. Using the Geologic Information System (GIS) technique, the impact of climate change, eolian deposit, loess formation, and the Quaternary environment in the past 20,000 years on desertification during three periods of dry-cold, warm-humid and dry-cold conditions was investigated. The results indicate that the important factor causing the drought and desertification in the north is the uplifting of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau in the past 10,000 years. The time scale on which natural factors contribute to desertification is 1,000–10,000 years, whereas that of human influence is only in the magnitude of a decade to about 100 years. There is evidence to indicate that the change in the Quaternary geological environment was the decisive factor for the desertification. The destruction of vegetation and surface soil cover is the direct and immediate cause leading to the present desertification. In the past 50 years, the climate in northern China has been predominantly dry and warm, creating a favorable condition for the desertification process. Therefore, it is an important task for China in the 21st century to protect vegetation and to limit land development so as to stop the desertification process.     

雅鲁藏布江大拐弯北段区域工程地质及其对地质灾害发育的影响

川藏公路然乌-鲁朗段位于雅鲁藏布江大拐弯北部,是地质灾害频发的地区,而地质灾害的发生受当地的地质、气候、水文、人类活动等多种因素的影响,其中地质条件是控制因素。研究区位于东喜马拉雅构造结北缘,是地质构造活动最强烈的地区。在地质构造上,东喜马拉雅构造结属于冈底斯、雅鲁藏布和喜马拉雅三个构造单元。区内构造的形成经历了3个时期7个阶段。川藏公路然乌-鲁朗段的地层属于冈底斯-念青唐古拉区中的拉萨-波密分区,第四纪冰碛发育。由于强烈的地质构造活动,区内断层、褶皱等构造发育,许多断裂仍在活动,尤其是嘉黎断裂。由于地质灾害的形成需要一定的条件,并受地质条件控制,因此区内地质灾害的分布具有明显的空间特征。     

阿里机场盐渍化冻土工程地质特性及其改良

阿里机场位于西藏阿里地区,是我国海拔第二高机场,处于高原寒带季风干旱气候区,年平均气温在0℃以下。由于机场场区地下水埋深浅,且含有一定盐分,形成了盐渍化季节性冻土。盐渍化季节性冻土工程地质性质独特,在我国机场建设历史上尚属首次发现,在设计和施工中没有类似工程经验可以借鉴。本文通过对盐渍化季节性冻土工程地质特性的研究,提出了有针对性的技术处理方案,并运用到工程建设中。机场经两年多的运行和相关监测验证,该技术方法成功解决了机场场道地基盐渍化季节性冻土问题,从而为我国类似高原机场建设积累了宝贵经验。     

Post-glacial regional climate variability along the East Antarctic coastal margin—Evidence from shallow marine and coastal terrestrial records

We review the post-glacial climate variability along the East Antarctic coastline using terrestrial and shallow marine geological records and compare these reconstructions with data from elsewhere. Nearly all East Antarctic records show a near-synchronous Early Holocene climate optimum (11.5–9 ka BP), coinciding with the deglaciation of currently ice-free regions and the optimum recorded in Antarctic ice and marine sediment cores. Shallow marine and coastal terrestrial climate anomalies appear to be out of phase after the Early Holocene warm period, and show complex regional patterns, but an overall trend of cooling in the terrestrial records. A Mid to Late Holocene warm period is present in many East Antarctic lake and shallow coastal marine records. Although there are some differences in the regional timing of this warm period, it typically occurs somewhere between 4.7 and 1 ka BP, which overlaps with a similar optimum found in Antarctic Peninsula terrestrial records. The differences in the timing of these sometimes abrupt warm events in different records and regions points to a number of mechanisms that we have yet to identify. Nearly all records show a neoglacial cooling from 2 ka BP onwards. There is no evidence along the East Antarctic coastline for an equivalent to the Northern Hemisphere Medieval Warm Period and there is only weak circumstantial evidence in a few places for a cool event crudely equivalent in time to the Northern Hemisphere's Little Ice Age. There is a need for well-dated, high resolution climate records in coastal East Antarctica and particularly in Terre Adélie, Dronning Maud Land and Enderby Land to fully understand the regional climate anomalies, the disparity between marine and terrestrial records, and to determine the significance of the heterogeneous temperature trends being measured in the Antarctic today.     

白垩纪地球表层系统重大地质事件与温室气候变化研究

国家重点基础研究发展计划（973）项目“白垩纪地球表层系统重大地质事件与温室气候变化”，将以白垩纪与碳循环相关的重大地质事件和温室气候变化的关系为主线，以大洋缺氧事件—富氧作用转变过程和机制研究为突破口，进行海陆相整合研究，重点追溯东特提斯洋和我国大陆地球表层系统重大地质事件的记录，探讨这些事件与碳循环、快速气候变化的正/负反馈机制。项目将充分利用中国大陆发育完好的白垩纪海相、陆相地层及古生物记录，通过松辽盆地白垩系科学钻探全岩芯取样和多学科综合研究的途径，着眼于厘定反映地质事件和气候变化的层位及标志和时间格架，解决高分辨率海、陆相沉积事件的精确对比，分析地层记录中气候标志和古生物类群的地理分布，集中研究陆地和海洋环境对同一事件的响应机制，重溯白垩纪地球表层系统重大地质事件过程及成因，探究陆相烃源岩大规模形成、陆地生物群更替与温室气候变化和碳循环之间的正/负反馈关系和机制等科学问题，为预测全球长时间尺度上的气候变化趋势提供科学依据。     

华南伊迪卡拉纪宏体生物群的古地理分布及意义*

伊迪卡拉纪（635—542Ma）是前寒武纪全球大规模末次冰期（Marinoan）结束后至寒武纪“生命大爆发”之前一段重要的地质时期,由于受到新元古代气候和环境剧变的影响,真核生物乃至多细胞生物迅速演化、分异,出现显著的适应辐射。中国华南的伊迪卡拉系——震旦系陡山沱组和灯影组及其相当地层代表着这一特殊地史时段的沉积,地层记录完整,岩相环境多样,化石产出丰富,是深入研究伊迪卡拉（震旦）纪（Ediacaran/Sinian）地层划分及全球对比、探讨早期多细胞生物起源和辐射的理想地区之一。其中,扬子台地边缘相地层中出露丰富的宏体化石材料,分异显著,具有较为独特的组合面貌。近年取得的研究成果表明华南宏体化石群中也含有澳洲伊迪卡拉生物群和俄罗斯白海生物群的典型分子。作者总结了前人关于华南伊迪卡拉纪岩相古地理的研究成果;重点展示了近年来开始研究的贵州江口“翁会生物群”、云南“江川生物群”的宏体化石;简要记述了华南伊迪卡拉系中以“庙河生物群”为代表的若干宏体生物群的古地理位置及其宏体化石组合特征,据此提出了华南伊迪卡拉纪丰富多样的宏体生物群基本发育在扬子台地边缘碎屑岩至碳酸盐岩相的过渡带和斜坡带;各生物群宏体化石的组合面貌受沉积微相的制约,存在一定的变化规律。宏体化石记录表明在这一时期,伴随着显著的气候和环境变化,不仅发生了一系列重要的生物演化事件,比如：多细胞藻类和后生动物普遍开始出现多样化发展,为寒武纪生命的演化辐射奠定了生态基础;而且在华南地区已经形成了一个全新的浅海生态系统,以浮游和底栖真核藻类为主的海洋初级生产者大量繁盛,尤其是丰富的多细胞藻类可能成为前寒武纪末期至寒武纪早期主要的生烃植物类群。     

粘土矿物在气候环境变化研究中的应用进展

在古环境和古气候的重建中,粘土矿物和碳-氧同位素、孢粉、树轮、冰芯等代用指标一样具有同等重要的地位。在没有地质构造运动影响时,气候是影响粘土矿物形成的主要因素,沉积物中的粘土矿物可用来分析古气候和古环境。粘土矿物及其组合可以独立或作为主要指标反映气候和环境变化,并已应用于高分辨率的晚第四纪地层的气候环境研究中。粘土矿物在很短的时间内也会发生明显地变化,不仅可以反映千年-百年尺度的气候环境变化,而且也可以反映几十年尺度的古气候环境变化过程。粘土矿物与其它指标对同一气候环境响应的相位差有待深入研究。不同的半定量分析方法测量出的同一剖面中粘土矿物的含量变化趋势和特征具有一致性。     

Climatic and eustatic signals in a global compilation of shallow marine carbonate accumulation rates

Two of the most important factors that control the accumulation rate of material in carbonate platform environments on geological time scales are climate and eustasy. Accurately assessing the importance of these inter‐related factors through the study of both modern and ancient carbonate facies, however, is problematic. These difficulties arise from both the complexities inherent in carbonate depositional systems and the demonstrable incompleteness of the stratigraphic record. Here, a new compilation of more than 19 000 global Phanerozoic shallow marine carbonate accumulation rates derived from nearly 300 individual stratigraphic sections is presented. These data provide the first global holistic view of changes in shallow marine carbonate production in response to climate and eustasy on geological time scales. Notably, a clear latitudinal dependence on carbonate accumulation rates is recognized in the data. Moreover, it can also be demonstrated that rates calculated across the last glacial maximum and Holocene track changes in sea‐level. In detail, the data show that globally averaged changes in carbonate accumulation rates lagged changes in sea‐level by ca 3 kyr, reflecting the commonly observed delay in the response of individual carbonate successions to sea‐level rise. Differences between the rates of carbonate accumulation and sea‐level change over the past 25 kyr ostensibly reflect changing accumulation mode, with platform drowning (give‐up mode) pervasive during peak Early Holocene sea‐level rise, followed by a switch to catch‐up mode accumulation from ca 9 ka to the present. Carbonate accumulation rates older than the Quaternary are typically calculated over time spans much greater than 100 kyr, and at these time spans, rates primarily reflect long‐term tectonically mediated accommodation space changes rather than shorter term changes in climate/eustasy. This finding, coupled with issues of stratigraphic incompleteness and data abundance, tempers the utility of this and other compilations for assessing accurately the role of climate and eustasy in mediating carbonate accumulation rates through geological time.     

试刀山隧道岩溶破碎体的成因分析及处理措施

本文从气象，构造，水文地质条件，工程地质条件等方面综合分析了试刀山隧道特大“岩溶破碎体”复杂的地质成因，并总结了经过施工，运营考验的成功的“管梁”处理措施方案，希望能为类似工程地质条件下工程的处理提供有益的借鉴。     

温室性气体地质处置研究进展及其问题

温室性气体地质处置的机理有3个:①将深部含水地层作为容器封闭CO2;②含水(油)介质,即岩石矿物与CO2发生化学反应而消耗掉CO2,使CO2长期安全保存于地下介质中;③在低渗透含水层中,CO2的运移与滞留时间较长,属于水力学控制CO2的机制.尽管CO2的地质处置存在费用和安全稳定性问题,但国际上已开展的研究表明,地质处置温室性气体是人类积极解决全球环境问题极具前景的方法之一.     

Climate shifts and coastal changes in a geological perspective. A contribution to integrated coastal zone management

This Special Issue deals with the impact of climate change on western European coastal systems. Notwithstanding the inherent problems of studying geological data in terms of climate shifts, the results show that on the meso- and the macroscale of time, climatic forcing is a major drive for coastal change. However, its impact is largely influenced by other factors. Sediment availability plays a dominant role in the evolution of coastal systems and it can be considered one of the most important thresholds at the land-ocean interface. Sea-level changes are expected to have a significant impact on most European coasts. There is particular concern for the tidally influenced flats and marshes, and for those coastal areas known to have already a net sediment deficit and to be threatened by erosion. Areas where isostatic uplift has countered sea-level rise until now, are expected to become subject to coastal erosion in the near future under an accelerated sea-level rise scenario. The sensitivity and vulnerability of coastal systems to climate shifts is shown to be largely controlled by storm magnitude and fetch. A particular case of vulnerability is the impact of tsunamis. Finally, the consequences of human interference have been demonstrated in many cases. The implementation of geoscientific studies for rational, comprehensive and cost-effective strategies on a regional or national level of integrated coastal zone management is reviewed.     

遥感在大兴安岭森林覆盖区地质矿产调查中的应用——以黑龙江洛古河1:5万区域地质矿产调查工作为例

大兴安岭地区森林覆盖严重, 气候严寒, 交通极为不便, 野外有效工作时间短, 给区域地质矿产调查工作增加了难度, 急需遥感手段提高成果质量和效率. 在黑龙江大兴安岭洛古河等4幅1:5万区域地质矿产调查工作中, 利用SPOT7、Landsat7/8、ASTER等多种遥感数据开展地质矿产解译, 进行遥感影像分区, 建立地层、构造和侵入岩解译标志, 提取羟基和铁染蚀变异常, 结合水系沉积物测量成果划分了成矿有利区, 有效降低了地质矿产调查强度, 提高了调查效率, 增强了调查质量. 表明遥感技术在大兴安岭高植被覆盖区地质矿产调查过程中能够取得较好效果.     

中国大陆新构造运动与地质灾害时空分布

中国是世界上地质灾害最严重的国家之一。地质灾害种类多、分布广、活动频繁,直接危害人类生命财产安全,破坏资源环境,对社会生活和经济建设造成广泛而又深远的影响。在气候、地形、地质构造和社会条件等多种因素影响下,不同地区地质灾害的种类、强度和破坏程度差异甚大。该文将全国分为东部和西部两大灾害区,每个灾害区又划分若干亚区。地质灾害活动具有不规则的周期性和累进性特点。多数地质灾害在强弱变化中显示不断增强的趋势。未来从可持续发展的高度,防治地质灾害乃是一项长期而又艰巨的任务。      

河北康保县迁安组的沉积环境、孢粉组合及时代

通过1：5万屯垦-道尹地测区区域地质调查,首次发现河北省康保县发育迁安组,其岩性组合为砂质砾、含砾粗砂、含砾细砂及粘质砂土。自下而上划分Pinus—Betula—Artemisia及Artemisia—Pinus—Chenopodiacea2个孢粉组合。晚更新世早期古环境为针阔叶混交林,古气候为温湿。晚更新世晚期古环境为温带疏林草原环境,古气候为干冷,属间冰期气候。晚更新世晚期-全新世早期本区出现各种寒冷气候条件下的融冻变形现象,反映了冰缘期气候。该套地层岩性具整体一致性,分布具区域性,且野外易于识别。无论在地层、孢粉、测年、气候、环境等方面均可与河北省迁安县爪村迁安组标准剖面进行对比。晚更新世迁安组在本区的发现,大幅度提高了区内第四纪地质的研究水平,为研究新构造运动、环境变迁和气候变化奠定了新的基础。     

全球气候变化与地质灾害响应分析

对全球气候变化对地质灾害的响应关系,尤其是对滑坡和泥石流灾害的响应关系进行了综述。工业化革命以来,特别是近几十年来全球气候发生着重要的变化,全球几乎所有地区都经历着升温过程。全球气候变化对极端天气事件(极端降雨、气温升高、强风和洪水灾害)的影响尤为强烈,并且增加了地质灾害的发生风险。其中,水循环和气温的变化是影响地质灾害发生的直接因素。气温上升会导致大气层含水量升高、冰川冻土退化、海平面上升、蒸发作用增强;水循环变化会导致降雨频率、降水周期、降水强度的改变。日益增加的极端天气与同岩土体相互作用,导致了不同类型地质灾害的发生,严重威胁着人类的生活起居。