北祁连造山带“补丁岩”的发现及意义

“补丁岩”是宋叔和先生早期在白银厂工作时提出的,系指薄板状、薄层状或片状的“补丁”被各种火山—沉积物胶结而成的一种特殊岩石,与典型的火山角砾岩、集块岩有很大区别。鉴于“补丁岩”与块状硫化物矿床关系密切,宋叔和先生曾指出,见到“补丁岩”,就离矿不远了。 目前,还没有关于“补丁岩”的文字记载和研究报导。部分在白银厂工作过的同志误认为“补丁岩”就是压扁了的火山角砾岩或火山集块岩。人们对“补丁岩”的特征、成因和意义还没有一个统一认识。重要的是,人们还来给予足够的注意。     

浅议临澧县白土坡玻屑凝灰岩的岩石学特征

临澧县白土坡玻屑凝灰岩（或半固结火山灰）赋存在第四系下更新统，层状或似层状，岩石松散，镜下具典型的玻屑凝灰结构。主要由流纹质火山玻屑，少量斜长石、石英及黑云母晶屑以及粘上矿物等组成。流纹质火山玻璃的电子探针分析平均值（％）：ＳｉＯ＿２７４．９７、Ａｌ＿２Ｏ＿３１４．０４６、ＣａＯ０．３２６、ＫｚＯ６．９３３、Ｎａ＿２Ｏ２．５３６、ＦｅＯ０．５１，总量９９．５２。     

陕西陈家坝变质火山体系

陈家坝变质火山体系位于太古代扬子陆壳西北边部康略勉初始裂谷，是在裂谷纪大陆拉张后期所生成的一个浅海海底中－酸性火山体系，它包括同源成串的裂隙式火山机构、火山塌陷构造和塌陷被动侵位的岩塞。火山机构的五次喷发堵塞阶段与刘家沟组凝灰岩系的五个喷发沉积阶段，岩段之间有着明显的成因对应关系，原岩属于陆壳来源型的富镁安山岩－英安岩－流纹岩组合。在较厚的近火山灰锥锥坡海底洼地相的角斑质火山尘凝灰岩层中，夹有含金     

金沙江下游白鹤滩水电站岩体结构的建造特征

拟建的白鹤滩水电站的坝基为峨眉山玄武岩。峨眉山玄武岩由火山熔岩类、火山碎屑熔岩类、火山碎屑岩类和沉积火山碎屑岩类所组成。火山熔岩又可划分为斜斑玄武岩、块状玄武岩和杏仁状玄武岩；火山碎屑岩包括集块岩、火山角砾岩以及凝灰岩；而沉积火山碎屑岩类则由沉火山角砾岩和沉凝灰岩所组成。不同类型岩石的结构构造、矿物成分和形成环境不同，导致它们的岩石力学性质和工程性能也不相同。块状玄武岩、斜斑玄武岩和沉积火山碎屑熔 岩的抗压强度和抗风化能力都比较大，因而具有很好的工程地质稳定性；杏仁状玄武岩、火山碎屑熔岩的抗压强度稍低，但抗风化能力很好，因此也具有较好的工程地质稳定性；而火山碎屑岩包括火山角砾岩、凝灰岩的抗压强度和抗风化能力都很低，往往形成岩体中的软弱夹层，工程地质稳定性较差。     

沉火山尘凝灰岩:一种赋存油气资源的重要岩类——以新疆北部中二叠统芦草沟组为例

新疆北部中二叠统芦草沟组的一套重要致密含油岩类一直被误认为是泥岩、泥晶白云岩、粉砂岩或油页岩。经过详细而系统的X衍射研究发现,在这套所谓"泥岩"的岩石中,以泥晶级别(30μm)的火山灰为主要组分,主要矿物成分为长石、石英和自生硅质成分,还有少量方沸石和黄铁矿,黏土的含量极低(5%)或无,属于火山凝灰岩中最细的一级,可定性为沉火山尘凝灰岩。全岩X衍射分析还表明,随着芦草沟组中白云石含量的递变,沉火山尘凝灰岩呈现向白云岩的渐变序列。沉火山尘凝灰岩在镜下具有非常好的荧光显示,TOC含量达2%~20%,有机质具有似层状和分散状两种赋存状态。岩石中有几种重要的储集空间:泄水通道、泄气孔、构造缝、硅质岩的碎裂缝、火山灰方沸石化溶孔及藻类(?)溶孔等。与非火山成因类泥岩和页岩的岩石学特征对比表明,芦草沟组沉火山尘凝灰岩可成为重要的烃源岩,而沉火山尘凝灰岩生烃过程中,大量的黏土矿物并非是必需的。沉火山尘凝灰岩可以是一种很好的自生自储岩类。     

沉火山尘凝灰岩:一种赋存油气资源的重要岩类——以新疆北部中二叠统芦草沟组为例

新疆北部中二叠统芦草沟组的一套重要致密含油岩类一直被误认为是泥岩、泥晶白云岩、粉砂岩或油页岩。经过详细而系统的X衍射研究发现,在这套所谓"泥岩"的岩石中,以泥晶级别(<30μm)的火山灰为主要组分,主要矿物成分为长石、石英和自生硅质成分,还有少量方沸石和黄铁矿,黏土的含量极低(<5%)或无,属于火山凝灰岩中最细的一级,可定性为沉火山尘凝灰岩。全岩X衍射分析还表明,随着芦草沟组中白云石含量的递变,沉火山尘凝灰岩呈现向白云岩的渐变序列。沉火山尘凝灰岩在镜下具有非常好的荧光显示,TOC含量达2%~20%,有机质具有似层状和分散状两种赋存状态。岩石中有几种重要的储集空间:泄水通道、泄气孔、构造缝、硅质岩的碎裂缝、火山灰方沸石化溶孔及藻类(?)溶孔等。与非火山成因类泥岩和页岩的岩石学特征对比表明,芦草沟组沉火山尘凝灰岩可成为重要的烃源岩,而沉火山尘凝灰岩生烃过程中,大量的黏土矿物并非是必需的。沉火山尘凝灰岩可以是一种很好的自生自储岩类。     

辽西四合屯—后燕子沟早白垩世火山机构及火山喷发作用的演化

在四合屯—后燕子沟火山岩区的工作,确定了火山机构的组合、分布及其类型。并将本区的火山作用划分为4个亚旋回。亚旋回Ⅰ的下部为凝灰质胶结复成分细砾岩,上部聚斑状橄榄玄武岩,气孔杏仁状玄武岩。亚旋回Ⅱ的下部为凝灰质杂砂岩、沉凝灰岩、凝灰岩和玄武安山质集块岩。上部杏仁状橄榄玄武岩与玄武安粗岩互层,夹辉石玄武安山岩。亚旋回Ⅲ为玄武安山质晶屑岩屑凝灰岩、岩屑杂砂岩、玄武安山质熔结集块岩、杏仁状橄榄黄长碧玄岩、拉斑玄武岩、安山质集块角砾岩、杏仁状玄武安山岩和杏仁状安山岩夹橄榄玄武岩。亚旋回Ⅳ为火山喷出大量橄榄玄武岩,杏仁状玄武岩和玄武安山岩,盖在凝灰质岩屑长石杂砂岩上。该火山岩区是一个巨大的组合式火山机构,火山机构中心地段由十几个火山口组成 ,构成中心火山群,即中心火山机构。外侧还有5个小火山群形成次级火山机构,围绕其近于有规律地匀称地分布,每个次级火山机构的中心火山口外侧也有数个火山口呈环状围绕其分布。故称其为“组合式”火山机构。“组合式”火山机构中心地带发现了含有地幔岩成分的橄榄玄武岩、碧玄岩。“组合式”火山机构是由含有地幔岩浆物质形成的。     

新疆哈尔拉金矿物质组分特征

新疆哈尔拉金矿区含矿围岩为一套中酸性火山熔岩、火山碎屑岩,后经含硫热液或热气作用,具强烈硅化、中强绢云母化、明矾石化,受构造挤压微有碎裂和定向,并沿其具绢云母化、黄铁矿化、金矿化. 1 近矿围岩及其特征 矿床赋矿围岩主要为完全硅化、绢云母化角砾凝灰岩,少量具石英残斑的熔岩,顶部一层正常沉积的角砾砂岩[1]. 火山碎屑岩 根据残留结构、构造可区分为角砾凝灰岩—凝灰岩及熔结角砾凝灰岩两类.前者岩石残留不规则状碎屑外形,小至0.03 mm,大至数毫米.熔结角砾凝灰岩具残留假流纹构造和变余熔结凝灰结构,排列不规则状碎屑等外形. 英…     

滇东早寒武世梅树村期浅色粘土岩层的地球化学特征和地质意义

滇东早寒武世梅树村期含磷岩系中出现的十多层浅色粘土岩层为酸性火山灰蚀变而成的变斑脱岩，它们是火山喷发事件和事件地层对比的标志。这些浅色粘土岩层中稳定微量元素Ｈｆ、Ｎｂ、Ｙ、Ｔｈ、Ｚｒ含量高于非火山成因的粘土，而Ｆｅ、Ｎｉ、Ｃｏ、Ｃｒ含量低于筇竹寺组泥岩。ＴｉＯ２／Ａｌ２Ｏ３、Ｚｒ／Ｈｆ、Ｔｉ／Ｔｈ比值属于酸性岩浆范围，球粒标准化稀土元素配分模式和具中至大的Ｅｕ负异常类似于花岗岩稀土配分模式。岩浆判别图指示了梅树村期变斑脱岩具板内花岗岩位置的亚碱性流纹岩和粗面岩岩浆亲缘性。变斑脱岩在地层序列上和区域上分布表明扬子地台西缘早寒武世初期火山活动频繁，火山喷发事件与古大陆解体和板内拉张构造运动有关。     

滇东早寒武世梅树村期浅色粘土岩层的地球化学特征和地质意义

滇东早寒武世梅树村期含磷岩系中出现的十多层浅色粘土岩层为酸性火山灰蚀变而成的变斑脱岩，它们是火山喷发事件和事件地层对比的标志。这些浅色粘土岩层中稳定微量元素Ｈｆ、Ｎｂ、Ｙ、Ｔｈ、Ｚｒ含量高于非火山成因的粘土，而Ｆｅ、Ｎｉ、Ｃｏ、Ｃｒ含量低于筇竹寺组泥岩。ＴｉＯ２／Ａｌ２Ｏ３、Ｚｒ／Ｈｆ、Ｔｉ／Ｔｈ比值属于酸性岩浆范围，球粒标准化稀土元素配分模式和具中至大的Ｅｕ负异常类似于花岗岩稀土配分模式。岩浆判别图指示了梅树村期变斑脱岩具板内花岗岩位置的亚碱性流纹岩和粗面岩岩浆亲缘性。变斑脱岩在地层序列上和区域上分布表明扬子地台西缘早寒武世初期火山活动频繁，火山喷发事件与古大陆解体和板内拉张构造运动有关     

辽西义县许家屯巨型枕状熔岩地质特征

辽西义县许家屯巨型枕状熔岩产在义县旋回第二亚旋回火山岩沉积夹层中.以其岩枕巨大（5~8m）、形态多样构成独特的火山岩景观.岩枕大体由冷凝边、过渡带和核部3部分组成,三者间在颜色、气孔和杏仁的数量与大小上彼此有别.它们的岩石学、地球化学特征完全可以和下伏火山岩对比,岩性属玄武安山岩.其是在第二亚旋回火山活动间歇期,岩浆再次溢出,涌流进水体（如湖泊）里冷凝而成为陆相环境产物,与海相玄武质枕状熔岩明显不同.     

Structure and products of subaquatic volcanoes in Iceland

Iceland provides a unique opportunity to study the mechanism of subaquatic eruptions. The Neovolcanic zone dissecting the country from NE to SW has been volcanically active since the end of the Tertiary, and a large number of eruptions have occurred under glaciers where melt water provided a subaquatic environment.The subaquatic volcanic piles have a regular structural sequence consisting of pillow lavas at the base covered by pillow breccias and glassy tuffs. This regularity is believed to result from external conditions rather than changes caused by variations in endogenic forces. The effective chilling of the lava surface as it enters the water prevents the natural degassing of the material under the prevailing hydrostatic pressure. The interior parts of a pillow continue to degass, however, creating gas pressures within each unit representing the amount of exsolved gases at magmatic temperature. The amount of exsolved gases is ultimately controlled by the hydrostatic pressure and pillow stability is thus a function of water depth above the volcanic vent. As the volcanic vent comes closer to the surface, a larger part of the dissolved gases will exsolve and pressures will be created within each glass encrusted unit which eventually are capable of exploding the material into fine-grained tuffs.A subaquatic lavaflow tends to form a thick pile instead of spreading out because of the effective chilling of flow fronts. This pile, consisting to a large extent of pillows, is eventually covered with layers of glassy tuffs. These tuffs are characteristically altered into palagonite. The alteration process neither can be related to immediate reactions between the hot melt and water, nor can this large-scale alteration be explained as a continuous weathering process under prevailing climatic conditions. It is suggested that a subaquatic volcanic structure is somewhat similar to a geothermal field during the period of cooling, where the pillow pile serves as a heat source and the tuffs provide the confining walls and cover. The palagonitization is thus considered to represent mild hydrothermal alteration in a short-lived thermal system.     

An approach of understanding acid volcanics and tuffaceous volcaniclastics from field studies: A case from Tadpatri Formation,Proterozoic Cuddapah basin,Andhra Pradesh,India

The lower stratigraphic part of the Cuddapah basin is marked by mafic and felsic volcanism. Tadpatri Formation consists of a greater variety of rock types due to bimodal volcanism in the upper part. Presence of bimodal volcanism is an indication of continental rift setting. Various genetic processes involved in the formation of such volcanic sequence result in original textures which are classified into volcaniclastic and coherent categories. Detailed and systematic field works in Tadpatri–Tonduru transect of SW Cuddapah basin have provided information on the physical processes producing this diversity of rock types. Felsic volcanism is manifested here with features as finger print of past rhyolite-dacite eruptions. Acid volcanics, tuffs and associated shale of Tadpatri Formation are studied and mapped in the field. With supporting subordinate studies on geochemistry, mineralogy and petrogenesis of the volcanics to validate field features accurately, it is understood that volcanism was associated with rifting and shallow marine environmental condition. Four facies (i.e., surge, flow, fall and resedimented volcaniclastic) are demarcated to describe stratigraphic units and volcanic history of the mapped area. The present contribution focuses on the fundamental characterization and categorization of field-based features diagnostic of silica-rich volcanic activities in the Tadpatri Formation.     

Relationships between Kuroko volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits, felsic volcanism, and island arc development in the northeast Honshu arc, Japan

The northeast (NE) Honshu arc was formed by three major volcano-tectonic events resulting from Late Cenozoic orogenic movement: continental margin volcanism (before 21?Ma), seafloor basaltic lava flows and subsequent bimodal volcanism accompanied by back-arc rifting (21 to 14?Ma), and felsic volcanism related to island arc uplift (12 to 2?Ma). Eight petrotectonic domains, parallel to the NE Honshu arc, were formed as a result of the eastward migration of volcanic activity with time. Major Kuroko volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits are located within the eastern marginal rift zone (Kuroko rift) that formed in the final period of back-arc rifting (16 to 14?Ma). Volcanic activity in the NE Honshu arc is divided into six volcanic stages. The eruption volumes of volcanic rocks have gradually decreased from 4,600?km³ (per 1?my for a 200-km-long section along the arc) of basaltic lava flows in the back-arc spreading stage to 1,000?C2,000?km³ of bimodal hyaloclastites in the back-arc rift stage, and about 200?km³ of felsic pumice eruptions in the island arc stage. The Kuroko VMS deposits were formed at the time of abrupt decrease in the eruption volume and change in the mode of occurrence of the volcanic rocks during the final period of back-arc rifting. In the area of the Kuroko rift, felsic volcanism changed from aphyric or weakly plagioclase phyric (before 14?Ma), to quartz and plagioclase phyric with minor clinopyroxene (12 to 8?Ma), to hornblende phyric (after 8?Ma), and hornblende and biotite phyric (after 4?Ma). The Kuroko VMS deposits are closely related to the aphyric rhyolitic activity before 14?Ma. The rhyolite was generated at a relatively high temperature from a highly differentiated part of felsic magma seated at a relatively great depth and contains higher Nb, Ce, and Y contents than the post-Kuroko felsic volcanism. The Kuroko VMS deposits were formed within a specific tectonic setting, at a specific period, and associated with a particular volcanism of the arc evolution process. Therefore, detailed study of the evolutional process from rift opening to island arc tectonics is very important for the exploration of Kuroko-type VMS deposits.     

Petrogeochemical aspects of the Late Cretaceous and Paleogene ignimbrite volcanism of East Sikhote-Alin

The chemical and trace-element features of the Late Cretaceous and Early Paleogene ignimbrite complexes of East Sikhote Alin are discussed. The Turonian-Campanian volcanic rocks of the Primorsky Complex compose linear structure of the Eastern Sikhote Alin volcanic belt. They are represented by crystalrich rhyolitic, rhyodacitic, and dacitic S-type plateau ignimbrites produced by fissure eruptions of acid magmas. The Maastrichtian-Paleocene volcanic rocks occur as isolated volcanic depression and caldera structures, which have no structural and spatial relations with the volcanic belt. This period is characterized by bimodal volcanism. The Samarginsky, Dorofeevsky, and Severyansky volcanic complexes are made up of basalt-andesite-dacite lavas and pyroclastic rocks, while the Levosobolevsky and Siyanovsky complexes are comprised of rhyolitic and dacitic tuffs and ignimbrites. Petrogeochemically, the felsic volcanic rocks are close to the S-type plateau ignimbrites of the Primorsky Complex. The Paleocene-Early Eocene silicic volcanics of the Bogopolsky Complex are represented by S- and A-type dacitic and rhyolitic tuffs and ignimbrites filling collapsed calderas. The eruption of A-type ferroan hyaloignimbrites occurred at the final stage of the Paleogene volcanism (Bogopolsky Complex). The magmatic rocks show well expressed mineralogical and geochemical evidence for the interaction between the crustal magmas and enriched sublithospheric mantle. It was shown that the revealed differences in the mineralogical and geochemical composition of the ignimbrite complexes are indicative of a change in the geodynamic regime of the Asian active continental margin at the Mesozoic-Cenozoic transition.     

Protoliths of the 3.8–3.7 Ga Isua greenstone belt,West Greenland

The Isua greenstone belt (Fig. 1) contains the oldest known, relatively well preserved, metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks on Earth. The rocks are all deformed and many were substantially altered by metasomatism, but both the deformation and metasomatism were heterogeneous. Transitional stages can be seen from relatively well preserved primary volcanic and sedimentary structures to schists in which all primary features have been obliterated. Likewise different kinds, and different episodes, of metasomatic alteration can be seen that produced a diversity of different compositions and metamorphic mineral assemblages from similar protoliths. New geological mapping has traced out gradations between the best preserved protoliths and their diverse deformed and metasomatised equivalents. By this means, the primary nature of the schists that make up most of the Isua greenstone belt was reinterpreted, and a new map that better portrays the primary nature of the rocks has been produced. The previously mapped stratigraphy was found to be of little value in understanding the geology. Stratigraphic units were defined by different and diverse criteria, such as current composition, structure, metamorphic texture, and inferred protoliths. Much of this stratigraphy represents a misinterpretation of the primary nature of the rocks. The new work indicates that most of the Isua greenstone belt consists of fault-bounded rock packages, mainly derived from basaltic and high-Mg basaltic pillow lava and pillow lava breccia, chert–BIF, and a minor component of clastic sedimentary rocks derived from chert and basaltic volcanic rocks. A previously mapped, extensive, unit of felsic volcanic rocks was found to be derived from metasomatised basaltic pillow lava and pillow breccia intruded by numerous sheets of tonalite.     

Age relationships in supracrustal sequences of the northern part of the Murchison Terrane,Archaean Yilgarn Craton,Western Australia: A combined field and zircon U–Pb study

Mapping carried out in the northern Murchison Terrane of the Archaean Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia, shows that correlation of units between isolated greenstone belts is very difficult and an informal stratigraphic subdivision is proposed where the greenstone sequences have been divided into a number of assemblages. The assemblages may not necessarily be time equivalent throughout the region. The lower units (Assemblages 1–3) consist of ultramafic, mafic and intermediate volcanic rocks deposited without significant breaks in volcanism. Felsic volcanic packages (Assemblage 4) are conformable with underlying units, but are spatially restricted. Discordant units of graphitic sedimentary rocks are developed along major crustal structures (Assemblage 5). SHRIMP and conventional U–Pb study of zircons reveal that felsic volcanic rocks of Assemblage 4 in the Dalgaranga Greenstone Belt were emplaced at 2747 ± 5 Ma, whereas those in the adjacent Meekatharra — Mt Magnet Greenstone Belt range in age from 2762 ± 6 to 2716 ± 4 Ma. The age of emplacement of a differentiated gabbro sill in the Dalgaranga Greenstone Belt at 2719 ± 6 Ma places a maximum age on major folding in the belt. The presence of 2.9–3.0 Ga inherited zircons in some of the felsic volcanic rocks indicates contamination with, or reworking of, underlying 3 Ga sialic crust. This distinguishes the Murchison Terrane from the central parts of the Eastern Goldfields terranes to the south, where there is no evidence for a 3 Ga imprint in zircons from volcanic or granitic rocks, and also from the Narryer Gneiss Terrane to the north and west, which is composed of older gneisses and granitoids. The ca 2.76–2.71 Ga felsic volcanism in the Murchison Terrane is significantly older than 2.71–2.67 Ga felsic volcanism in the Eastern Goldfields lending support to models advocating assemblage of the craton by terrane accretion.     

浙江大桥坞铀矿床火山岩锆石形态学与年代学研究

大桥坞铀矿床位于赣杭构造带东段,其赋矿围岩为一套流纹质火山-侵入杂岩。目前对该套杂岩成岩时序的认识仍有争议,且缺少精确的年代学数据。因此,本文对大桥坞铀矿床火山岩及花岗质角砾开展锆石形态学和年代学的研究,以厘定本区的火山喷发旋回。扫描电镜形貌研究结果表明,黄尖组火山岩中锆石晶型主要为S24、S25、P3、P4和P5五种。晶型频率统计显示黄尖组上、下段火山岩岩浆性质不同,分别为碱性和亚碱性到碱性。锆石U-Pb定年结果显示两者成岩时代也不同,分别为128 Ma和133~135 Ma。以上特征表明黄尖组上、下段火山碎屑岩是不同期次、不同来源岩浆喷发的产物。火山碎屑岩中花岗质角砾的成岩时代为138 Ma,代表了大桥坞地区最早的岩浆作用,暗示该地区可能存在花岗质侵入岩基底。综合年代学、岩性特征以及钻孔资料,本区岩浆作用可分为如下阶段:(1)花岗质侵入岩基底形成(138 Ma);(2)早期火山作用(136 Ma),形成劳村组红色砾岩和火山沉积岩;(3)强烈火山喷发期,第一阶段(135~133 Ma)形成黄尖组下段巨厚层熔结凝灰岩。第二阶段(128 Ma)形成黄尖组上段灰白、灰绿色沉凝灰岩和含砾晶屑凝灰岩;(4)脉岩侵入阶段(128~125 Ma),形成花岗斑岩脉和辉绿岩脉;(5)晚期火山作用(123 Ma),形成寿昌组页岩、细砂岩、沉凝灰岩和晶屑凝灰岩。赣杭构造带长英质火山岩主要形成于早白垩世,且东段火山作用明显强于西段。赣杭构造带东段的火山岩型铀矿床赋矿层位较西段年轻,时代主要集中在135~127 Ma。     

Tectonic implications of felsic tuffs within the Lower Miocene Gangrinboche conglomerates,southern Tibet

Felsic tuffs are interbedded with the Gangrinboche conglomerates adjacent to the Yarlung Tsangpo suture zone in southern Tibet. Laser Ar/Ar dating of mineral separates indicates they are of Early Miocene age. Such tuffs are most likely an eruptive manifestation of geochemically indistinguishable coeval felsic (adakitic) intrusions that are widely reported across southern Tibet. The considerable lateral (E–W) extent of the Gangrinboche conglomerates and their depositional setting indicates sediment accumulation in an overall N–S compressional regime and thereby places important constraints on the tectonic setting in which magmatism initiated. The conglomerates were folded and truncated during back-thrusting associated with development of the north-directed Great Counter thrust. As N–S trending rifts associated with E–W extension of the Tibetan Plateau cut both the conglomerates and this thrust system it can be inferred that post-collisional volcanism is unlikely to have been genetically linked to later E–W extension. Early Miocene slab break-off beneath Tibet provides a model that appears to be consistent with petrogenesis of the associated magmatic suite, which requires a lowermost crust or lithospheric mantle generation, molasse accumulation, and uplift and emplacement of North Himalayan gneiss domes.     

碎斑熔岩在黑矿型矿床成矿作用中的地位

白银矿田火山碎屑岩及赋矿岩石的深入研究表明,该地区存在一种长英质侵出相火山岩——碎斑熔岩。其主要特征是：①产于矿田酸性火山岩穹的火山活动中心或古火山喷口位置,代表中酸性火山作用晚期岩浆活动的产物,其典型者如折腰山石英角斑质碎斑熔岩体,规模为2×0．5km2,有次火山相石英钠长斑岩和各种火山碎屑岩如晶屑凝灰岩、集块岩及熔岩等分布在其四周;②碎斑熔岩中碎斑为长石和石英,具破而不碎、碎而不离或离而不远的特征,③基质具霏细结构,但多数已发生绢云母化、绿泥石化和黄铁矿化等;④岩石化学上同该地区喷出相石英角斑岩相当,SiO2均大于70ωB％,具有较高的Al2O3含量和Na2O／K2O值,分别为11．16～14．90和1．78～7．43,具I型与S型的混合型特征,⑤稀土元素配分型式具平坦型和富集型两种,分别与白银矿田东西两段酸性火山岩成因类型相对应,微量元素地球化学研究表明碎斑熔岩与区内石英角斑岩属同源岩浆的衍生物．海相火山岩中碎斑熔岩的确立,不仅增加了海相火山作用形式,即便出作用,而且因其占据火山活动中心或岩浆通道位置,在成岩或火山作用期后便成为海底热液对流循环成矿作用中心即热液喷流口．它既标志着黑矿型块状硫化物矿床成矿的相对时期,是在火山作用晚期侵出相碎斑熔