京西羊屎沟变质矿物组合及变质带

接触热变质带的划分对变质岩变质过程的研究提供了有力的依据。基于京西羊屎沟地区地层中变质矿物组合及其空间分布情况,对该区的接触热变质带进行划分,并分析变质作用的形成阶段。由于燕山期房山岩浆岩体侵入,使围岩发生不同程度的接触热变质作用,形成各种特征变质矿物。在特定岩石类型中,特征变质矿物有规律的组合。采用偏光显微镜透射法和X射线衍射分析,分为透辉石-透闪石带、二云母带、红柱石白云母带和绢云母带,表明距离岩体由近至远,岩石变质程度由高到低呈分带现象。伴随着岩浆侵入不同阶段形成不同的特征变质矿物,将接触热变质作用分为5个渐进的阶段。      

甘肃北山地区变形岩石X光组构特征及其构造意义

通过对甘肃北山地区变形岩石的X光岩组分析，得知该区岩石变形比较强烈。石英变形机制是以中低温底面型或近底面型滑移为主，部分为中高温柱面Ⅰ型和柱面Ⅱ型滑移系。从岩石组构特点结合宏观构造分析，可以推测榴辉岩是在其形成之后经过比较长时间的结晶恢复后才被抬升出露地表的。该区属于中浅-中等层次(10～20km，T=300～450℃，p=0．25～0．50GPa)的韧脆性-韧性变形。变形运动学和动力学特征是伴有右行剪切的压扁变形。最大主压应力(σ1)为南北向，这与该区处于塔里木板块与哈萨克斯坦板块聚合边界的构造部住和构造变形带的演化历史相吻合。     

阿尔泰山南缘两个构造变形域的岩石变形特征和形成机理

阿尔泰山南缘地区东部与西部地壳岩石构造变形特征与变质岩岩石组合显示该区地壳岩石变形可划分出两个不同的构造变形域,不同构造变形域内的构造形迹、构造样式、变质岩组成等方面存在明显差异.整个南缘地区的岩石变形变质呈现出东西分区、南北分带的总体格架,而形成这-构造格架的原因是两个不同构造变形域具有不同的变质基底及不同的岩石变形方式与变形机制.     

内蒙古额尔古纳八大关牧场“佳疙瘩组”变质岩系原岩研究

大兴安岭以北地区古老基底佳疙瘩组近年来倍受关注,前人对其形成时构造环境的不同观点制约了对该区基底性质及地质演化过程的正确认识。为查明出露于内蒙古额尔古纳八大关牧场附近的"佳疙瘩组"的岩石组合、变质变形组构、岩石地球化学特征及大地构造背景,进行了系统的野外和室内研究。结果表明:该区"佳疙瘩组"并非传统意义上的前寒武纪变质岩系,而是一套经历了构造变质变形作用的燕山期侵入体;岩石组合为黑云二长变晶糜棱岩、花岗闪长质变晶糜棱岩、糜棱岩化黑云角闪斜长片麻岩;岩石高钾、低钛、富铝,属高钾钙碱性岩系,稀土元素总量偏高,轻重稀土分馏明显且轻稀土富集,具有一定程度的负铕异常,富集地幔不相容元素且亏损高场强元素,其岩浆遭受了地壳物质的混染;形成于晚三叠-晚侏罗世蒙古-鄂霍茨克造山带同碰撞-后碰撞构造演化过程中挤压-伸展构造转换机制下;早白垩世德尔布干断裂带强烈活动使其遭受了低角闪岩相变质作用并发生了构造变质变形。     

南秦岭陆内造山构造变形特征与演化:石泉—汉阴北部一带晚印支—燕山期构造变形分析

陆内造山是一个非常复杂的地质过程。南秦岭造山带安康石泉—汉阴—旬阳一带研究区处于南秦岭陆内复合造山带与扬子板块北部衔接部位,早古生代志留系变形变质岩片发育,以逆冲推覆构造和多层次韧性滑脱逆冲推覆岩片为主。印支期以来广泛发育多期新生面理,可分出3期,面理置换清晰,盖层区以S2面理置换S1最为显著。从该区多期构造变形、晚期盖层花岗岩脉侵入、基底岩浆底劈-伸展热穹隆上升、与晚期花岗岩脉相伴的热变质及次生加大黑云母变斑晶和石榴子石斑晶高温矿物对、多类型热液蚀变的发育、不同期次面理产出的石英脉流体包裹体温压特征差异、石泉一带韧性剪切变形面理中黑云母Ar-Ar测年161~169 Ma、凤凰山穹隆北缘韧性剪切变形面理中云母Ar-Ar测年178~163 Ma等分析,表明该区至少经历过印支期和燕山期两期构造变形,尤其是S2期面理大致对应燕山期,为明显的陆内造山期构造变形,固态塑性流变和脆-韧性剪切变形特点显著。野外构造-岩相填图确定S2期面理最发育,优势走向为北西向,大部分新生矿物岩石沿S2面理分布,表明燕山期与陆内造山作用密切相关。构造变形强烈部位可形成脆-韧性剪切带。晚印支期—燕山期为褶皱-S2+3面理-逆冲推覆断裂组合样式,新生代为不同程度走滑-隆升差异的断块构造组合。陆内造山演化期分为三个亚阶段:(1)晚印支—早燕山期(T3-J1+2)陆内造山垮塌阶段;(2)中晚燕山期(J3-K2)陆内造山挤压推覆阶段;(3)喜马拉雅期断块隆升改造阶段(K2-Mz)。受陆内构造汇聚和走滑作用促使该区上地壳构造热动力聚集,形成凤凰山—牛山岩浆-热穹隆,造成地壳局部重熔,形成花岗岩脉侵位。燕山期调研区南部安康断裂带和北部宁陕断裂带在J1-2分别发生的右行走滑和左行走滑剪切变形造成该区较显著地向东挤出滑脱变形,显示陆内造山晚期走滑分量较重要。     

柴北缘赛坝沟增生杂岩组成与变形特征

柴北缘构造带由高压-超高压变质岩、蛇绿岩、增生杂岩、火山-岩浆弧及前寒武纪中-高级变质岩共同构成。该构造带内的"滩间山群"岩石组合与构造属性复杂,其岩性包括中基性火山岩、碎屑沉积岩以及超基性岩和中酸性侵入岩,普遍遭受低绿片岩相变质作用和强烈构造变形。结合区域资料和地质填图结果,综合分析认为该构造带东段赛坝沟地区的"滩间山群"由火山-岩浆弧、增生杂岩、蛇绿岩三个不同构造单元岩石组成。其中增生杂岩主要是一套深海-半深海沉积组合,夹玄武岩、灰岩、硅质岩等块体,自南而北总体呈现出来自洋壳、海山和海沟环境的大洋板块地层的岩石组合特征,同时呈现与日本西南部增生杂岩极为相似的岩石组合类型。该套组合构造变形强烈,主要表现为2期构造变形。其中第一期构造变形(D1)主要表现为双冲构造和同斜紧闭褶皱,断层和褶皱轴面主体倾向为NE,形成于大洋俯冲阶段;第二期构造变形(D2)主要表现为不对称褶皱和S-C组构,可能是晚期柴达木与祁连地块发生陆-陆碰撞过程中形成的,形成时间为440～400Ma。空间上,该增生杂岩与出露于其北侧的蛇绿岩、火山-岩浆弧共同构成了相对完整的沟-弧系统,指示了寒武-奥陶纪时期,柴北缘地区曾发生古洋盆向北俯冲造山作用。     

福建基础地质调查研究进展与方向

近10年来,福建省基础地质调查研究工作取得重大进展,梳理总结主要有6个方面:(1)古元古代麻源岩群等结晶基底组成物质具多样性,是由不同时代、不同成因的变质杂岩组成("麻源变质杂岩");(2)造山带混杂岩填图方法将新元古代马面山(岩)群解体为"基质"和"岩块",提出"晚古生代马面山俯冲增生杂岩"认识;(3)加里东期构造活动对前泥盆纪基底影响(改造)深远而又强烈,加东期变形-变质-深熔及岩浆作用具有一致性;(4)应用锆石定年,在闽西南及闽北地区确认大量印支期(中-晚三叠世)花岗质岩体;(5)应用紫金山、马坑、上房等矿集区研究资料,构建了精细的晚中生代成矿系列与岩浆序列(四期);(6)确定了长乐—南澳构造岩浆带岩石组合、形成时代,精确划分4个造山阶段(对应四期构造-岩浆演化),反演了地壳隆升过程与机制。福建省所处特殊的地理和构造位置,是研究华南地质的关键窗口,在古老岩石和物质组成、新元古代-早古生代构造演化、晚古生代构造-岩浆热事件、中生代造山作用机制、中-新生代构造域转换、地壳生长与循环再造等一系列重大问题研究方面有独特的优势。     

迁安铁矿变形岩石的EBSD组构分析

迁安铁矿是我国大型沉积变质型铁矿之一,该矿区含矿变质岩系为前寒武纪老变质岩石,时代老,变质程度深,现存岩石的内部矿物发生过多次变形、变质和重结晶等变化,宏观上表现为该区岩石矿物组构的复杂性。为了更深入、清晰地了解该区变形岩石的组构,采用电子背散射衍射(EBSD)技术对该区岩石样品做了分析,通过EBSD系统的配套软件(HKL公司开发的Channel 5),对采集数据进行处理绘制成相应磁铁矿和石英的极图,经分析后重点总结出变形岩石内部石英的组构特点,由此进一步反映出本区构造变形时主要为中温-中高温的变形温度环境,少量组构图反映叠加了中低温变形。     

天津市大地构造相划分

为了总结天津市区域成矿规律、进行成矿远景预测,为天津市矿产资源潜力评价提供基础资料,五年多来笔者一直从事天津市矿产资源潜力评价研究工作。在大地构造相图编制过程中,根据板块构造-地球动力学理论,以优势大地构造相为原则,沉积岩建造构造、火山岩性岩相构造、侵入岩浆构造、变质建造构造和变形构造等分析研究为基础,把一种岩石或几种岩石的组合作为岩石构造组合进行系统研究,然后,对天津市大地构造相进行了划分。天津市可分为一个华北陆块区相系和一个冀辽陆块大相,在此基础上划分了5个相,即古弧盆相、夭折裂谷相、陆表海盆地相、盘山板内岩浆杂岩相和坳陷盆地相,又进一步划分为9个亚相和7个岩石构造组合(Ⅴ级)。     

敦煌造山带岩石-构造组合特征及其构造环境

敦煌地区位于北山造山带和祁连造山带之间,对其大地构造属性长期以来多存争议。对敦煌地区三危山—红柳峡一带的岩石-构造组合进行了研究,包括三危山—红柳峡北部地区和红柳峡南部地区2个构造单元。三危山—红柳峡北部地区,表现为变形强烈的变沉积岩以基质形式包裹不同类型、不同年龄的岩块和不同岩性的岩片相互堆叠,整体显示混杂带"blocksin-matrix"的岩石-构造组合特征。红柳峡南部地区,岩石的变质程度向南逐渐降低,北侧主要为云母石英片岩和长英质片麻岩组合,南端出露晚石炭世含煤岩系与碳酸盐岩沉积组合,可能形成于陆缘滨海环境,且被斜长角闪岩推覆体所覆盖;该区由北向南构造形式依次表现为倾向北的强剪切带→双冲构造→逆冲叠瓦扇,且变形强度呈逐渐减弱趋势,表现出前陆褶皱冲断带的岩石-构造组合特征。据此认为,敦煌地区自北向南存在三危山-红柳峡北部混杂带和红柳峡南部前陆褶皱冲断带两个大地构造单元,碰撞作用应发生于晚石炭世之后。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.