用赤泥去除酸性矿井水中重金属污染物的初步研究

利用碱性赤泥去除酸性矿井水中的污染物。通过比较不同的赤泥改性方法、赤泥改性温度、反应温度、反应时间及赤泥和矿井水不同的固液比等条件下水样中的pH值和Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Hg、Pb重金属元素的去除率，获得各污染物元素的最佳去除条件。为治理赤泥和酸性矿井水的污染开辟一条新的途径。     

湖南水口山多金属矿区废石堆重金属污染评价及赋存形态分析

湖南水口山及周边是湖南省重金属污染较为严重的地区之一,龙王山金矿床是该区中部的一个重要金矿床.为调查该矿床废石堆污染状况、是否为周边环境的污染源、污染途径、重金属迁移能力和潜在的危害,对矿区FS17废石堆进行了自然淋滤水和24 m浅钻系统取样,开展重金属元素总量分析,利用单因子指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法对其重金属污染程度进行污染评价,采用四步改良BCR提取法分析废石堆中8种重（类）金属元素（Pb、Zn、Cd、Cu、Cr、Ni、As和Fe）的赋存形态,并利用迁移指数量化废石堆重金属元素迁移能力;发现废石堆中Cd、Cu、Pb、As、Zn、Ni重金属元素严重超标,且在垂向上分布极不均匀;其自然淋滤水样中重金属元素Cd、Ni、Zn、Cu也严重超标;废石堆浅层重金属元素潜在迁移能力顺序为:Cd＞Ni≈Zn＞Cu＞Pb＞As＞Cr＞Fe,深层重金属元素迁移能力顺序为:Cd＞Zn＞Cu＞Ni＞Cr＞Pb＞As＞Fe,浅层重金属元素的迁移性大于深层;说明该废石堆重金属元素含量高,是周围环境重要污染源,酸性废水排放为其释放污染元素的主要途径;Cd、Cu、Zn、Ni迁移能力强,是周围环境的主要污染元素;Pb、Ni、As的迁移性在深层明显降低,可以通过埋深来削弱其迁移性,而Cr不会对周边环境产生污染.      

南方某城市地下水高铁、锰来源分析及健康风险评价

为探究南方某城市地下水中高Mn、Fe的来源以及地下水中Mn、Fe重金属污染对人类健康产生危害的风险,采集了18个地下水监测井样品,测试分析了Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu、Al、Ba、Sr和Pb八种重金属。结合研究区水文地质条件,统计分析认为：研究区高浓度Mn、Fe主要受氧化还原环境和含水质成分控制。8种重金属元素检出率由高到底依次Ba≥Zn≥Sr>Mn>Zn>Fe>Ba>Cu>A。在所选监测井中Mn对地下水中的污染程度最重,Fe在大部分采样点中没有造成污染,但在个别采样点中造成严重污染,需要特别的重视。Mn和Fe重金属总体高于ICRP和USEPA的最大可接受风险水平,通过饮水途径非致癌化学物质(Mn、Fe)所引起的健康风险较高,对暴露人群构成危害。因此,Mn、Fe应为该区地下水优先控制的污染物。     

湘中锡矿山北矿区地下水化学特征及污染成因

近年来对"世界锑都"湘中锡矿山地下水质监测表明该区地下水污染严重。以北矿锑矿层地下水为研究对象,在总结前人研究的基础上,结合水文地质条件并应用水化学基本分析方法对水质基本化学特征以及重金属离子锑(Sb)和砷(As)的污染特征进行了研究,并分析了污染地下水成因。结果表明,地下水水化学类型以SO_4·HCO_3-Ca型水和SO4-Ca型水为主,碳酸盐岩对酸性水的中和作用使水样呈碱性。锑浓度平均超标772倍,砷浓度平均超标30倍,Sb比As污染程度大,Sb的高值区出现在北矿中部,而As高值区在北炼厂附近,Sb和As均在东北部形成低值区。含矿层污染地下水的形成和分布主要受地层岩性影响和人为采矿活动影响。此项研究不仅补充了锡矿山锑矿区地下水研究的空白,并能为今后进行锡矿山锑矿区环境污染评价和重金属污染治理提供重要依据。     

广西红水河中下游马山地区地下水重金属含量及分布特征

为了解红水河中下游马山地区地下水重金属含量及分布特征,以西南岩溶地下水污染调查评价中广西红水河中下游马山地区地下水数据为基础,对该地区27件样品的重金属含量特征、重金属间相关关系、重金属与其它化学组分的相关性以及地下水重金属分布特征进行了研究。结果表明:研究区地下水中重金属含量整体偏低,平均质量浓度顺序为Fe＞(Al)＞Zn＞Mn＞Pb＞Se＞As＞Cd,重金属平均质量浓度均小于中国生活饮用水标准值,且绝大部分重金属含量远远低于该标准值。Mn与Fe、As、Al存在显著或极显著的正相关关系,Zn与Pb、Cd存在明显的相关性,Se与其它７种重金属的相关性均不明显,可能是由于Se与其它重金属的来源差异较大所致。地下水的酸碱性对重金属的富集影响较小,但地下水中主化学成分HCO3-和Ca2+对重金属的富集有较大影响,TDS对绝大部分重金属的影响较小,对As和Cd具有一定的影响。地下水中Mn、Zn、As、Pb、Cd、Se、Al、Fe质量浓度在空间上表现出一定的地区分布特点,整体上重金属高浓度点主要集中在马山县城周围以及古寨、乔利街乡镇周围。      

陕北大型现代化矿井周边地下水环境特征研究

大型现代化矿井排出的矿井水,均采用深度处理工艺,对周边地下水环境的影响程度如何,需进行进行地下水环境特征研究。通过对矿井及周边调查和地下水水样采集分析,采用内梅罗指数综合评价法对其进行评价,结果表明:研究区地下水中p H、SO4、TDS、NH4、NO2、NO3、Mn、Hg等组分出现了超标,其中66.7%水样点的NH4浓度达到Ⅴ类标准,4号水样中NO2浓度超过地下水Ⅴ类标准限值14倍,3号水样中NO3浓度达到了地下水Ⅳ类标准,主要由当地农业生产活动引起;部分地下水中Mn浓度达到地下水Ⅳ类标准,与当地地下水中重金属背景值较高有密切关系;马槽井作为当地特有的灌溉方式,水中CODcr浓度相对较高。本地区地下水水质属于极差或较差等级,主要由SO4、NH4、NO2超标引起。上述现象反映了农业生产活动、年蒸发量大,是造成井田范围内地下水水质恶化的主要原因。     

某金矿区浅层地下水重金属及氰化物污染评价

以某金矿区浅层地下水为研究对象,通过分析112件浅层地下水样的Hg、Pb、Cd、Cr~(6+)、As、Cu、Zn、CN~-等重金属元素及氰化物的含量特征,初步查明了这8种元素在地下水中的赋存规律。在此基础上,分别利用单项、综合污染指数评价方法对浅层地下水环境质量进行了重金属及氰化物污染评价。结果表明,浅层地下水中除背景元素Cr~(6+)局部区域超标外,受矿业选冶活动影响,双桥河流域中下游段局部区域Hg、Pb、CN~-等元素超标,该结论对浅层地下水资源污染防治具有重要意义。     

水环境同位素测试分析对判别矿井水文地质条件的意义

水环境同位素的测试对分析水文地质条件,判断地下水的补给来源有着重要的意义。东北某煤矿自投产以来多次发生涌、突水事故,威胁生产安全。采取了河水、泉水、湖水、钻孔各目的层地下水及矿井涌水共26个水样,通过系统分析各水样点的氚、氘、氧18组成及含量变化特征,间接分析矿井水的补给来源。分析研究证实矿区地下水来源于大气降水,矿井涌、突水来源为浅部河水,为指导煤矿采取防水治水措施、维护矿井安全指明了方向。     

山东烟台环境介质中重金属元素富集特征及与酸化土壤的关系

利用山东省烟台市生态地球化学调查及相关专题研究所取得的分析测试数据,通过高灵敏度的识别系统和多参数地球化学评价体系的建立,揭示了在重金属污染区内酸化的土壤环境中Cd、Hg、Pb、As等重金属元素活化迁移的地球化学机制、影响因素,以及浅层地下水和玉米等主要粮食作物籽实中重金属超标的原因及生态危害。与全国土壤基准值和背景值对比,研究区内Cd、Cr、Ni、Pb等元素的基准值相对偏高,Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、Ni元素的背景值相对较高。As、Cd、Cr、Ni、Hg、Pb等存在于Ⅲ级及Ⅲ类以上土壤,是主要致污因子。典型金矿污染区内浅层地下水和玉米籽实中均检出超标重金属元素,影响浅层地下水环境质量的主要指标是Pb。达到Ⅲ类及以上水质标准的采样点数占研究区总采样点数的3.47%;玉米中的Cd含量相对较高。表层酸性、弱酸性土壤占土壤总面积的55.29%,土壤酸化趋势明显。随着土壤酸化程度的加深和范围扩大,导致土壤耕作层可给性营养元素的损失及某些毒性元素(Cd、Pb等)的释出和活化,提高了土壤中主要污染因子Cd、Hg、Ni、Pb、As等重金属的活化迁移能力;富含有机质的土壤中有利于对Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd的吸收,固重金属元素于土壤中,降低了土壤重金属污染的环境风险水平。研究结果为土壤修复、降低土壤重金属毒性提供了重要的科学依据。     

基于模糊综合评价法的煤矿水质现状评价

通过对榆神府区矿井水样进行测试、分析,选取总硬度、氟化物、氯化物、硫酸盐、硝酸盐、锌、砷、汞、锰、六价铬、矿化度11项因子作为评价因子,依据《地下水质量标准》(GB/T14848-93),运用模糊综合评判法对研究区水质进行了合理评价。研究结果表明:榆阳区矿井水水质较好,说明煤矿开采对地下水水质影响不大,神府矿区矿井水水质较差,为矿区矿井水的污染治理和综合利用提供了依据。     

Statistical characteristics of heavy metals content in groundwater and their interrelationships in a certain antimony mine area

In recent years, most of domestic and foreign researches about heavy metal pollutions of metal mine mainly focus on water, soil and plants on the surface. There is lack of researches about heavy metal pollution in groundwater of metal mine. In this research, a certain antimony mine area is selected as a typical study area. Also, the study about statistical characteristics of heavy metals in groundwater has been carried out. Furthermore, the interrelationships have been preliminarily discussed through related analysis, such as relevant analysis, cluster analysis and principle component analysis. The results show that: the excessive elements in groundwater of study area are Sb, As, Pb, Se, and Ni. The average mass concentration of Sb, As, and Pb is higher than that of drinking water standards (GB5749-2006). The concentration of most heavy metals in dry season is lower than or equal to that in wet season for groundwater. Zn is the only metal in groundwater showing a different pattern, the concentration of which in dry season is higher than that in wet season. Under the impacts of stratum leaching and absorption effect, the concentration of heavy metals (except Pb and Ba) in groundwater are lower than or equal to that in surface water. As and Se, the two heavy metals have a significant positive correlation, which shows the two elements might have gone through similar environmental geochemical effect. Also, the connection among Zn, Hg, Pb, and Mn is not obvious; therefore, the sources of those elements are quite different. In addition, the elements of Se and As have obvious positive interrelationship with elements of CO32- and F-. Also, the Pb has significant positive correlation with PO43-, H2SiO3 and oxygen consumption. The results of cluster analysis show that 9 different heavy metals in the study area can be divided into 3 categories: Zn, Cd, Mn, Hg, Cu, and Cr belong to the first category, Se and As belong to the second one, and the last category is Pb. Also, the principle component analysis divides 6 heavy metals (Zn, As, Hg, Pb, Mn, and Se) into 4 different principle components, which can be utilized to assess heavy metals pollution situations in groundwater. The reliability of this method is higher than 91%. Moreover, the research provides theory basis and models for establishing evaluation index system and exploring the evaluation method of heavy mental pollution in groundwater.     

基于土柱淋滤实验的煤矸石饱和状态下溶质释放过程研究

针对煤矸石山在降水淋滤作用下对矿区周边地下水造成污染的严重问题,用实验模拟法对包头石拐区一废弃煤矿进行饱和状态下煤矸石的淋滤实验研究。结果表明:煤矸石中Ca、Mg、Fe、Cu、Zn、NO₃-、SO₄2-、Cl-的淋滤过程都遵循浓度先升高再降低到稳定值的基本规律,只是NO₃-、SO₄2-、Cl-的淋出速率明显大于重金属的淋出速率,Ca和Mg、SO₄2-和Cl-、Pb和Cr、Cd有相似的淋出机制;重金属最强淋出率从大到小的顺序是Mg>Cd>Ca>Cu>Zn>Cr>Fe>Pb;Hg和As等含量甚微,均未检出。      

攀枝花市大气降尘的地球化学特征

运用ICP-MS和ICP-OES分析了攀枝花市不同时段不同地点大气降尘中重金属元素含量,并对大气降尘中重金属的地球化学特征进行了分析,得出以下结论:①攀枝花市大气尘中As、Co、Mn、Pb、Ti、V的含量,与四川省其他城市相比均偏高,Zn的含量相对较低;②Cd、Mn、Pb主要分布在冶炼区和石灰石矿区,Co、Cu、Ti主要分布在石灰石矿区,Cr和V主要分布在冶炼区,As在仁和河富集较为富集,Zn集中在排土场附近,Fe集中在冶炼区和煤矿区;③除Pb外,其余十种元素旱季含量基本都高于雨季,而雨季Pb的含量却明显高于旱季。通过主成份分析,得出了在攀枝花市大气降尘中,重金属元素的来源主要为矿山污染和开采过程中产生的废水、废气。     

Groundwater hydrochemistry and soil pollution in a catchment affected by an abandoned lead–zinc mine: functioning of a diffuse pollution source

The importance of polluted alluvial soils as a potential diffuse source of heavy metals was investigated in a catchment of the Matylda stream affected by an abandoned lead and zinc ore mine in Upper Silesia, southern Poland. This was attempted by means of standard groundwater analyses performed together with measurements of Cd, Pb, Zn, Fe and Mn concentrations in soil and groundwater. The Matylda stream, receiving mine water, was converted in the 20th century into a straight channel directed in its middle reach over the valley bottom. This changed the drainage direction of the Matylda stream water. During mining operations, groundwater seepage, combined with surface drainage by shallow ditches caused pollution of sandy soils exceeding over 100 mg/kg of Cd, 24% of Zn and 4% of Pb at surface or subsurface soil horizons, and reaching at least 60 cm in depth. After mine closure in the 1970s, the network of ditches appears to be a source of Ca, Mg, chlorides, carbonates and nitrates, as indicated by the more or less regular increase of these major ion concentrations in groundwater down ditches. Whereas, the ditches are a sink rather than a source of zinc, cadmium and lead in permanently dry reaches, or transition zones in reaches with surface water flowing periodically. The metal concentrations and distribution in soil and groundwater suggest the slow mobilization of heavy metals stored in the valley bottom and the minor importance of soil as a diffuse source for surface water pollution.     

Arsenic and metal mobility from Au mine tailings in Rodalquilar (Almería,SE Spain)

In the old mining area of Rodalquilar, mine wastes, soil and sediments were characterized and the results revealed high concentration of Au, Ag, As, Bi, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Se, Sb and Zn in tailings and sediments. The contaminant of greatest environmental concern is As. The mean concentration in the tailings was 679.9, and 345 mg/kg in the sediments of Playazo creek. The groundwater samples from the alluvial aquifer showed high concentration of Al, As, Cd, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Sb and Zn and very high concentration of chloride and sulfate, which were above the concentration defined in the European standards for drinking water. The presence of As in groundwater may be caused by the oxidation of arsenian pyrite, the possible As desorption from goethite and ferrihydrite and the jarosite dissolution. Groundwater concentrations of Cd, Fe, Mn, and possibly Cu, were associated with low values of Eh, indicating the possible dissolution of oxy-hydroxides of Fe and Mn. The mobility of metals in the column experiments show the release of Al, Fe, Mn, Cr, Cu, Ni, V and Zn in significant concentrations but below the detected values in groundwater. However, As, Cd, Sb, Se Pb and Au, are generally mobilized in concentrations above the detected values in groundwater. The possible mass transfer processes that could explain the presence of the contaminants in the aquifer and the leachates was simulated with the PHREEQC numerical code and revealed the possible dissolution of the following mineral phases: jarosite, natrojarosite, arsenian pyrite, alunite, chlorite, kaolinite and calcite.     

淮南塌陷塘重金属空间分布特征研究

长期地下煤炭开采在地表产生了大面积的塌陷塘,并造成了不同程度的水域污染。为研究塌陷塘重金属的分布特征及成因,选择了8种对环境影响较大的重金属元素（Fe,Mn,Zn,Cu,Cr,Cd,Pb,Ni）为研究对象,以淮南潘集一矿塌陷塘为研究区域,利用ArcGIS地统计模块中的协同克里格算法,通过水体实测光谱反射率作为协变量来估算水体中的重金属含量空间分布特征。结果表明:水体实测光谱与重金属含量有较好的关系,以水体光谱为协变量的协同克里格插值与单变量的普通克里格插值相比,8种重金属元素的预测值与实际值之间的均方根误差明显减少,证明水体实测光谱适合作为协变量来估计水体重金属的空间分布情况。综合分析发现,水体中的Cd,Pb,Cu,Ni主要来自水域西北部的煤矸石堆山,且Cd,Cu,Pb含量均超过了当地的背景值,对环境影响较大;Cr主要来自农业肥料、成土母质和周边道路旁的煤泥灰厂及煤矸石堆;Zn的来源主要是煤矸石、上游生活污水、农业肥料、土壤母质,由于其含量较低,对水环境质量的影响不大。      

内蒙古废弃钨钼矿区周围土壤重金属污染生态环境评价及成因分析

为研究内蒙古赤峰市废弃钨钼矿区周围土壤重金属污染特征、潜在生态风险及成因分析，共采集83份表层土壤样品和6个土壤钻孔。采用ArcGIS空间插值分析方法研究As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Mo和Zn的空间分布，构建重金属扰动指数函数研究重金属受人类活动的污染程度，利用地累积指数法验证矿区周围土壤重金属污染程度，通过相关性分析判断重金属来源并讨论污染成因。结果表明：矿区周围土壤As、Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn和Mo平均含量明显高于矿区周边背景值，高含量主要分布尾矿库周围，主要来源为矿山采选活动；Cr和Ni基本无污染，主要来源为母岩风化。通过重金属扰动指数函数计算发现：采用区域背景值对矿区周围进行重金属污染评价夸大了矿山采选活动对矿区周围土壤重金属的污染，矿区周围土壤重金属污染是由于天然重金属富集和采矿活动共同作用下的“双驱动模式”导致，尾矿库周围土壤重金属污染程度随着与尾矿库水平距离的增加和深度的加大而逐渐降低。降水量丰富程度是影响重金属迁移能力的关键因素，该矿处于降水量匮乏地区，尾矿库对周围土壤重金属污染范围有限，对生态环境影响轻微。     

岩溶区矿山污染地下水的水生植物修复初步研究

选取黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata Royle)和水绵(Spirogyra communis,Hassall)作为研究对象,分析其对某铅锌矿尾矿库重金属废水的富集能力,综述重金属在黑藻和水绵体内的富集机制,探讨了利用黑藻和水绵进行岩溶矿山重金属污染水修复的应用前景。结果表明:黑藻和水绵体内的重金属绝对含量较高,并且植株长势良好,生物量大,说明这两种水生植物对重金属有避性或耐性。分析测试发现,在黑藻和水绵体内,重金属的富集系数较高,其中Pb最大,其后依次是As>Co>Mn>Cu>Cd>Zn>Ni>Cr,富集系数最少的是Hg,水绵体内的富集系数要大于黑藻。对比研究发现,这两类藻类体内的重金属含量和富集系数均高于非岩溶区。黑藻对重金属的富集机制主要有3种,即重金属作用下抗氧化酶活性增强、被动吸收和离子交换作用,而水绵特殊的分子生物结构可能是其吸附重金属的重要机制。黑藻和水绵在南方岩溶区广泛分布,利用黑藻和水绵修复重金属污染的岩溶水具有较好前景。      

Trace element concentrations of soils, plants and waters caused by a copper smelting plant and other industries, Northeast Turkey

The study area is situated in a large agricultural field which produces tobacco, maize, and other yearly cultivated vegetables in Tekkeköy, Samsun (NE-Turkey). In addition, a significant part of this area to the north along the Black Sea coast is occupied by several industrial plants such as a copper smelting plant (KB?), a fertilizer plant (Tügsa?) and industrial park facilities (IPF). In order to reveal their environmental impacts, heavy metal analyses were conducted on soil, plant leaves and water samples collected within an area of approximately 30 km² around these plants. Soil samples within an area of 10 km² around these facilities are found to be highly polluted with Cu, Zn, Pb, Fe and Mn. Pollution occurs at surface and sharply dies out at 20 cm downwards in soil profile. Since the region is polluted mostly with base metals, the copper smelting factory appears to be the main source of pollution as it processes the massive sulfidic ores of the Black Sea area. Plants show Cu, Pb, Zn and Fe pollution around KB? and Tügsa? and Cu and Pb around IPF. Pollutants observed in tobacco (Nicotiana tobacum) are Cu, Pb, Zn, Fe and S; in maize (Zea mays) Cu, Zn and Fe; and in cabbage (Brassica oleracea) Cu, Pb, Fe and S. The analyses of water samples collected from the study area reveal that Pb and, to a lesser degree, Cu and Fe pollution stem from KB?; Cu, Fe and Mn pollution from Tügsa?; Pb and minor amounts of Fe and Mn pollution from IPF. Factor analyses from analyzed metals and anionic complexes in water show three distinct groups: (a) an association of heavy metals with Na, K and Mg referring to pollution and acid leaching of soil, (b) an association of NH4, Fe, SO₄, Cl and Br indicating agricultural pollution and sea-water invasion in land near the shore line, and (c) HCO₃ behaving in a different manner in heavy metal precipitation.