地质事件与高分辨率事件地层学

简要介绍了传统地层学的发展及其局限性,认为传统的生物地层学的相对低分辨率已不适应目前的生产、科研要求;阐述了高分辨率事件地层学的研究对象与研究内容,认为地质事件的广泛性、瞬时性与相对等时性是高分辨率事件地层学的存在基础。通过全方位地开发出地层记录中的各种事件信息,建立综合事件地层剖面和高分辨率事件地层信息数据库,有可能使地层划分对比的精度提高10-50倍。     

高分辨率事件地层学和高分辨率地导

高分辨率事件地层学提高了年代地层划分和对比精度，其分辨率可达20－50ka，甚至更高。这就导致了高分辨率地层学的发展，是未来地层学的发展趋势。高分辨率地层研究结果的巨大潜力可以在年代地层学中引发一场革命。该文简要介绍了高分辨事件地层学的基本概念和研究方法，以及与高分辨率地层学的关系。     

高分辨率地层学与Milankovitch旋回和ENSO事件沉积

围绕地质时间坐标的建立和优化,地层学经历了三次重要革命,形成了三种有代表性的地层学形态：斯坦诺地层学（１６６９年）、史密斯地层学（１８１７年）和高分辨率地层学（１９６９年）。高分辨率地层学的显著特色是划分、对比出的主体地层单元的持续时间必须小于百万年有。十万年级至千年级高分辨率地层划分对比和高分辨率地质时间坐标的建立可望通过对地层记录中Ｍｉｌａｎｋｏｖｉｔｃｈ旋回和ＥＮＳＯ事件沉积的高分辨率地层学     

地层学的三次重要革命

<正> 围绕地质时间坐标的建立和优化,地层学经历了三次重要革命,形成了三种具有代表性的地层学形态:斯坦诺地层学(1669)、史密斯地层学(1817)和高分辨率地层学(1968)(表1)。高分辨率地层学的显著特色是划分、对比出的主体地层单元的持续时间必须小于百万年级,十万年级至千万年级高分辨率地层划分对比和高分辨率地质时间坐标的建立可望通过对地层记录中 Milankovitch 旋回和 ENSO 事件沉积的高分辨率地层学研究实现。     

全息地层学原理与方法综述

全息地层学是以全球旋回地层学和高分辨率事件地层学为基础，综合生物地层学、磁性地层学、化学层学以及构造地层学等地层学各个分支的研究结果，以崭新的思路，全方位地开发和提取出沉积记录中所蕴涵的各类地层学信息，从而以极高的时间精度划分对比地层的综合性地层学。     

界线层型与事件地层学——年代地层学研究展望

作者从生物和应用的角度,对国际盛行的多重地层划分“界线层型”提出质疑。认为“界线层型”划分的人为性很大,不利于在生产、科研中推广使用。主张采用以自然界线来统一划分地层的观点。根据近年来对事件地层学的研究成果,论证了以地质事件为基础的自然地层界线的理论性和普遍性以及在构造地质和层控矿床等研究领域中的重要意义。呼吁地质界积极开展事件地层学的研究。     

沉积间断的地层学含义--痕迹地层学研究新途径北大核心CSCD

生物地层学以物种的出现和消失为依据,其对比精度约为100万年;层序地层学以米兰凯维奇事件为导因,应用海泛面、叠置格局和可容空间作概念支柱,对比地层,其四、五级层序对比精度约在20万年左右。更高精度的地层对比,各方面都在探索。首次提出痕迹地层学概念,讨论了痕迹地层学的理论基础、研究方法、事件属性及事件间隔时限,旨在引起研究者对地层间断现象的注意,以利从地史时期生物行为中,获取较多的地层学信息,为高精度地层划分对比服务。     

测井高分辨率层序地层对比在苏里格气田S井区盒8段中的应用

苏里格气田S井区单砂体的空间分布复杂,进一步高效开发气藏难度较大。基于S井区的区域地质、沉积相、测井、钻井、岩心资料,以Cross高分辨率层序地层学理论及其技术方法为指导,采用多级旋回层序划分方案,结合测井相分析技术,对苏里格气田S井区下的石盒子组盒8段,进行了高分辨率层序地层学及测井相研究。通过精细划分和对比,共识别出二个长期、四个中期和十一个短期基准面旋回层序,建立了区内高分辨率地层对比格架。上述沉积相划分和小层对比格架的建立,加深了对S井区砂体纵横向展布规律的认识,为合理制订下一步滚动勘探开发方案提供了地质依据。     

多重地层划分理论及其在甘肃的应用问题

对地层学理论的认识正确与否,直接关系到地层学研究的水平和地质填图的质量以及其它地质工作的效果。本文根据甘肃地层研究工作的现状,有目的有重点地阐述了多重地层划分理论的几个重要概念和原理,指出了当前甘肃地层工作中存在的四种主要问题,并探讨了今后地层工作的方向和途径。     

分子地层学的原理、方法及应用实例

当前分子地层学研究已涉及蛋白质、核酸、碳水化合物、类脂物和木质素等多种生物化学组分。在地层中,分子化石具有分布的广泛性、定量的准确性、应用的指纹性和信息的多样性等特点,其地层学应用的主要原理是依据分子化石的生物源信息和其离开生物体后发生的一系列转化途径来实现的,其表述方法可以是含量、相对丰度、碳数分布和单体同位素特征等。在各类年代学框架下,由这些分子化石参数所揭示的各类生物事件和环境事件可以成为区域性乃至全球性地层对比的主要依据。分子地层学与分子古生物学、生物地球化学、有机地球化学密切相关,它与传统三大地层学分支学科明显不同,目前还没有明确的分子地层单位,也没有进行广泛的分子地层划分与对比工作。对各类生物事件与环境事件有重要指示作用的分子地层学,与生态地层学、事件地层学等地层学分支学科类似,其主要任务是在传统生物地层学或其他年代学框架下,提高地层划分和对比的精度。以浙江长兴煤山二叠纪-三叠纪界线地层和第四纪泥炭为例,以高分辨率的生物事件与环境事件为切入点,分别探讨在生物地层学或其他年代学框架下的分子地层工作,由此提出了分子地层学的分类单位——分子化石带。     

优化高频拓展法在煤田勘探中的应用

提高分辨率是地震数据处理中获得高质量资料的关键，而分辨率与信噪比的相互制约关系是高分辨率处理的根本问题。优化高频拓展技术在提高分辨率的同时基本保持地震数据原有的信噪比．并且可以保持地震数据相对振幅关系和时频特性，做到真正的保真处理，为精细薄互煤层分析提供可信的高质量地震数据。     

Deepwater Turbidite Lobe Deposits: A Review of the Research Frontiers

Deepwater/deep-marine turbidite lobes are the most distal part of a siliciclastic depositional system and hold the largest sediment accumulation on the seafloor. As many giant hydrocarbon provinces have been discovered within deepwater lobe deposits, they represent one of the most promising exploration targets for hydrocarbon industry. Deepwater exploration is characterized by high cost, high risk but insufficient data because of the deep/ultra–deepwater depth. A thorough understanding of the deepwater turbidite lobe architecture, hierarchy, stacking pattern and internal facies distribution is thus vital. Recently, detailed outcrop characterizations and high–resolution seismic studies have both revealed that the deepwater lobe deposits are characterized into four–fold hierarchical arrangements from "beds", to "lobe elements", to "lobes" and to "lobe complex". Quantitative compilations have shown that hierarchical components of lobe deposits have similar length to width ratios but different width to thickness ratios depending on different turbidite systems. At all hierarchical scales, sand–prone hierarchical lobe units are always separated by mud–prone bounding units except when the bounding units are eroded by their overlying lobe units thus giving rise to vertical amalgamation and connectivity. Amalgamations often occur at more proximal regions suggesting high flow energy. A mixed flow behavior may occur towards more distal regions, resulting in deposition of "hybrid event beds". These synthesized findings could(1) help understand the lobe reservoir distribution and compartmentalization therefore benefit the exploration and development of turbidite lobes within the deep marine basins(e.g. South China Sea) and(2) provide rules and quantitative constraints on reservoir modeling. In addition, the findings associated with deepwater turbidite lobes might be a good starting point to understand the sedimentology, architecture and hierarchy of turbidites in deep lacustrine environment.     

Stratigraphy and depositional setting of slurry and contained (reflected) beds in the Marnoso‐arenacea Formation (Langhian‐Serravallian) Northern Apennines,Italy

This work presents the stratigraphy and facies analysis of an interval of about 2500 m in the Langhian and Serravallian stratigraphic succession of the foredeep turbidites of the Marnoso‐arenacea Formation. A high‐resolution stratigraphic analysis was performed by measuring seven stratigraphic logs between the Sillaro and Marecchia lines (60 km apart) for a total thickness of about 6700 m. The data suggest that the stratigraphy and depositional setting of the studied interval was influenced by syndepositional structural deformations. The studied stratigraphic succession has been subdivided into five informal stratigraphic units on the basis of how structurally controlled topographic highs and depocentres, a consequence of thrust propagation, change over time. These physiographic changes of the foredeep basin have also been reconstructed through the progressive appearance and disappearance of thrust‐related mass‐transport complexes and of five bed types interpreted as being related to structurally controlled basin morphology. Apart from Bouma‐like Type‐4 beds, Type‐1 tripartite beds, characterized by an internal slurry unit, tend to increase especially in structurally controlled stratigraphic units where intrabasinal topographic highs and depocentres with slope changes favour both mud erosion and decelerations. Type‐2 beds, with an internal slump‐type chaotic unit, characterize the basal boundary of structurally controlled stratigraphic units and are interpreted as indicating tectonic uplift. Type‐3 beds are contained‐reflected beds that indicate different degrees of basin confinement, while Type‐5 are thin and fine‐grained beds deposited by dilute reflected turbulent flows able to rise up the topographic highs. The vertical and lateral distribution of these beds has been used to understand the synsedimentary structural control of the studied stratigraphic succession, represented in the Marnoso‐arenacea Formation by subtle topographic highs and depocentres created by thrust‐propagation folds and emplacements of large mass‐transport complexes.     

核测井的特殊功能及其资料在区域地质调查和地层学研究中的应用——地层学研究方法的增新

简介酸性火山事件岩层的产状特征，及其在地层学和地质调查中的意义。着重介绍此类岩层中放射性元素和K含量较高的特点，论述它在自然伽马测井和放射性测量中，具有独到的功能。目前用昂贵的岩矿测试方法，已发现很多火山事件岩层，可能有些尚未被发现。因经费所限，无法进一步研究，用现有的大量核测井资料进行研究，所需经费很少。尤其是对哑地层和用古生物地层学方法，研究划分和对比，长期存在争议的地层，用等时标志层及其核测井资料，进行微细高分辨岩层对比，解决上述问题，指导地质调查和地层学研究。最后略述当前火成岩和超高压变质岩地层研究中核测井的应用。     

地面高精度磁测在煤田勘探中的应用

针对陕北煤田勘探中煤层自燃区自燃边界的确定,采用了地面高精度磁测的方法技术,通过求△T垂向一阶导数,来突出异常体边部影响,提高相邻异常体异常迭加的分辨率,认为该方法是解决煤层自燃区（火烧区边界）的一种行之有效的方法。     

Reconstruction of nearshore chemical conditions in the Mesoproterozoic: evidence from red and grey beds of the Yangzhuang formation,North China Craton

ABSTRACT

Mesoproterozoic red beds near ancient coasts have not aroused extensive interest. A new geochemical study of the alternating red and grey dolostones from the Yangzhuang Formation provides a better understanding of the redox conditions of nearshore sedimentary environments. In this contribution, whole-rock samples are characterized by positive correlations of rare earth elements (REE) vs. Th and Fe_T vs. Th and flat-type REE distribution patterns, indicating massive terrigenous input, which is considered to be inherited from felsic rocks. Relatively high (Fe_mag+Fe_ox)/Fe_T and Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺ ratios in red beds indicate more oxidized conditions in supratidal environments compared with the lower oxygen contents in intertidal environments. Under these two distinct chemical sedimentary conditions, acetic acid-leached red and grey samples both have HREE-depleted distributions, suggesting significant freshwater invasion. Moreover, limited terrigenous redox-sensitive elements (RSEs) can reach the coast where the red beds are deposited, whereas relatively high RSE enrichment factors originating from shallow oceans are recorded in grey beds. In the Mesoproterozoic, limited oxidative weathering, shallow seawater desalination, and low organic production occurred near the coast. Meanwhile, a prolonged period of low Mo and U availability preserved in carbonate minerals confirmed that marine oxygen levels failed to satisfy the deposition of offshore red beds. During the regression, potentially exposed sediments connected to atmospheric oxygen guaranteed the oxidation of iron and the formation of red beds, and these events were coupled with negative δ¹³C_carb shifts in the Yanliao rift zone.     

东营凹陷沙四下亚段沉积环境特征及沉积充填模式

沉积盆地中沉积环境特征控制了砂体沉积成因类型及盆地沉积充填模式。通过对东营凹陷丰深2井、官112井及梁120井沙四下亚段泥质沉积物系统取样,进行全岩X衍射分析和常量及微量地球化学元素分析,在此基础上对东营凹陷沙四下亚段古气候和古盐度指标进行分析。结果表明,古气候指标Rb/Sr比值与石英+长石含量、Cr元素含量及P元素含量呈正比,含量增加反映了气候相对潮湿,与古盐度指标碳酸盐+硫酸盐含量呈反比,其含量增加反映了气候相对干旱。东营凹陷沙四下亚段沉积时期气候干湿交替频繁,气候潮湿时期相对湖平面上升,湖水盐度降低;气候干旱时期相对湖平面下降,湖水盐度升高,使得此时期湖泊呈现为高频振荡性盐湖特征。气候潮湿时期以沉积碎屑沉积物为主,包括冲积扇、浅水型三角洲、滨湖滩坝及近岸水下扇沉积,由于湖水盐度较低,洼陷带主要沉积泥岩、灰质泥岩、含膏泥岩和少量泥质膏岩;气候干旱时期相对湖平面下降,湖泊水体盐度升高,洼陷带以沉积膏盐岩为特征,垂向上具有含膏泥岩、泥质膏岩、膏岩和盐岩的演化序列,平面上表现为由湖泊边缘向湖泊中心发育灰质泥岩、含膏泥岩、泥质膏岩、膏岩和盐岩的环带状结构特征。     

井间地震走时波形层析成像方法

提出了井间地震走时波形顺序反演方法。该方法先利用井间地震走时反演得到速度模型的低频成分 ,然后用井间地震波形反演获得速度模型的高频成分。数值模型试验和实际应用结果表明 ,该方法反演稳健 ,提高了走时成像的分辨率 ,克服了波形成像易于陷入局部极小的缺陷 ,实现了快速高分辨率成像。     

四川省红层丘陵区地下水遥感综合调查方法和成果

概略介绍了四川省红层丘陵区的区域水文地质条件、风化带裂隙水的主要赋存环境、图像处理与制作方法；全面介绍了遥感解译和遥感信息计算机自动提取的方法。此项调查成果为解决四川红层丘陵区多年来的干旱缺水问题提供了科学依据。     

Hydrogeologic factors affecting gas content distribution in coal beds

Gas content in coal is not fixed but changes when equilibrium conditions within the reservoir are disrupted. Therefore, gas content distribution in coal varies laterally within individual coal beds, vertically among coal beds in a single well, and within thicker coal beds. Major hydrogeologic factors affecting gas content variability include gas generation, coal properties, and reservoir conditions. Gas generation affects gas content variability on a regional scale, whereas coal properties influence gas content distribution on a regional and local scale. Reservoir conditions affect gas content more locally within specific fields or individual wells. The potential for high gas content is controlled directly by the amount of thermogenic and secondary biogenic gases generated from the coal which in turn are controlled by burial history, maceral composition, and basin hydrodynamics. Variability in mineral matter (ash) and moisture content, sorption behavior among macerals, diffusion coefficients, and permeability result in heterogeneous gas content distribution. Gas content decreases with decreasing pressure and temperature, and coal beds become undersaturated with respect to methane during basin uplift and cooling. Gas content generally increases where conventional and hydrodynamic trapping of coal gases occur and may decrease in areas of active recharge with downward flow potential and/or convergent flow where there is no mechanism for entrapment.