中国西秦岭碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄及其构造意义

西秦岭是北接华北克拉通、西接祁连与柴达木、南接松潘—甘孜地块的东秦岭造山带的西延。文中研究了该区从前寒武纪到三叠纪的碎屑沉积岩。这些碎屑沉积岩中分离出的锆石由LA-ICPMS(激光剥蚀等离子体质谱)进行了U-Pb定年。全岩Nd亏损地幔模式年龄类似于扬子克拉通年龄,主要分布于1.55~1.98Ga,峰值为1.81Ga,而与华北克拉通主要为古元古代与太古宙的模式年龄形成明显的对比。泥盆系中的碎屑锆石930~730Ma的U-Pb年龄指示其与扬子克拉通具亲缘性。930~730Ma是源区地壳的强烈增长阶段。二叠系—三叠系的碎屑沉积岩主体以含老于1600Ma的碎屑锆石为特征。碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄与Sm-Nd同位素组成指示此时华北克拉通南缘的基底岩石成为二叠系—三叠系碎屑沉积岩的重要物源。扬子克拉通在三叠纪时与华北克拉通拼接。西秦岭二叠系—三叠系碎屑沉积岩含有高达50%的华北克拉通南缘的基底岩石。     

华北克拉通古元古代末-新元古代地质事件——来自北京西山地区寒武系和侏罗系碎屑锆石LA-ICP-MSU-Pb年代学的证据

华北克拉通是否同华南克拉通一样保存有与Rodinia超大陆聚合和裂解有关的年龄记录是理解华北克拉通元古宙构造演化的重要科学问题.本文对位于华北克拉通燕辽裂陷槽的北京西山地区的寒武系和侏罗系碎屑岩进行锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学研究,目的是通过碎屑锆石年龄揭示华北克拉通前寒武纪尤其是古元古代末-新元古代重要地质事件.定年结果显示,北京西山寒武系徐庄组的钙质细砂岩中碎屑锆石年龄峰值主要集中在～1.38Ga和～1.14Ga.此外,还有～ 1.56Ga、～912Ma、～814Ma、～740Ma、～630Ma和～507Ma的年龄组.侏罗系窑坡组长石质岩屑细砂岩和粉砂质泥岩中碎屑锆石年龄峰值主要集中在～2.5Ga、1.88～1.8Ga、～1.74Ga、～1.6Ga和186Ma.此外,还有～2.77Ga、～2.0Ga、～1.2Ga、～488Ma、～256Ma和～233 Ma的年龄组.这三个岩石具有较低的成分和结构成熟度,指示较近的物源区,其碎屑物质可能大部分来自华北克拉通内部和北缘,因此其碎屑锆石的年龄组可记录华北克拉通前寒武纪重要地质事件.～2.77Ga、～2.5Ga、2.1～ 2.0Ga和1.88～1.8Ga的年龄组分别对应华北克拉通早前寒武纪发生地壳生长、克拉通化、裂谷和造山等重要地质事件;～ 1.74Ga、～ 1.6Ga、～ 1.56Ga、～1.38Ga、～912Ma和～814Ma的年龄组记录了华北克拉通最终克拉通化后开始的古元古代末-新元古代的多期裂谷事件.与1.3～ 1.0Ga、～740Ma和～630Ma的年龄组相对应的岩石在华北克拉通出现甚少,而该时期的岩浆岩和变质岩在华南克拉通广泛发育,且可能与Rodinia超大陆汇聚和裂解的不同阶段相对应.华北克拉通显生宙碎屑岩中碎屑锆石保存的古元古代末-新元古代地质事件的记录对探讨华北克拉通在元古宙的地质演化及华北克拉通与华南克拉通的关系可提供重要的依据.     

鄂尔多斯盆地南部二叠系砂岩碎屑锆石年代学特征及地质意义

陆源碎屑岩物质来源及变化与沉积盆地及构造演化密切相关。通过对鄂尔多斯盆地南部铜川地区晚古生代二叠系山西组、石盒子组及石千峰组砂岩样品岩石薄片鉴定、定量矿物学分析以及碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学分析,结合古流向特征,对物源进行了追溯,并讨论了盆地南部二叠系的构造—沉积过程。研究结果表明,早二叠世山西组碎屑锆石年龄具364 Ma、450 Ma、946Ma和2 446 Ma四个主要峰值;中二叠世下石盒子组碎屑锆石年龄具294 Ma、1 963.4 Ma和2 499 Ma三个主要峰值;晚二叠世石千峰组碎屑锆石年龄主要峰值出现在1 876.5 Ma,缺乏北秦岭造山带的新元古代和早古生代碎屑锆石记录。分析认为山西组主要物源区为北秦岭造山带,次要物源区为华北南缘构造带;石盒子组物源由北秦岭造山带、华北板块南缘构造带和内蒙古隆起西段共同提供;石千峰组物源区为华北南缘构造带。早二叠世山西期,华北南缘隆起幅度较低,不影响北秦岭造山带供源。石盒子期,勉略洋由被动拉张转换为主动挤压,秦岭造山带处于持续隆升状态,并造成了华北南缘构造带的不断抬升。石千峰期华北南缘强烈隆升,在为铜川地区提供物源的同时也阻挡了北秦岭造山带...     

鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘上奥陶统平凉组碎屑岩锆石U-Pb年龄及物源分析

运用碎屑锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学分析方法,探讨分析了鄂尔多斯地块西南缘奥陶系平凉组沉积期的物源环境。结果表明:①平凉组凝灰质砂岩中的碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄大致包含3组:第一组为早古生代的407~477Ma,峰值为454Ma,占总体的72.5%;第二组为中—新元古代的588~1548Ma,峰值为962Ma,占总体的22.5%;第三组为古元古代的1612~2496Ma,占总体的5%。②集中在407~477Ma年龄组分指示其物源主要来自于祁连—北秦岭岛弧杂岩带,588~1548Ma和1612~2496Ma的年龄组分反映的物源主要来自于北秦岭造山带,祁连造山带和华北板块基底。③锆石年龄谱综合分析,平凉组碎屑沉积物质来源复杂,具有明显的多源性,指示晚奥陶世平凉期的沉积环境应属于祁连—北秦岭岛弧杂岩带与鄂尔多斯地块西南缘之间的局限残留边缘海盆地。     

鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘砂岩型铀矿含矿目的层——洛河组砂岩的沉积物源特征

鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘洛河组砂岩中见有较好的铀矿化现象,具有较大的铀成矿潜力。文章针对盆地西南缘洛河组砂岩开展了碎屑锆石U-Pb定年及重矿物组合分析,并综合探讨了盆地西南缘洛河组沉积物源特征。研究表明：区内洛河组砂岩碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄主要分布在460～95 Ma、1 133～982 Ma、2 114～1 483 Ma、2 719～2 230 Ma四个年龄区间,以锆石+赤褐铁矿+磷灰石为主的重矿物组合表示沉积物源可能以中酸性岩浆岩为主。通过与周缘岩体年龄进行对比分析,认为研究区洛河组物源主体来源于盆地北侧华北克拉通北缘地区显生宙、古元古代以及新太古代中酸性岩浆岩及变质岩,同时存在西北侧阿拉善地块与兴蒙造山带的小部分贡献。     

鄂尔多斯盆地中新生代构造事件的峰值年龄及其沉积响应

通过锆石-磷灰石裂变径迹的峰值年龄与地层不整合事件的综合分析,提供了鄂尔多斯盆地中新生代构造事件的年代学约束及其沉积响应特点。印支期构造事件主要发生在230~190Ma,包含215Ma±和195Ma±两个峰值年龄,在盆地西南缘发育晚3叠世粗碎屑类磨拉石建造。燕山期构造事件主要发生在燕山中晚期的150~85Ma,包含145Ma±、120Ma±和95Ma±3个峰值年龄,在盆地西南缘发育燕山中期的芬芳河组和志丹群的粗碎屑类磨拉石建造。喜山期构造事件主要发生在65~5Ma,包含55Ma±、25Ma±和5Ma±3个峰值年龄。其中,锆石和磷灰石叠合分布的峰值年龄(145Ma±),指示了鄂尔多斯盆地中新生代的一次关键性构造变革事件。     

华北克拉通东南缘寒武系底部黑色碎屑岩系的物源分析及其对晚前寒武纪地质演化的约束

华北克拉通东南缘新元古代—寒武纪交替时期黑色碎屑岩系马店组(或称为凤台组)的层序划分、时代归属、物源等基础地质问题仍存在分歧,本文从元素地球化学、碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学等角度开展综合分析,为合理建立华北克拉通东南缘地层格架及中、新元古代—早古生代构造演化提供重要证据。马店组整套碎屑岩系的绝大部分元素的富集系数(EF值)基本一致;碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄主要集中于2.6~1.0Ga之间,包括~2.5Ga、~2.1Ga、~1.8Ga、1.6~1.4Ga和1.3~1.0Ga等多个年龄峰。马店组整体为寒武纪第二世的被动大陆边缘连续海侵地层;沉积物来源于华北克拉通内部徐淮地区,具有碳酸盐质新元古代盖层物源和非碳酸盐质早前寒武纪变质基底物源的两端元混合作用,其中1.8Ga碎屑锆石来源于早前寒武纪变质基底,而中元古代碎屑锆石及砂砾级白云质碎屑来源于新元古代盖层,极少量新元古代碎屑锆石来源于新元古代初期基性岩墙群。华北克拉通周缘新元古界—下古生界中丰富的1.6~1.4Ga和1.3~1.0Ga碎屑锆石记录证实至少华北克拉通东缘和南缘曾有与北秦岭地区类似的中、新元古代构造带。该构造带中元古代时强烈地参与了Columbi超大陆裂解和Rodinia超大陆聚合过程,于新元古代初期为华北克拉通周缘盆地的主要物源供给区;约900 Ma可能与华北克拉通开始裂解,至早古生代马店组沉积时期其物源贡献已经完全缺失。     

华北克拉通东部及苏鲁造山带的地壳生长: 来自现代河流碎屑锆石的U-Pb定年和Hf同位素证据

来自年轻沉积物或现代河流的碎屑锆石是研究大陆地壳生长演化的理想载体.为揭示华北克拉通东部和苏鲁造山带大陆地壳的生长演化, 采集了中国东部大清河、潮白河、辽河、大沽河和胶莱河的5个地方的河沙样品, 并对分选出来的碎屑锆石进行了LA-ICP-MS和MC-LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年和Hf同位素微区原位分析, 获得了396个锆石U-Pb谐和年龄及其对应的Hf同位素组成.2.4~2.5 Ga和1.8~1.9 Ga两个年龄特征峰指示大清河、潮白河和辽河的碎屑锆石来源于华北克拉通东部.辽河一部分100~500 Ma的锆石具有正的ε_Hf(t)值和年轻的Hf模式年龄, 显示出显生宙的地壳生长.苏鲁造山带大沽河和胶莱河的碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄分布相对比较复杂, 但锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素特征表明其为华北克拉通和扬子克拉通的混合来源.来自大清河、潮白河和辽河的锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素证据, 表明华北克拉通东部地壳生长的主要时期为2.4~3.0 Ga, 并在2.6~2.7 Ga时处于生长的最高峰, 次一级的生长期为1.3~2.3 Ga, 而在其他阶段几乎没有地壳的生长或者不明显.华北克拉通东部现存大陆地壳的80%来源于太古代和古元古代的生长, 而自古元古代开始大陆地壳的演化就以古老地壳的重熔再改造为主.此外, 大沽河碎屑锆石的Hf同位素组成揭示出苏鲁造山带在古生代(300~500 Ma)存在明显的地壳生长.      

鄂尔多斯盆地东胜地区砂岩型铀矿源区及其构造背景分析——来自碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄及Hf同位素的证据

通过LA-(MC)ICP-MS碎屑锆石微区U-Pb定年和Hf同位素分析,对鄂尔多斯盆地东胜地区中侏罗统直罗组砂岩型铀矿层进行了同位素定年物源示踪研究。结果显示,四个样品的锆石年龄分布均表现出良好的一致性,总体呈现出2500～2300Ma,2000～1750Ma和450～250Ma三个主峰值年龄与2300～2000Ma、1750～1400Ma的次峰期年龄。年代学对比研究揭示,东胜地区砂岩型铀矿的物源主要来自华北克拉通西部陆块阴山地块和中部造山带北部的TTG片麻岩、麻粒岩和孔兹岩,以及海西期的大量火成岩体。碎屑锆石的εHf(t)值由负到正,变化范围较大,显示了古老地壳的再循环过程。其中,1.9Ga和2.5Ga的部分锆石其Hf分析点位于亏损地幔线附近,指示该时期有新生地壳的形成。锆石的二阶段Hf模式年龄分布范围3.8～0.7Ga,但集中于3.0～2.3Ga,在2.8～2.6Ga出现一峰值,说明华北克拉通地壳主要形成于中、新太古代。本文所获得的锆石Hf同位素模式年龄与华北克拉通西部陆块的Hf和Nd同位素模式年龄分布特征非常接近,而与东部陆块有很大差别,从而进一步证实了东、西部陆块在古元古代拼合之前是独立发展的。     

鄂尔多斯盆地长城系碎屑锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年和Hf同位素研究

沉积盖层的碎屑锆石内部结构和年龄谱是了解碎屑沉积岩形成环境和物源区的重要研究对象。本文报道了鄂尔多斯盆地3口钻井中的4个长城系(变质)沉积岩样品的碎屑锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年和Hf同位素分析结果。结果表明,主年龄峰值为～1. 8Ga,另外,在～2. 5Ga存在一个次年龄峰值,最年轻碎屑锆石年龄为～1. 6Ga,但存在大的误差。锆石的Hf同位素组成存在很大变化,εHf(t)值变化范围为-10. 5～+6. 7。结合前人研究,可得出如下结论:(1)鄂尔多斯盆地长城系底界沉积时代小于1. 7Ga,与华北克拉通东部的类似;(2)鄂尔多斯盆地长城系碎屑沉积物来自其北部古元古代孔兹岩系和/或鄂尔多斯变质基底本身;(3)鄂尔多斯盆地长城系与华北克拉通东部地区长城系形成于类似的构造环境,如大陆裂谷或坳拉槽。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.