铀矿床中红色微晶石英的透射电镜研究

本文在国内首次采用透射电子显微镜研究铀矿床中的含铀红色微晶石英，查明其中不可见铀主要呈超显微状沥青铀矿和铀石形式存在，从而改变了过去普遍认为该矿物集合体中的不可见分散铀是呈吸附状态存在的认识。     

贵州兴义地区大际山铀多金属矿床成因:矿石特征与铀赋存状态

大际山铀多金属矿床是黔西南地区鲜有的碳硅泥岩型铀矿床,有关该矿床的矿化特征和成因研究涉及甚少.本文利用α径迹蚀刻、光学显微镜、激光拉曼光谱、扫描电镜和电子探针等多种方法,对大际山铀多金属矿床的矿石组构特征和铀的赋存状态进行了细致研究.结果表明,铀多金属矿石主要呈角砾状、浸染状和细脉状构造,矿石中以发育大量黄铁矿、白铁矿、硫钼矿和有机质为特征,还可见少量方铅矿和闪锌矿.铀主要以"不可见铀"和显微状沥青铀矿等形式存在,其中,沥青铀矿颗粒细小,多以星点状、粒状分布在金属硫化物颗粒内部或呈不规则团块状、絮状赋存在不同矿物颗粒的边缘或间隙部位,另有少量不规则细脉状、网脉状沥青铀矿充填于碳酸盐岩角砾的裂隙中.结合野外矿体严格受构造控制、围岩蚀变强烈和赋矿围岩中铀含量较低等基本地质特征,推测大际山铀多金属矿床应属于低温热液型铀矿床类型.     

华南古岩溶型铀矿床矿物学及其矿床成因意义

华南古岩溶铀矿床的矿物学特征为:表生矿物发育,原生成矿矿物少见;矿化脉体几乎没有;矿石中铀主要呈吸附状态,其次呈显微和超显微沥青铀矿存在。与古岩溶有关铀矿床则出现典型低中温热液矿物组合,矿化脉体期次分明,矿石中铀基本呈可见状沥青矿存在,沥青铀矿具有热液成因标型。鉴于该类矿床成矿前主岩溶为冷水成因,而热液成矿流体是与岩溶无关的体系,故属古岩溶热液叠造成矿      

二连盆地哈达图砂岩型铀矿铀的赋存状态研究

二连盆地哈达图铀矿床是近年来发现的大型可地浸砂岩型铀矿床,研究该矿床铀的赋存状态直接关系到铀的矿床成因研究及地浸开采,具有重要意义。通过电子探针、扫描电镜、α径迹蚀刻等分析方法研究哈达图矿床铀的赋存状态,结果表明,铀主要以超显微状(粒径1μm)、显微状(粒径1～1.5μm)铀矿物及其集合体形式吸附在黏土矿物、黄铁矿及有机质表面。识别出的铀矿物有沥青铀矿、铀石、铀的磷酸盐,另有部分超显微状铀矿物因粒径较小而无法定名。此外,还有少量铀以含铀矿物形式存在如含铀稀土矿物、独居石、锆石、钍石等。     

冀北地区火山岩型隐伏铀矿地球化学勘查方法试验研究

冀北地区是火山岩型铀矿产出有利区,该区发现的460铀钼矿是北方地区典型的火山岩型铀矿床。在460铀钼矿体上方开展了土壤细粒级测量和金属活动态测量2种地球化学勘查方法的试验工作,目的是为该地区铀矿找矿工作提供地球化学方法指导。剖面测量结果显示,在铀钼矿体上方,土壤细粒级和金属活动态测量都存在明显的U、Mo异常,其中,土壤细粒级U、Mo异常强度和规模较活动态U、Mo突出。U活动态含量以黏土吸附态最强,表明活动态铀以细粒级黏土吸附为主,Mo活动态含量以水溶态最强,表明钼主要以可溶解的钼酸盐形式存在。土壤细粒级和金属活动态面积性测量圈定的异常分布范围与矿区的分布较为一致,说明这2种方法对圈定隐伏火山岩型铀矿都是有效的。     

我国西北地区层间氧化带砂岩型铀矿床中铀的赋存形式

我国西北地区主要层间氧化带砂岩型铀矿床的贫矿石(U≤0.01%)中铀主要以分散形式,被砂岩填隙物中的粘土、褐铁矿等矿物,以及碎屑物和矿物的裂隙面等吸附,偶呈显微(μm级)、超显微状(<1μm)沥青铀矿(其次为铀石)。随着矿石铀品位的增高,其中呈铀矿物形式的铀的比例逐渐增大,在特高品位(U>1%)的矿石中,铀基本呈铀矿物(沥青铀矿,偶有铀石)形式产出。类质同象铀的份额极微,其可利用性缺乏实际意义。矿石中铀矿物主要赋存于矿化砂岩的填隙部位及碎屑物、矿物的孔隙或解理中,有时可交代碳屑、黄铁矿、绿泥石、黑云母等。由矿石中U4 /U6 含量比例推算原生铀矿物(沥青铀矿)的近似含氧系数变化范围为2.35~2.74,均值为2.49,与沉积、淋积铀矿床中的铀氧化物含氧系数相当,表明该类铀矿床生于常温条件下。极少数样品落入低温热水成因沥青铀矿的含氧系数范围(含氧系数低至2.35),表明个别地段可能出现低温热水铀成矿作用,推测可能受断裂构造热的影响。进而推测,特富矿石(U>1%)可能是源自深部、沿断裂上升的含铀低温热水叠造作用的产物,板状矿体便是深、浅部流体混合的证据之一。     

河北张麻井矿床的矿物学研究及其对铀钼成因关系的启示

张麻井铀钼矿床是中国北方地区最大的火山岩型铀钼矿床.为探讨该矿床的铀钼成因关系,对浸染状钼(铀)矿石开展了矿物学和元素地球化学研究.除沥青铀矿外,铀石也是该矿床的一种重要铀矿物,常呈他形粒状,与胶硫钼矿、闪锌矿共生.元素面扫描结果显示,铀与钼元素的空间分布范围非常一致,表明铀和钼可能为同一期成矿作用的产物.此外,相较于矿化的核部,边部的铀含量降低,钼含量升高,反映存在一期独立的富钼流体成矿作用.结合矿床地质特征和岩石地球化学特征,认为张麻井矿床中浸染状矿体具有斑岩型矿化的特点,暗示其早期钼(铀)矿化可能为斑岩型矿化.     

鄂尔多斯盆地北部2081铀矿床成矿特征

2081铀矿床的矿石以接触式胶结为主,其次为孔隙式胶结,胶结物主要为水云母,其次为方解石、黄铁矿、针铁矿、褐铁矿等。矿石中粘土矿物主要为蒙脱石,平均含量为73.3%,其次为高岭石和伊利石,无伊利石/蒙脱石混层。铀矿物主要是铀石,UO2含量为46.72%~73.4%,其次为钛铀矿,UO2含量为36.01%~49.01%。铀石大多与黄铁矿伴生,有时与硒铅矿、锐钛矿等伴生,这些伴生矿物都不同程度地含铀。铀主要以吸附态形式存在,在矿床的不同部位,吸附态铀以及U 6、U 4所占的比例存在较大差别,这是由于矿石处于不同的地球化学环境造成的。该铀矿床的形成与烃类具有密切关系。     

二连盆地恩格日音砂岩型铀矿床地质特征及成矿作用初探

恩格日音铀矿床是近年在二连盆地马尼特坳陷南缘新发现的一处大型砂岩型铀矿床。矿体在平面上呈近EW向展布,矿带长度超过7.6 km,宽度400～800 m,垂向上可分为三层,产状较平缓,主要赋存于下白垩统赛汉组冲积扇相及辫状河道相灰色粗砂岩、细砂岩、泥质砂砾岩中,呈层状、透镜状产出。矿石以低品位含铀碎屑岩型为主,铀主要以吸附态赋存于杂基中,其次以沥青铀矿和铀石形式存在。矿区主要蚀变类型包括黄铁矿化、褐铁矿化、绿泥石化、黏土化等,其中黄铁矿化与铀矿化关系密切。恩格日音铀矿床上部矿体成矿类型属于层间氧化带型,下部矿体形成时代为早白垩世晚期115.1±5.9Ma,与赛汉组下段沉积时期接近,成矿类型属于沉积同生型,该结论深化了马尼特坳陷南缘铀成认识,拓宽了该区铀矿找矿方向。     

新疆十红滩砂岩型铀矿基本特征及其成因分析

新疆十红滩铀矿床是中国近年发现的层间氧化型砂岩铀矿床。该矿档位于吐鲁番－哈密盆地西南部的艾西湖斜坡带西侧，赋矿地层为中株罗统西山窑组瓣状河－曲流河相的含煤碎屑岩系；矿体严格受发育于河道砂体中的层间氧化带前锋线控制，矿体形态呈卷状或板状；含矿岩石主要为灰－深灰色疏松和次疏松细一粗粒长石石英砂岩，铀主要以吸附形式存在；全岩Pb同位素测定的主成矿年龄为24Ma。研究认为：晚株罗世后，持续干热气候条件下，层间氧化带的发育，高含氧水在富铀地层砂体中持续向前运移，在富还原剂地球化学形成铀沉淀富集，是该铀矿床的成因。     

512铀矿床Re的地球化学及其研究意义

Ｒｅ是一种重要的分散元素。本文通过对５１２可地浸砂岩型铀矿床中Ｒｅ的地球化学特征进行分析，指出Ｒｅ的活化迁移和沉淀富集受地球化学环境控制，并与有机质密切相关，其赋存形式以ＲｅＯ＿２和有机质吸附为主。同时指出Ｒｅ在该铀矿床中已达到地浸开采综合利用的指标，建议加强对其地浸工艺的研究。     

有机质-铀矿床中铀产出形式的电子探针研究

在富含有机质的油矿石中,铀的产出形式往往不易查清。笔者以电子探针显微分析技术为主要研究手段,辅以放射性照相、X射线粉晶分析及其它的物理、光学和化学等测试方法,对我国南方5个重要的(含)有机质铀矿床进行研究,确定了各矿床原生工业铀矿物的存在及其产出特征,进一步查明了各矿床中铀的赋存状态。在本文研究的所有矿床的富含有机质铀矿石标本中,电子探针均查出有原生铀矿物沥青铀矿和铀石存在。在各矿床中,细小铀矿物多成集合体分布在有机质条带内或以不规则浸染状产于煤岩中,也有的铀矿物呈胶结物形式产出。此外,还见有铀矿物同黄铁矿或白硒铁矿(FeSe_2)一起充填于古植物细胞腔内的现象。     

层间氧化带砂岩型铀矿床形成机理--以伊犁盆地南缘为例

通过分析铀迁移、沉淀、富集的成矿特点,结合伊犁盆地南缘铀矿床中铀矿石成分研究,分析了砂岩型铀矿成矿机理.指出在层间氧化带砂岩型铀矿床中,铀主要以碳酸铀酰络合物形式迁移,在富含有机质、硫化物、硫化氢等有效还原剂的条件下,形成强烈的地化反差还原地球化学障环境,铀还原沉淀,最后富集成矿.为指导普查找矿、开展铀矿床矿石成分研究提供参考依据.     

铀成矿作用、核废物地球化学处置与吸附作用的关系

在不同类型的工业铀矿床的矿石中,吸附状态的铀占了很大的比重,铁钛氢氧化物、硅胶、粘土、有机质等是常见的主要吸附剂。本文利用朗缪尔等温式、弗仑德里奇等温式、D-R等温式,讨论了粘土矿物(主要是高岭土、蒙脱石)对溶液中铀的吸附作用,对吸附作用在铀成矿作用、核废物处置中的意义作了详细的讨论,认为吸附作用是一种重要的成矿作用。     

川北陆相砂岩型铀矿床成岩与成矿过程中有机质对铀的富集作用

川北陆相砂岩型铀矿主岩中有机质是铀的主要富集剂。铀在其中存在形式有:1.矿物铀;2.吸附铀;3.腐植酸合铀酰络合物。含铀有机质相当煤化程度较低的褐煤,铀矿化主要富集在结构镜质体之中。有机质对铀的富集作用表现在成煤作用的各个阶段。     

华南某大型铀矿床成因新识

华南某大型铀矿床具典型的岩溶特征。研究发现矿石中铀主要以微脉浸染状沥青铀矿形式存在，沥青铀矿的晶胞参数ａ０＝５．４１６～５．４２８，含氧系数为２．３１～２．３４，属低、中温热液成因。矿床中出现一套低、中温热液矿物组合。测得成矿温度为１５０～１８１℃（均一法）。矿床中热水叠加改造特征明显，故建议称之为岩溶热造铀矿床，是一种特殊的新成矿类型。     

构造蚀变作用与铀成矿

本文以华南MS花岗岩铀矿床为例。研究了构造作用所引起的蚀变(即构造蚀变)作用和构造蚀变岩的地球化学特征,指出该铀矿床是构造蚀变作用促使铀的活化转移并富集形成的,从而揭示了构造控矿的本质方面。     

The Nuheting deposit,Erlian Basin,NE China: Synsedimentary to diagenetic uranium mineralization

Sedimentary units deposited during the post-rift stage of the Erlian Basin located in northeast China present an alternation of sandstone and mudstone layers. This sedimentological architecture is at the origin of confined permeable reservoirs hosting sandstone-type uranium deposits. The study of the Nuheting deposit offered the opportunity to identify synsedimentary/early diagenetic uranium concentrations and diagenetic mineralization hosted in mudstone-dominated layers of the Erlian Formation, indicating that a stock of uranium was present in the basin prior to the genesis of sandstone-hosted uranium deposits. Therefore, this pre-existing stock may constitute a significant source of uranium for the formation of roll front deposits present in other parts of the Erlian Basin.Detailed petrographic and geochemical study of drill-core samples from the Nuheting deposit led to the characterization of different stages related to the formation of the uranium ore bodies and allowed to propose a new metallogenic model. Uranium mineralization of the Nuheting deposit is mainly hosted in dark gray silty mudstone of wetland depositional environment of the Late Cretaceous Erlian Formation. Petrographic observations and EMP analyses evidenced that a significant amount of uranium was associated with clay minerals (interstratified clays, smectite, chlorite, palygorskyte, illite and kaolinite), either adsorbed on mineral surfaces as U (VI) ions or reduced mainly as UO₂ nano to microcrystals disseminated in the clayey matrix, which corresponds to synsedimentary/early diagenetic concentrations. Trace elements on pyrite analyzed by LA-ICPMS, petrographic observations and whole-rock geochemical data led to the characterization of a diagenetic uranium mineralization. High As (1–50 ppm), Mo (10–500 ppm) and Se concentrations in the whole rock and the incorporation of these elements in pyrite highlight reducing conditions within the host-rocks during the diagenesis of the Erlian Formation. During the early diagenetic stage, uranium was either desorbed from clay minerals and organic materials to be reduced or directly reduced and precipitated as P-rich coffinite and pitchblende on pyrite crystals. During the late diagenetic stage, uranium was redistributed in situ and locally deposited mainly as coffinite on pyrites. Finally, an epigenetic stage of cementation was identified with sulfate and carbonate minerals, which may enclose some uranium minerals. This epigenetic stage of fluid circulation may be responsible for a minor uranium remobilization. Therefore, the Nuheting deposit experienced three main stages: (i) a synsedimentary/early diagenetic uranium concentration and mineralization, (ii) a late diagenetic in situ uranium remobilization and deposition on pyrite and (iii) an epigenetic cementation. Rock-Eval pyrolysis indicates that the organic matter contained in host-rocks of the Nuheting deposit is of type IV, inherited from land plant, and do not contain free hydrocarbons (very low S1). Therefore, our results do not support that migrated hydrocarbons were involved as a reducing agent for uranium mineralization.     

试论有机质与后生砂岩型铀矿成矿作用--以吐哈盆地十红滩地区为例

在很多砂岩型铀矿床中 ,可以发现铀与有机质之间有着密切关系 ,这种关系可以是数理统计意义上的、空间上的或化学的。本文以吐哈盆地十红滩地区砂岩型铀矿为研究对象 ,对有机质在后生砂岩型铀矿成矿中的作用进行了探索。研究区砂岩型铀矿含矿岩系中的有机质属腐殖型 ,其原始母质为陆生高等植物 ,有机质成熟度很低 ,处于热演化作用的褐煤阶段。铀与有机碳的相关性分析和分离实验表明铀成矿富集与有机质关系密切 ,在铀矿石中铀与有机质主要以腐殖酸吸附或腐殖酸盐形式存在。笔者认为 ,在氧化带有机质被氧化破坏 ,形成可溶性的铀腐殖酸络合物淋滤进入地下水 ,在过渡带以腐殖酸盐的形式沉淀下来 ,并造成过渡带矿石中有机碳含量的增高     

Coupled uranium mineralisation and bacterial sulphate reduction for the genesis of the Baxingtu sandstone-hosted U deposit,SW Songliao Basin,NE China

The Baxingtu deposit is a typical redox front tabular-shaped uranium deposit hosted in sandstones of the Late Cretaceous Yaojia Formation deposited within a braided river environment during the post-rift stage of the Songliao Basin, in northeast China. This study proposes the first metallogenic model for the Baxingtu deposit and provides new data on genetic processes involved in the uranium mineralisation of sandstone-type deposits that were characterised through petrographic observations, whole-rock geochemistry, and geochemical and/or mineralogical study of iron disulphide, uranium minerals, Fe-Ti oxides (EPMA, LA-ICP-MS), and organic matter (REP). The δ³⁴S value has been measured in situ by SIMS on the different generations of iron disulphide.Within regional primary reduced sandstones, pre-ore uranium enrichment (U_mean = 7.6 ppm in whole rock) was identified on altered Fe-Ti oxides along with minor concentrations on organic matter (respectively 26.3% and 1.3% of the whole-rock U content), which together represent a significant source of uranium for the mineralisation. Additional pre-ore uranium concentrations may also be associated with clay minerals. Petrographic observations and REP data indicate that organic matter occurring in the host-sandstone is mainly inherited from land plants and corresponds to type III or type IV kerogens. Ore-stage iron disulphides largely occur as framboids and in replacement of organic matter or also as sub-idiomorphic to idiomorphic cement and crystal. Trace element signatures detected within framboids are likely indicative of formation mainly from a single event. Framboids and iron disulphide in replacement of organic matter have a light sulphur isotope signature characterised by δ³⁴S values from −72.0 to −6.2‰, suggesting that sulphur originated from bacterial sulphate reduction, which was mainly responsible for (1) the liberation of U from Fe-Ti oxides and organic matter, (2) the generation of ore-stage iron disulphides, (3) the bioreduction of uranium and (4) the production of a secondary H₂S-rich reducing barrier also involved in uranium reduction. Uranyl and sulphate ions were transported through the host sandstone by low-temperature oxygenated groundwater and U(IV) was precipitated at the redox interface as nano to microcrystals of pitchblende and coffinite, dominantly associated with bacterial substrate and as intergrowth with biogenic iron disulphide or directly associated with organic matter and residual Ti-Fe oxides. The uranium mineralisation does not replace ore-stage iron disulphides. Therefore, the combined mineralogical, geochemical, and isotopic characteristics of the Baxingtu tabular uranium deposit characterise dominantly biogenic processes for the genesis of the uranium mineralisation.