北京平原沙河凹陷第四纪磁性地层学研究及其新构造运动的沉积响应

北京地区在古近—新近纪时呈"两隆一凹"的构造格局。由于南口—孙河断裂北段第四纪以来的强烈活动,在上述格局上分化出新的第四纪凹陷盆地——沙河凹陷。本次工作在沙河凹陷内开展了钻孔ZK3的第四纪磁性地层研究,结合14C同位素测年结果获得钻孔剖面早更新世、中更新世、晚更新世和全新世地层底板埋深分别为493.8 m、157.4m、87.7 m和7.2 m,建立了钻孔剖面的第四纪地层序列。通过计算ZK3钻孔剖面第四系沉积速率分别为0.19 mm/a、0.11 mm/a、0.70 mm/a和0.63 mm/a。对比分析控盆断裂南口—孙河断裂的活动规律及北京西山的隆升特点,第四纪以来,受到北京西山隆升的影响,控制沙河凹陷的同生断裂南口—孙河断裂强烈活动,并控制了沙河凹陷的演化形成。钻孔地层平均沉积速率所体现的变化规律与山体隆升速率及断裂活动速率具有较好的响应关系。     

北京平原南口一孙河断裂南段第四纪活动性的磁性地层学研究

通过对北京平原南口一孙河断裂南段上下两盘钻孔剖面开展磁性地层学研究,建立了目标钻孔的磁性地层序列。结合沉积物岩石组合特征以及浅部测年数据进行分析,建立了本区第四纪地层格架。断裂两盘地层对比结果表明,南口一孙河断裂南段早更新世、中更新世、晚更新世和全新世垂直落差分别为116.5m,30.Om,4.1m和1.2m,各时代垂直活动速率分别为O.065mm/a,0.046mm/a,0.03mm/a和0.11mm/a。南口-孙河断裂南段活动特征总体表现为早更新世-晚更新世活动较弱,全新世活动强烈的特点。     

北京南口-孙河断裂带(北段)的结构及活动性

通过可控源音频大地电磁测深(CSAMT)、浅层地震和高密度电法地球物理探测手段建立的联合剖面对比,同时开展钻探工程及古地磁样品测试,对南口-孙河断裂带(北段)结构及活动性进行研究。南口-孙河断裂带(北段)由1条主断裂和1条次级断裂组成,断裂带宽约400m,表现为阶梯状断层,向上延伸至第四系。第四纪以来,断裂带活动显著,体现为松散层浅部引张的特点。根据断裂两盘第四纪以来各阶段累积垂直落差,计算出主断裂及次级断裂的活动速率。主断裂在早更新世、中更新世、晚更新世、全新世活动速率分别为0.161mm/a、0.072mm/a、0.468mm/a、0.52mm/a,次级断裂在早更新世、中更新世、晚更新世、全新世活动速率分别0.049mm/a、0.052mm/a、0.223mm/a、0.04mm/a。     

北京南口—孙河断裂北西段综合物探剖面定位及其活动性研究

通过可控源音频大地电磁测深、浅层地震和氡气测量等多种地球物理探测手段建立综合剖面,对北京南口—孙河断裂白浮—百善段做出精确定位。同时开展钻探工作,利用沉积相分析、磁性地层学等方法对钻孔地层剖面进行对比分析,对南口—孙河断裂北西段第四纪以来的活动性进行探讨。研究结果表明,主断裂在该段位置的延伸情况与前人资料所提供的位置相比向北东方向偏移500~800 m;百善联合钻孔则得出该断裂中更新世、晚更新世和全新世以来的垂直活动速率分别为0.12 mm/a、0.58 mm/a、0.31 mm/a,活动性特征表现为由弱到强、再到弱的总体规律。由此可见,建立物探综合剖面并辅以钻孔,对于城市隐伏断裂的定位具有较好的效果,可查明城市活动断层的位置并对其活动规律进行分析,继而采取防范和避让措施,对减轻城市地震灾害实际应用评估具有十分重要的意义。     

基于磁性地层和沉积地层特征对北京市南口—孙河断裂活动性评估

南口—孙河断裂是北京平原区一条重要的活动断裂,也是渤海—张家口断裂带的组成部分。本文通过开展钻探和样品测试(古地磁和14C测年)分析工作,利用沉积相分析和磁性地层学技术方法建立钻孔沉积地层的磁极性年代序列,并对南口—孙河断裂北段进行第四纪以来活动性进行分析和研究。结果表明:南口—孙河断裂北段第四纪以来的活动性变化特征表现为早更新世早期(2.58～0.99 Ma)活动性由强转弱,在早更新世末期(0.99～0.78 Ma)再次转强;中更新世(0.78～0.126 Ma)活动性转弱;晚更新世至全新世(0.126 Ma至今)活动性再次加强。这一规律与北京西山隆升基本特征吻合,活动性总体表现"强-弱-加强"的特点。     

北京顺义断裂第四纪活动性地球物理及钻孔综合探测证据

顺义断裂是北京平原区重要的隐伏断裂之一，其第四纪活动性及其对地表地裂缝地质灾害影响的研究是优化首都地区国土空间开发格局和防灾减灾体系建设的必要工作。针对隐伏断裂的复杂性特征，利用可控源音频大地电磁测深(CSAMT)、浅层人工地震、高密度电阻率法地球物理探测，以及钻孔地层剖面记录等方法，综合分析顺义断裂第四纪活动特征，结果表明：①顺义断裂走向NE，倾向SE，正断活动特征，为全新世活动断裂，北小营附近断裂上下盘早更新世、中更新世、晚更新世和全新世以来的垂直滑动速率分别为0. 23mm/a、0. 03 mm/a、0. 29 mm/a和0. 51 mm/a；②断裂第四纪以来时空存在明显差异，时间上，早更新世断裂活动性较强，中更新世活动弱，晚更新世活动性增强，全新世以来活动性最强，空间上，第四纪以来顺义断裂南段的活动性较北段强；③顺义断裂现今仍具有一定蠕滑活动特征，并对浅地表部地裂缝发育具有明显的控制作用，这可能是顺义地裂缝发育的主要原因。     

北京后沙峪凹陷的第四纪地层划分与构造演化

通过对北京平原北部昌平、顺义、朝阳等区域的多个深孔资料、尤其后沙峪地区G3钻孔资料的深入分析,并开展磁性地层学及孢粉测试成果研究,建立了钻孔的磁性地层序列,结合南口—孙河断裂、顺义断裂以及黄庄—高丽营断裂的活动性研究成果,确定了后沙峪凹陷的第四纪地层格架,分析了凹陷的构造演化过程。结果表明,后沙峪凹陷上G3孔下更新统底界为511.7 m,中更新统底界为175.5 m,上更新统底界为31.6 m。在燕山期晚期,黄庄—高丽营断裂形成,控制了北京凹陷的西部边界,在北东向顺义断裂和北西向南口—孙河断裂共同作用下形成后沙峪凹陷。进入第四纪后,G3钻孔地层在早、中、晚更新世的沉积速率分别为0.198 mm/a、0.255 mm/a和0.243 mm/a;各条断裂活动速率的差异性客观反映出各块体之间的升降特点。由于后沙峪凹陷处于黄庄—高丽营断裂的上盘,同时也是顺义断裂的下盘,因此,断裂间的相互运动在第四纪沉积作用下形成了后沙峪凹陷。     

四川华蓥山断裂带晚第四纪逆走滑特征及地震意义

华蓥山断裂带是四川盆地东界断裂带。前人认为该断裂带的最新活动时代为中更新世中期至晚更新世早期。作者近期野外调查发现了华蓥山断裂带晚第四纪走滑活动证据,位于华蓥山断裂带中段高县罗场镇兴场垇口村,称为兴场垇口断裂,该断裂长15km,走向NE30°,横切该区山体、造成多条水系扭曲,形成地表壮观的逆坡向右旋断错地貌。该断裂断错距今(14.86±1.26)ka地层,断裂的晚更新世晚期垂直活动速率为0.15mm/a,右旋走滑活动速率0.31mm/a,为晚更新世晚期右旋逆走滑活动断裂。     

北京平原地区主要活动断裂带研究进展

本文通过对北京平原地区主要活动断裂的调研、分析,认识到：①北京地区的构造格局是在晚第三纪“二隆夹一凹”(京西隆起、大兴隆起和北京凹陷)的基础上发展起来的,第四纪以来这一总的格局解体。沙河凹陷在第四纪开始发育；整个北京凹陷反向抬升,与大兴隆起结为一体；大兴隆起北部则发育了顺义第四纪凹陷。②黄庄-高丽营断裂、南口-孙河断裂研究的程度相对较深入,新成果较丰富。黄庄-高丽营断裂具有明显的分段活动性质,第四纪期间断裂活动由南向北逐渐加强,最新活动表现在北段的高丽营段,活动时代为全新世,黄庄段最新活动时代为晚更新世。南口-孙河断裂是北京地区规模最大的一条北西向断裂,也是张家口-渤海地震带中一条醒目的地表第四纪活动断裂。     

北京地区黄庄-高丽营断裂北段活动性研究与灾害效应分析

通过浅层人工地震、高密度电阻率法及钻探工程等综合方法,对穿越北京市重要创新产业基地的未来科技城内的隐伏黄庄—高丽营活动断裂进行了精细研究,揭示了其结构特征、第四纪活动性及其致灾机理。研究表明:黄庄—高丽营断裂北段总体上表现为张性正断层特征、倾向南东、倾角70°~80°、基岩深度附近垂直断距较大,断裂向上延伸至第四系产状逐渐变陡,具有"铲式"断层的特点,局部表现为"Y"字形组合特征;黄庄-高丽营断裂北段第四纪以来活动迹象明显。钻孔对比表明,早、中、晚更新世和全新世以来平均垂直活动速率分别为0.07mm/a、0.04 mm/a、0.23 mm/a、0.10 mm/a,其变化特点与北京西山隆升所反映的新构造运动的特征吻合;黄庄—高丽营断裂北段全新世以来表现为强烈蠕滑变形,沿断裂下盘诱发了线性分布的地裂缝、地面塌陷、墙体路面开裂等地质灾害现象。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the