Diagenesis and reservoir quality analysis in the Lower Cretaceous Qishn sandstones from Masila oilfields in the Sayun–Masila Basin,eastern Yemen

Lower Cretaceous sandstones of the Qishn Formation have been studied by integrating sedimentological, petrological and petrophysical analyses from wells in the Masila oilfields of eastern Yemen. These analyses were used to define the origin, type of diagenesis and its relation to reservoir quality. The sandstones of the Qishn Formation are predominately quartz arenite to subarkose arenite with sublitharenite and quartz wackes displaying a range of porosities, averaging 22.33%. Permeability is likewise variable with an average of 2844.2 mD. Cementation coupled with compaction had an important effect on porosity destruction after sedimentation and burial. The widespread occurrence of early calcite cement suggests that the sandstones of the Qishn Formation lost significant primary porosity at an early stage of its diagenetic history. In addition to poikilotopic calcite, several different cements including kaolinite, illite, chlorite and minor illite–smectite occur as pore‐filling and pore‐lining cements, which were either accompanied by or followed the development of the early calcite cement. Secondary porosity development occurred due to partial to complete dissolution of early calcite cements and feldspar grains. The new data presented in this paper suggest the reservoir quality of Qishn sandstones is strongly linked to their diagenetic history; hence, the reservoir quality is reduced by clay minerals, calcite and silica cements but is enhanced by the dissolution of the unstable grains, in addition to partial or complete dissolution of calcite cements and unstable grains. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

富县探区上三叠统延长组成岩作用及孔隙结构特征

根据薄片观察、扫描电镜及X—衍射资料的详细分析,富县探区延长组成岩作用已经普遍进入晚成岩A期,主要成岩作用有压实—压溶、胶结充填和溶解作用。压实—压溶及胶结充填作用是导致砂岩孔隙丧失的主要原因。其中碳酸盐、粘土矿物胶结物和石英、长石加大是造成砂岩物性降低的主要原因,碎屑颗粒周围形成的绿泥石衬边阻止了部分石英、长石次生加大及碳酸盐胶结物的沉淀,使部分原生粒间孔隙得以保存。晚期成岩阶段有机质分解形成的酸性流体及表生成岩作用阶段的大气降水使得碎屑部分碎屑长石和早期的浊沸石胶结物溶解是形成次生孔隙的主要原因。浊沸石胶结物主要发育在长3油层组,其原因是该层位长石碎屑含量高,并在成岩过程中蚀变形成浊沸石。高岭石在上部长2、长3油层组含量高,可能是印支期大气淡水淋滤对长石溶蚀并发生了高岭石化。孔隙类型以残余粒间孔和长石溶孔为主,划分出小孔细喉、小孔微细喉、小孔微喉、微细孔微细喉和微细孔微喉型五类孔喉结构,其中最后一种为无效储层。     

Diagenetic features of Jurassic Fort Member sandstone,Jaisalmer formation,western Rajasthan

Jaisalmer Formation consists of 360m thick succession of medium to coarse grained sandstones with interbeds of shale, claystone and occasional lignite that rest over Lathi Formation, is the basal part of the Jaisalmer basin. The rocks are exposed amidst desert, low mounds and shallow stone quarries. Sandstones were deposited in shallow marine to deltaic environments. The studied sandstones consist of abundant quartz followed by feldspar, mica, chert, rock fragments and heavy minerals. The study mainly deals with identification of various diagenetic features such as compaction, cementation and porosity evolution. During mechanical compaction rearrangement of grains took place and point, long and suture contacts were formed. The sandstones are cemented by iron oxide, silica overgrowth, carbonate and clay. Porosity has developed due to dissolution of iron, carbonate cement and feldspar grains. Dissolution and alteration of feldspar, lithic fragments and pressure solution were the main source of quartz cements. The sandstones show good amount of existing optical porosity with an average of 7.19%. Porosity reduction is mainly due to early stage of mechanical compaction and subsequent pervasive calcite and iron oxide cementation. Further, porosity reduced due to deposition of clay cement.     

成岩作用对河流-三角洲相砂岩储层物性演化的影响--以延长油区上三叠统延长组长2砂岩为例

延长油区上三叠统长 2地层河流相-三角洲相砂岩储层的物性明显受埋藏-成岩作用事件的影响。埋藏压实作用是导致砂岩孔隙丧失的主要原因,造成的平均孔隙度丧失为 17.8%。其中黑云母的早期成岩蚀变是造成原生孔隙丧失的一个重要原因。胶结作用造成的平均孔隙度丧失为 7.1%。其中碳酸盐胶结物和次生石英加大是造成砂岩物性降低的主要胶结物。碎屑颗粒周围绿泥石薄膜的存在阻止了一部分石英次生加大及碳酸盐胶结物的沉淀,使一部分原生粒间孔隙得以保存。晚期成岩阶段有机质分解形成的酸性流体及表生成岩作用阶段的大气降水是形成次生孔隙的主要原因,从而使长 2砂岩的物性得到改善     

The effects of diagenesis on the reservoir characters in sandstones of the Late Cretaceous Pab Formation,Kirthar Fold Belt,southern Pakistan

The Maastrichtian Pab Formation in the southern part of Pakistan is composed of fine- to very coarse-grained texturally mature quartz arenite and subordinate sublitharenite varieties. The sandstones have undergone intense and complex diagenetic episodes due to burial and uplift. Diagenetic modifications were dependent mainly on the clastic composition of sandstone, burial depth and thrust tectonics. Diagenetic events identified include compaction, precipitation of calcite, quartz, clay minerals and iron oxide/hydroxide, dissolution and alteration of unstable clastic grains as feldspar and volcaniclithic fragments as well as tectonically induced grain fracturing. The unstable clastic grains like feldspar and lithic volcanic fragments suffered considerable alteration to kaolinite and chlorite. Dissolution and alteration of feldspar and volcanic lithic fragments and pressure solution were the main sources of quartz cements. Mechanical compaction and authigenic cements like calcite, quartz and iron oxide/hydroxide reduced the primary porosity, whereas dissolution of clastic grains and cements has produced secondary porosity. Chlorite coatings on clastic grains have prevented quartz cementation. Coarse-grained, thick bedded packages of fluviodeltaic, shelf delta lobe and submarine channels facies have higher average porosity than fine-grained, thin bedded and bioturbated sandstone of deeper shelf and abyssal plain environments and these facies are concluded to be possible future hydrocarbon prospects.     

安塞油田长2油层成岩作用及其对储层物性的影响

安塞地区长2油层储层以中细粒长石砂岩为主，主要成岩矿物为绿泥石环边、方解石胶结物、石英和长石加大生长、伊利石、伊一蒙混层、钠长石和高岭石等。绿泥石环边的发育对原生粒间孔的保存起到有利的作用。石英加大级别达Ⅲ级，加大边含有丰富的有机包体，均一温度范围48．1～76．5℃，烃类进入储层的时间为早白垩世中期至晚白垩世。储层发育多种孔隙类型，面孔率平均为11．60％．主要类型有粒间孔、骨架颗粒溶孔和微裂缝等。残余粒间孔和骨架颗粒溶孔是本区长2储层的主要孔隙类型。根据成岩作用的矿物岩石学标志、有机质成熟度及古温度，将长2油层砂岩的成岩作用划分为3个成岩阶段：早成岩阶段、晚成岩阶段和表生成岩阶段。储层性质明显地受到沉积微相和成岩作用的影响，沉积物粒度较粗、厚度较大的分流河道储集物性明显优于各种粒度较细、厚度较薄的分流间席状砂体。     

基于星点状方解石胶结与溶解的识别查明砂岩粒间孔隙类型——以雅布赖盆地新河组砂岩为例

目前含油气砂岩中粒间孔隙是原生孔隙还是次生孔隙的认识仍不一致,而对星点状方解石胶结与溶解的识别能够有效地查明粒间孔隙的类型。文章通过铸体薄片细致地观察雅布赖盆地新河组砂岩中的微观现象,以成岩环境演化和成岩序列分析为主线,重视方解石胶结物的赋存状态与物质来源和溶蚀流体来源的配置关系,精细解剖微观现象,从而弄清楚星点状方解石的成因,进而查明砂岩的粒间孔隙类型和储集空间类型。结果表明,粒间孔隙中的星点状方解石是成岩早期浸染状方解石胶结物的溶蚀残余,溶蚀流体为成岩中期的有机酸流体,溶蚀类型为一致性溶解,形成的粒间孔隙为次生孔隙。鉴于此,雅布赖盆地新河组砂岩的储集空间由次生粒间孔隙和次生粒内孔隙（长石、岩屑、方解石胶结物的溶蚀孔隙）组成。      

Classification and Diagenetic Characteristics of the Cretaceous Sandstones in the Southern Bredasdorp Basin,Offshore South Africa

A systematic petrographic and geochemical studies of 92 representative sandstone samples from exploration wells E-AH1, E-AJ1, E-BA1, E-BB1 and E-D3 in the southern part of the Bredasdorp Basin was undertaken to classify the sandstones as well as unravel the main diagenetic processes and their time relations. Petrographic study shows that the sandstones are largely subarkosic arenite and arkosic litharenite, which have underwent series of diagenetic processes as a result burial, rifting and subsequent uplift. The main diagenetic processes that have affected the reservoir properties of the sandstones are cementation by authigenic clay, carbonate and silica, growth of authigenic glauconite, dissolution of minerals and load compaction. The major diagenetic processes reducing the porosity are calcite cementation in the subarkosic arenite, and compaction and quartz cementation in arkosic litharenite. On the other hand, the formation of secondary porosity due to the partial to complete dissolution of early calcite cement, feldspars and minor grain fracturing has improved the reservoir property of the sandstone to some extent. The clay minerals in the sandstones commonly acts as pore choking cement, which reduces porosity. In general, there is no particular diagenetic process that exclusively controls the type or form of porosity evolution in the sandstones.     

黄骅坳陷三马地区中-深部储层成岩作用及主控因素分析

黄骅坳陷三马地区储集岩样品的显微特征及成岩矿物的组合关系分析结果表明，三马地区下第三系中深层储层主要处于晚成岩A期，成岩现象包括石英、长石的次生加大、碳酸盐矿物胶结作用、矿物交代作用、溶解作用和粘土矿物转化作用等。其中石英次生加大于2700m左右开始出现，随埋深增大，石英增生加强；长石次生加大现象不十分普遍；碳酸盐胶结作用包括早期自生泥晶方解石胶结作用、连晶方解石和晚期白云石(或铁方解石)的胶结作用。在扫描电镜下可见到方解石与含铁方解石集合体充填在粒间孔隙中或与石英、钠长石及粘土矿物共生，白云岩多呈菱形粒状分布于粒间；常见的交代现象主要有方解石交代长石、石英及粘土矿物，粘土矿物交代长石、石英等；溶解作用主要有长石的溶解、碳酸盐颗粒的溶解和方解石胶结物的溶解等，粘土矿物的转化主要为蒙脱石、高岭石向伊利石(或绿泥石)转化。还讨论了储层岩相、岩性特征、孔隙水中有机酸含量、早期方解石的充填、烃类早期注入等因素对储层成岩演化的控制作用。     

高邮凹陷南坡真武—曹庄地区戴南组砂岩成岩作用及其对储层性质的影响

在详细岩心观察描述的基础上, 利用铸体薄片、扫描电镜、压汞分析、X-射线衍射、埋藏史-热史模拟等多种分析测试手段, 对戴南组砂岩成岩作用特征进行了详细研究, 发现砂岩储层主要经历了压实、胶结、溶蚀和交代作用, 自生胶结物主要有高岭石等粘土矿物、铁碳酸盐、石英、长石及硬石膏等, 发生溶蚀则主要为长石和岩屑, 戴南组地层现今主要处于晚成岩的A期.戴南组砂岩储层主要受压实作用、高岭石胶结、铁碳酸盐胶结、石英次生加大及溶蚀作用的影响, 发育塑性组分溶蚀成岩相和高岭石充填成岩相的储层性质往往较好, 是有利的油气储集带; 而发育压实-充填成岩相和碳酸盐胶结成岩相的储层孔渗性能很差, 多为致密储层.      

苏北盆地金湖凹陷古近系戴南组孔隙演化及次生孔隙成因分析

金湖凹陷戴南组储层总体为一套中低孔-中低渗碎屑储层,次生孔隙是本区最有效、最重要的孔隙类型,而搞清次生孔隙的分布规律及其成因成为下一步有利储层预测的关键。文中综合利用岩心、普通薄片、铸体薄片、扫描电镜及物性参数等资料,对戴南组储层的岩石类型、物性特征、孔隙类型及次生孔隙分布规律进行了综合分析,并从溶蚀作用的发育条件入手探讨了次生孔隙的成因,以期为下一步有利储层预测和勘探开发提供科学依据。研究认为,金湖凹陷戴南组碎屑岩储层主要发育于三角洲、扇三角洲和滨浅湖,受沉积相带控制,储层类型复杂,以不等粒砂岩、含砾不等粒砂岩、细砂岩及粉砂岩为主,不同地区岩性存在差异。根据岩性三角图,砂岩类型以长石岩屑质石英砂岩为主。砂岩成分成熟度中等偏低,结构成熟度中等。戴南组砂岩孔隙度峰值分布在12.0%~14.0%,渗透率峰值分布在1~10 mD。不同沉积环境和地区储层物性也存在一定差异。三角洲前缘亚相的储层物性最好,平均孔隙度约19.4%,平均渗透率约134.2 mD,岩性以细砂岩为主,主要分布于研究区西部和中部。扇三角洲物性次之,平均孔隙度约12.5%,平均渗透率约6.2 mD,岩性以含砾不等粒砂岩为主,位于桐城断裂带东南部便1井附近。滨浅湖亚相的储层物性最差,岩性以粉砂岩为主,平均孔隙度约8.3%,平均渗透率约2.3 mD。戴南组储层孔隙分为原生孔隙和次生孔隙两大类,以次生粒间溶蚀孔隙为主。溶蚀孔隙包括粒间溶孔、粒内溶孔和铸模孔。粒间溶孔多由粒间碳酸盐胶结物如方解石、白云石、铁方解石等溶蚀后形成,粒内溶孔主要是长石及碳酸盐岩屑被选择性溶解而形成,可见白云石晶粒溶解留下的铸模孔。戴南组储层中的原生孔隙相对较少,主要以石英次生加大后的残余粒间孔的形式存在,发育于埋藏较浅的井如新庄1井、关1-1井。戴南组储层孔隙经历了由原生到次生的演化过程。总体上,在浅于约1 100 m,储层主要处于早成岩A阶段,以原生孔隙为主。在1 100~1 500 m,储层处于早成岩B阶段,形成混合孔隙段。超过1 500 m,储层进入中成岩A阶段,原生孔隙消失殆尽,基本上以次生孔隙为主。戴南组储层存在3个次生孔隙发育带:第一次生孔隙发育带在1 200~1 600 m,分布于埋藏相对较浅-中等的井区;第二次生孔隙发育带分布在1 800~2 800 m;第三次生孔隙发育带在2 900~3 000 m左右。第一、二次生孔隙发育带次生孔隙的绝对值较大,说明溶蚀作用较强。戴南组储层次生孔隙发育与方解石、白云石胶结物的溶蚀及长石碎屑和碳酸盐岩岩屑的溶蚀有关。烃源岩成熟排烃是次生孔隙发育的主控因素;碳酸盐胶结物发育提供了次生孔隙发育的物质基础;长石的溶蚀对次生孔隙发育有一定的贡献;次生孔隙的形成与黏土矿物的相互转化有一定的关系;断裂活动进一步促使了次生孔隙的发育。     

尼日尔Termit盆地上白垩统储层岩石学特征及控制因素分析

本文对尼日尔Termit盆地17口井218个井壁取芯样品开展普通薄片、阴极发光、X衍射、扫描电镜及重矿物分析,研究上白垩统储层的岩石学特征,并探讨其控制因素。实验分析结果表明,Termit盆地上白垩统储层的岩石类型主要为石英砂岩,成分成熟度高,以石英为主,含量达86%以上,钾长石、方解石及斜长石等含少量,占比约5%,这种岩石类型对原生孔隙的保存比较有利;填隙物主要为粘土杂基,含量为7%左右,矿物成分以高岭石为主,利于对晶间孔的保留;岩石中发育硅质、方解石和铁质等胶结类型,胶结物的含量占比较小,对储层的破坏作用不大;重矿物类型为磁铁矿、赤铁矿、锆石、磷灰石,推测物源区的母岩类型主要为花岗岩;以细粒结构和少量的不等粒结构为主,分选中等-差,磨圆度一般为次棱角-次圆状,磨圆差。与国内石英砂岩沉积于高能的滨浅海环境不同,研究区石英砂岩成分成熟度高,但分选程度和磨圆度较低,一方面反映了物源区母岩富含石英,同时也反映了这种石英砂岩沉积于近源的河流-三角洲环境。影响研究区上白垩统储层物性的主要因素是岩石类型及成岩作用,由于储层的岩石类型为石英砂岩,压实作用对储层的破坏作用较一般岩石类型偏小。砂岩埋深小于2500m时,主要发育原生孔隙,面孔率大于15%。溶蚀作用对本区储层产生一定的影响,最常见的为长石的溶蚀,溶蚀作用形成粒内溶孔和粒间溶孔,还会扩大原生孔隙形成混合孔,改善了砂岩的储集性能。     

鄂尔多斯盆地镇泾区块延长组长81储层成岩作用特征及其对储集物性的影响

鄂尔多斯盆地镇泾区块上三叠统延长组长81储层具有成分成熟度低,结构成熟度中等到好的特点,岩性以岩屑长石砂岩和长石岩屑砂岩为主.长81砂岩属于特低孔特低渗储层,以次生溶蚀粒间孔为主要储集空间.目前储层正处于中成岩阶段A期,主要发育压实、胶结、溶解和交代4种成岩作用类型.机械压实作用是造成长81储层埋深小于2000 m砂岩...     

文昌A凹陷珠海组低渗砂岩成岩特征与孔隙演化

基于薄片鉴定分析、扫描电镜、物性分析、X射线衍射分析、碳酸盐碳氧同位素分析等实验手段, 研究文昌A凹陷珠海组低渗砂岩储层岩石学特征和成岩作用特征, 通过定量化分析, 评价压实、胶结、溶蚀作用对储层孔隙演化的影响, 实现成岩相预测及储层分类评价.结果表明:（1）研究区珠三南断裂带以岩屑砂岩和长石岩屑砂岩为主, 中、粗砂岩含量高; 6号断裂带以长石岩屑砂岩和岩屑石英砂岩为主, 细砂岩含量高.储集空间以次生溶孔为主, 物性变化大, 纵向及平面均表现出明显的分带性.（2）机械压实造成珠海组原生粒间孔隙大量丧失; 含铁碳酸盐、自生伊利石、硅质胶结等使粒间孔进一步减少, 早期绿泥石则能抑制石英次生加大; 溶蚀作用使深部储层物性得以改善, 研究区珠海组发育两个次生溶蚀带.成岩相预测结果表明, 发育厚层粗粒级砂岩的水下分流河道是研究区的有利储集相带.（3）通过孔隙演化定量分析, 认为成岩作用对粗粒砂岩和细-中粒砂岩的孔隙度演化的影响具有差异性.      

惠州凹陷东部珠海组储层碱性成岩作用及孔隙演化

根据铸体薄片、扫描电镜、粒度分析、X衍射等资料,对惠州凹陷东部珠海组储层的岩石学特征、成岩作用和孔隙演化过程进行分析研究。研究认为,惠州凹陷东部珠海组储层的岩石类型以岩屑砂岩、长石质岩屑砂岩、岩屑质石英砂岩和岩屑质长石砂岩为主,结构成熟度与成分成熟度较低。砂岩埋藏过程中经历了明显的碱性成岩作用:石英的溶蚀与交代、碳酸盐矿物胶结、伊利石和绿泥石的沉淀以及钠长石化等。碱性成岩作用对孔隙的影响包括:石英溶蚀形成次生溶孔、碳酸盐胶结物沉淀损失粒间孔隙、黏土矿物沉淀形成晶间微孔。研究区珠海组主要发育粒内溶孔和粒间溶孔,原生孔隙较少。储层现今处于中成岩阶段A期,早期经历了强烈的压实作用,使其孔隙度由原始孔隙度32.1%降低至8.8%。早成岩阶段为碱性成岩环境,石英溶蚀增孔约0.5%;碳酸盐、硫酸盐、伊利石等胶结物沉淀减孔约2.3%。中成岩阶段A期为酸性成岩环境,硅质、高岭石等胶结物沉淀减孔约1.2%;长石、岩屑等溶蚀增孔约4.3%。最终,储层演化至现今孔隙度10.1%。     

惠民凹陷古近系碎屑岩次生孔隙纵向分布规律

为了在油气勘探的过程中更加准确地预测有效储层的分布, 根据铸体薄片、扫描电镜、碳酸盐含量、镜质体反射率、粘土矿物以及储层物性等数据, 研究了惠民凹陷古近系砂岩次生孔隙的纵向分布规律.在小于1400m的深度, 砂岩的孔隙主要为压实和胶结之后的原生粒间孔隙; 在埋深超过1400m以后开始出现少量次生孔隙, 在1400~1500m深度范围形成原生孔隙与次生孔隙并存的混合孔隙带; 超过1500m, 大量的次生孔隙出现在1500~2300m和2700~4000m的2个深度段.所收集的砂岩孔隙度和渗透率数据在纵向上的变化关系也间接证实了这一点.次生孔隙主要为长石溶蚀成因, 碳酸盐胶结物溶蚀是次要的.在次生孔隙发育带内, 惠民凹陷烃源岩演化产生大量有机酸和泥岩中的粘土矿物迅速脱水是产生溶蚀作用形成次生孔隙的直接原因.      

Diagenetic evolution of the volcaniclastic deposits: an example from Neoproterozoic Dokhan Volcanics in Wadi Queih basin,central Eastern Desert,Egypt

Wadi Queih basin hosts a ～2,500-m thick Neoproterozoic volcanoclastic successions that unconformably lie over the oldest Precambrian basement. These successions were deposited in alluvial fan, fluviatile, lacustrine, and aeolian depositional environments. Diagenetic minerals from these volcaniclastic successions were studied by X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy, and analytical electron microscopy. The diagenetic processes recognized include mechanical compaction, cementation, and dissolution. Based on the framework grain–cement relationships, precipitation of the early calcite cement was either accompanied or followed by the development of part of the pore-lining and pore-filling clay cements. Secondary porosity development occurred due to partial to complete dissolution of early calcite cement and feldspar grains. In addition to calcite, several different clay minerals including kaolinite, illite, and chlorite with minor smectite occur as pore-filling and pore-lining cements. Chlorite coating grains helps to retain primary porosity by retarding the envelopment of quartz overgrowths. Clay minerals and their diagenetic assemblages has been distinguished between primary volcaniclastics directly produced by pyroclastic eruptions and epiclastic volcaniclastics derived from erosion of the pre-existing volcanic rocks. Phyllosilicates of the epiclastic rocks display wider compositional variations owing to wide variations in the mineralogical and chemical compositions of the parent material. Most of the phyllosilicates (kaolinite, illite, chlorite, mica, and smectite) are inherited minerals derived from the erosion of the volcanic basement complex, which had undergone hydrothermal alteration. Smectites of the epiclastic rocks are beidellite–montmorillonite derived from the altered volcanic materials of the sedimentary environment. Conversely, phyllosilicate minerals of the pyroclastic rocks are dominated by kaolinite, illite, and mica, which were formed by pedogenetic processes through the hydrothermal influence.     

Depositional environment, sand provenance, and diagenesis of the Basal Salina Formation (lower Eocene), northwestern Peru

The Basal Salina Formation is a lower Eocene transgressive sequence consisting of interbedded shales, siltstones, and conglomeratic sandstones. This formation occurs in the Talara basin of northwestern Peru and is one of a series of complexly faulted hydrocarbon-producing formations within this extensional forearc basin. These sediments were probably deposited in a fan-delta complex that developed along the ancestral Amotape Mountains during the early Eocene. Most of the sediment was derived from the low-grade metamorphic and plutonic rocks that comprise the Amotape Mountains, and their sedimentary cover. Detrital modes of these sandstones reflect the complex tectonic history of the area, rather than the overall forearc setting. Unlike most forearc sediments, these are highly quartzose, with only minor percentages of volcanic detritus. This sand is variably indurated and cemented by chlorite, quartz, calcite, and kaolinite. Clay-mineral matrix assemblages show gradational changes with depth, from primarily detrital kaolinite to diagenetic chlorite and mixed-layered illite/smectite. Basal Salina sandstones exhibit a paragenetic sequence that may be tied to early meteoric influx or late-stage influx of thermally driven brines associated with hydrocarbon migration. Much of the porosity is secondary, resulting from a first-stage dissolution of silicic constituents (volcanic lithic fragments, feldspar, and fibrous quartz) and a later dissolution of surrounding carbonate cement. Types of pores include skeletal grains, grain molds, elongate pores, and fracture porosity. Measured porosity values range up to 24% and coarser samples tend to be more porous. Permeability is enhanced by fractures and deterred by clay-mineral cements and alteration residues.     

The origin and alteration of calcite cement in tight sandstones of the Jurassic Shishugou Group,Fukang Sag,Junggar Basin,NW China: implications for fluid–rock interactions and porosity evolution

The Shishugou Group, which consists of Middle Jurassic Toutunhe Formation and Upper Jurassic Qigu Formation, is currently an important hydrocarbon exploration target in the Fukang Sag of Junggar Basin, China. The Shishugou Group sandstones experienced a complex diagenetic history with deep burial (3600–5800 m) to develop low–ultralow porosity and permeability reservoir with some high-quality reservoirs found in the tight sandstones owing to the reservoir heterogeneity. This integrated petrographic and geochemical study aims to unravel the origin and alteration of calcite cement in the Shishugou Group sandstones and predict fluid–rock interaction and porosity evolution. The Shishugou Group sandstones (Q_43.8F_7.4R_48.8) have a dominant calcite cement with strong heterogeneity forming in two generations: poikilotopic, pore-filling masses that formed at an early diagenetic stage and isolated rhombs or partial grain replacements that formed at a late stage. The Shishugou Group, which are lacustrine sediments formed in low–medium salinity lake water in a semiarid–arid climatic environment, provided the alkaline diagenetic environment needed for precipitation of chlorite and early calcite cements in early diagenesis. The Ca²⁺ of the pore-filling calcite cements was sourced from weathering or dissolution of volcanic clasts in the sediment source or during transport in under oxidising conditions. The δ¹⁸O_V-PDB and δ¹³C_V-PDB values of calcite were significantly controlled by distance from the top unconformity and underlying coal-bearing stratum with carbon sourced from atmospheric CO₂, and organic matter. The early carbonate cement inhibited burial compaction producing intergranular pore spaces with enhanced reservoir properties by late dissolution under acidic conditions. Anhydrite cement reflects reaction of organic acid and hydrocarbon with the sandstones and is associated with fluid migration pathways. The fluid–rock interactions and porosity evolution of the tight deep sandstones produced secondary pores that filled with hydrocarbon charge that forms this deep high-quality reservoir.     

The Effects of Diagenesis on the Reservoir Characters in Ridge sandstone of Jurassic Jumara dome,Kachchh, Western India

Ridge sandstone of Jurassic Jumara dome of Kachchh was studied in an attempt to quantify the effects of diagenetic process such as compaction, cementation and dissolution on reservoir properties. The average framework composition of Ridge sandstone is Q₈₀F₁₇L₃, medium-to coarse grained and subarkose to arkose. Syndepositional silty to clayey matrix (3% average) is also observed that occurs as pore filling. The diagenetic processes include compaction, cementation and precipitation of authigenic cements, dissolution of unstable grains and grain replacement and development of secondary porosity. The major cause of intense reduction in primary porosity of Ridge sandstone is early cementation which include silica, carbonate, iron, kaolinite, illite, smectite, mixed layer illite-smectite and chlorite, which prevents mechanical compaction. The plots of COPL versus CEPL and IGV versus total cement suggest the loss of primary porosity in Ridge sandstone is due to cementation. Cements mainly iron and carbonate occurs in intergranular pores of detrital grains and destroys porosity. The clay mineral occurs as pore filling and pore lining and deteriorates the porosity and permeability of the Ridge sandstone. The reservoir quality of the studied sandstone is reduced by clay minerals (kaolinite, illite, smectite, mixed layer illitesmectite, chlorite), carbonate, iron and silica cementation but on the other hand, it is increased by alteration and dissolution of the unstable grain, in addition to partial dissolution of carbonate cements. The potential of the studied sandstone to serve as a reservoir is strongly related to sandstone diagenesis.