西藏甲玛铜多金属矿元素分布规律及地质意义

甲玛铜多金属矿床已经成为冈底斯成矿带内为数不多的铜品位高、规模大、矿体连续性好的超大型斑岩-矽卡岩-角岩型铜多金属矿床。文章根据167个钻孔的成矿元素化学分析结果,对各元素平面分带、（Pb+Zn）/Cu、Au/Cu、Mo/Cu、Pb/Ag、Zn/Pb、Zn/Cu比值分带以及剖面上元素的分带等进行了系统分析,认为甲玛铜多金属矿具有典型的与岩浆成矿作用有关的元素分带特征,矿体由深部向浅部具有Mo→Mo（Cu）→Cu+Mo→Cu（Pb+Zn+Mo）→Cu（Pb+Zn）→Pb+Zn的成矿元素分带现象,具有高温→中低温成矿演化的特点。研究提出,成矿流体的运移方向是由北东至南西,流体源位于矿区北东部的则古朗地区。这种典型的热液分带特征同海底喷流沉积矿床近管道相Pb/Ag比值高、远离喷口Zn/Pb、Zn/Cu比值高的元素分带特征有着本质的区别。矿区北部则古朗地区高Mo/Cu比值以及钼元素矿化强度随标高降低愈强的分布特点,均预示了该地区是深部隐伏含矿斑岩体之所在。     

西藏谢通门县雄村斑岩型铜金矿床成因讨论——来自元素的空间分布特征的证据

西藏谢通门县雄村铜金矿的成矿与含眼球状石英斑晶的角闪石英闪长玢岩有关,并至少受3个玢岩岩枝控制。主成矿元素为Cu,伴生元素为Au、Ag、Zn、Pb,其他微量元素Mo、As、Ba、Bi、Cd、Co、Mn、Ni、Sb含量较高。元素在垂向上具有分带特征,即从矿体中心向外可依次划分为Cu、Au、Ag、As、Sb、(Bi)→Co、Ni→Mo→Mn→Ba→Pb、Zn、Cd、Bi、(Sb),上述元素的异常和组合是寻找和评价该类矿床的重要地球化学标志。矿床的形成经历了早期Cu—Au—Ag成矿和晚期Zn—Pb—Cu—Au—Ag成矿两个阶段:早期成矿阶段形成了Cu—Au—Ag主矿体,晚期叠加Zn—Pb—Cu—Au—Ag矿化。Cu与Au、Ag呈显著的正相关,Cu主要呈独立矿物黄铜矿产出,Au、Ag主要赋存于黄铜矿中。矿石的K/Na值为6.9、Rb/Sr值为0.8,显示出矿床矿富K、Sr和贫Na、Rb的成矿环境;而Au(平均品位0.6×10-6)0.4×10-6、Au(0.6×10-6)/Cu(0.4%)1和n(Cu)/n(Au)(为20678)40000以及Mo(19.7×10-6),说明该矿床富金而贫钼。矿床所处的大地构造位置,成矿与偏中性的斑岩有关,元素组合特征,异常元素在垂向上的分带特征,主成矿阶段的Cu—Au—Ag矿化和晚期叠加的Zn—Pb—Cu—Au—Ag矿化,富Cu、Au、Ag和贫Mo的成矿元素组合及富K、Sr和贫Na、Rb的成矿环境,均表明矿床具有产于岛弧或类似岛弧环境的斑岩型铜金矿床的特征且叠加斑岩成矿系统晚期呈脉状产出的浅成低温热液型Zn—Pb—Cu—Au—Ag矿化。     

广东紫金风门坳锡多金属矿成矿元素分带规律

广东紫金风门坳矿区富集Sn、W、Pb、Zn、Cu、Mo、Au、Ag、As等元素,但分布不均匀,具有叠加富集特征。通过在风门坳矿区开展1∶10 000土壤地球化学测量工作,圈定了2处矿致综合异常,结合各矿床（点）成矿特征,认为风门坳矿区成矿元素自北西向南东依次为Sn、W、Pb、Zn、Cu、Mo→Sn、Cu、Au→Pb、Ag、Zn,呈规律性水平分带。结合矿区3号勘探线矿化（体）特征,认为矿床成矿元素在垂直方向自上而下分带为Sn、W、Pb、Zn→Cu、Zn、Ag→Sn、Zn。上述规律可为今后在该区继续开展扩大扩深找矿工作提供有利线索。     

激电法在豫西深部找矿中的应用

广东紫金风门坳矿区富集Sn、W、Pb、Zn、Cu、Mo、Au、Ag、As等元素,但分布不均匀,具有叠加富集特征。通过在风门坳矿区开展1∶10 000土壤地球化学测量工作,圈定了2处矿致综合异常,结合各矿床（点）成矿特征,认为风门坳矿区成矿元素自北西向南东依次为Sn、W、Pb、Zn、Cu、Mo→Sn、Cu、Au→Pb、Ag、Zn,呈规律性水平分带。结合矿区3号勘探线矿化（体）特征,认为矿床成矿元素在垂直方向自上而下分带为Sn、W、Pb、Zn→Cu、Zn、Ag→Sn、Zn。上述规律可为今后在该区继续开展扩大扩深找矿工作提供有利线索。     

西藏甲玛铜多金属矿床三维模型分析与深部预测

西藏甲玛铜多金属矿床位于拉萨东约68 km 处,是冈底斯成矿带内与斑岩成矿作用有关的斑岩-矽卡岩-角岩型铜多金属矿床。本文以矿床成矿系列和成矿地质异常理论为指导,开展了矿田构造分析、地球化学元素分带研究。文章运用三维建模及可视化技术建立矿区三维矿床模型,通过曲面模拟方法提取矿区控矿构造界面,查明了矿区构造界面对 Cu、Mo、Ag、Au 等元素的富集有绝对控制作用;矿区地球化学元素分带表现为浅部 Pb、Zn 至深部 Cu、Mo 的变化特征,矿区成矿中心空间位置的探讨说明矿区在ZK1616-ZK3216一带的深部存在隐伏含矿斑岩体。     

老挝色潘铜金矿床研究新进展

色潘铜金矿集区是老挝镜内最大的铜金生产基地。铜金矿床的成矿作用与斑岩体密切相关,发育4种矿化类型,分别为斑岩体内部的斑岩型铜钼金矿化、斑岩体边部的类矽卡岩型铜金矿化、邻近斑岩体的碳酸盐岩交代型铅锌银矿化、远离斑岩体的沉积岩容矿型(类卡林型)金矿化。前三者成矿模式类同斑岩体系的"正岩浆模式",成矿作用与花岗闪长斑岩岩浆流体有关。沉积岩容矿型金矿化类同卡林型金矿化,但成矿热源及金属元素的来源可能与花岗闪长斑岩岩浆流体有关,大气降水混合循环作用是金沉淀的关键因素。因此,在矿集区范围内存在着成矿元素东西分带、内外分带现象,总体表现为斑岩体内部的高温矿化组合到远离中心的中低温矿化组合演化规律,即:Cu+Mo→Cu(Mo+Au+Ag)→Cu+Au(Ag)→Pb+Zn(Au+Ag)→Au+Ag。     

西藏尕尔穷铜金矿元素空间分布规律及地球化学勘查模型

尕尔穷铜金矿床是班公湖-怒江成矿带西段唯一达到详查级别的矿床,其金资源量已达大型规模.根据30个钻孔的成矿元素化学分析结果,对各成矿元素平面分布特征进行了系统分析发现,尕尔穷矿床具有较明显的与岩浆热液成矿作用有关的元素分带特征,矿体从南东→北西向、深部→浅部具有Mo→Cu(Au)→Cu+Au+Ag→Au+Cu+Ag→A...     

内蒙古太平川钼铜矿床蚀变、地球化学异常特征及其找矿意义

大兴安岭北部额尔古纳成矿带是东北地区重要的有色、贵金属成矿带,内蒙古额尔古纳市太平川钼铜矿床位于该带满洲里—莫尔道嘎段(中段).矿区具有面状蚀变的特征,绢云母化强度总体上花岗斑岩>花岗闪长斑岩>似斑状(混合)花岗岩(或花岗闪长岩);花岗斑岩中绢云母化强度具有自上而下的强→弱→强→弱的"韵律"变化特征;从矿(化)体中心向外,具有绢云母化→碳酸盐化→绿帘石化、绿泥石化→泥化(高岭土化)的蚀变分带;矿区平面上具有Mo、Cu、Au、Ag的元素组合及由内向外Mo→Cu、Au、Ag→W的元素异常水平分带,剖面上则具有(Pb、Ag)Hg、As、→Mo、Cu、Au(Zn、Sb、Co、Ni)→W、Bi(Mn、B)元素异常垂向分带.矿区绢云母化的强度及蚀变分带特征,平面上地球化学元素组合以及水平方向、垂向上的元素地球化学异常分带,可以有效的指示矿区深部及边部找矿.     

西天山卡特巴阿苏金铜矿区成矿元素分布及其勘查意义

卡特巴阿苏金铜矿床是近年在西天山新发现的大型金铜矿床,资源储量有望继续扩大,后续勘探方向亟待明确。文章对矿区地表11条探槽和主矿段已完成的108个钻孔中金、铜品位进行了统计分析。研究结果表明,金铜成矿受构造断裂控制,沿断裂破碎带走向自西向东,成矿元素在平面和纵剖面中均显示Cu-Au→Au-Cu→Au(Cu)→Au的变化特征,暗示成矿流体自南西流向北东,成矿热源可能位于矿区63~47勘探线之间;在47勘探线剖面中,成矿元素自下而上显示Au-Cu→Au(Cu)→Au的变化特征,暗示成矿流体来自深部。结合在矿区63~47勘探线之间发现的与成矿有关的闪长岩小岩体,以及大比例尺勘查地球化学测量所反映的矿区自南西至北东具有W-CuAu→Au-Cu-Bi-Mo→Au(Cu)-Pb-Zn→Au-Ag的元素分布特征,认为矿区成矿中心可能在63~47勘探线之间,成矿流体由此沿断裂构造向北东方向迁移,后续正确的地质勘查方向应在63~47勘探线间的深部。     

希勒库都克钼铜矿区地球物理、地球化学异常特征与找矿模式

希勒库都克钼铜矿是近年来找矿突破的一个斑岩型钼铜矿床,在研究总结矿区地质、地球物理、地球化学异常特征基础上,查明矿床控矿地质因素,认为下石炭统南明水组上亚组是有利赋矿层位,海西晚期花岗闪长岩、斑岩脉为主要含矿岩石,区域上及矿区NW向、近EW向构造为有利控矿构造.明确找矿信息标志及准则,认为环状高磁异常间低磁异常特征及低阻高激化激电特征,Cu,Mo,Au,Sn,Sb,Pb,Zn等元素岩石地球化学综合异常及由内向外Cu,Mo,Au,Sn→Sb,As→Pb,Zn异常分带特征,可作为有效找矿信息标志.在此基础上,提出基于矿床地质、地球物理、地球化学综合信息找矿模型.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the