塔北隆起深层海相油藏中原油及族组分碳同位素组成的纵向分布特征及其地质意义

利用MAT252同位素质谱仪分析了塔里木盆地塔北隆起深层海相油藏中原油及族组分的碳同位素组成。研究表明该区深层海相油藏中原油的全油碳同位素组成主要受生源控制,受热力作用影响较小;而在继承生源的碳同位素组成的基础上,热力作用将对原油族组分的碳同位素组成及其逆转和分馏产生重要影响。总的趋势是随着油藏埋藏深度的增大和热力作用的加强,饱和烃组分的碳同位素组成逐渐变重,而沥青质组分的碳同位素组成不断变轻,族组分碳同位素逆转程度和分馏程度有所加强,并出现饱和烃﹥芳烃﹥非烃﹥沥青质的整体逆转现象。塔北隆起深层海相原油族组分的碳同位素组成的纵向变化特征,可以反映出热力作用对原油稳定性的影响。     

塔里木盆地顺北地区奥陶系超深层油藏蚀变作用及保存

塔里木盆地顺北地区超深层垂深为7 200~7 863.6 m的奥陶系一间房-鹰山组储层中发现了挥发油藏和轻质油藏，油藏赋存深度下限不断突破传统认识.使用地球化学方法研究了顺北地区不同断裂带油气藏的地球化学特征及蚀变作用.顺北地区不同断裂带原油均具有轻碳同位素特征，C₂₃三环萜烷/C₂₁三环萜烷>1，C₂₈甾烷含量低的特点，三芴系列组成中具有较高含量的二苯并噻吩含量，表明与塔河原油具有相似的母源.（C₂₁+C₂₂）甾烷/（C₂₇~C₂₉）甾烷、C₂₇重排/C₂₇规则甾烷、甲基菲指数和二苯并噻吩系列成熟度表明顺北地区原油成熟度呈现1号断裂带（含分支断裂）≈3号断裂带>次级断裂带>5号断裂带>7号断裂的特征，原油成熟度受控于油藏初始静温.顺北地区奥陶系天然气均为湿气，天然气甲烷碳同位素分布范围为-50.7‰~-44.7‰，不同断裂带天然气成熟度的差异与不同断裂带原油成熟度的分布规律相似.顺北地区原油（4+3）甲基双金刚烷含量较低，分布范围为9.25~36.44 μg/g，指示原油裂解程度较低.原油中均可检测出完整系列的低聚硫代金刚烷，含量分布范围为0.76~18.88 μg/g，表明原油硫酸盐热化学还原作用（TSR）弱，顺北地区天然气为湿气及甲烷碳同位素轻表明油气藏未遭受气侵作用.地温研究表明顺北地区地温梯度低，为2.12℃/100 m，埋深8 000 m的地层目前仅为160~170℃，地质历史时期，奥陶系地温未超过170℃，未达到原油大量裂解温度的门限.顺北地区奥陶系长期的低地温加之油气藏蚀变作用弱，是顺北地区奥陶系保持挥发油相的关键.      

柯坪隆起阿克苏油苗的地球化学特征及其成因研究

柯坪隆起区是塔里木盆地海相烃源岩露头发育较好的地区之一,但相关的油气研究报道不多。本文详细研究了塔里木盆地柯坪隆起区油苗的有机地球化学特征并进行了相关的成因分析。阿克苏油苗经历了严重的生物降解作用,饱和烃生物标志物所能提供的成因信息十分有限。原油沥青质组分及储层吸附/包裹烃受后生作用影响较小,综合分析油苗沥青质热解产物与吸附/包裹烃的生物标志物及其碳同位素组成可以获得更多有效的成因信息。研究结果表明,阿克苏油苗与其储层吸附/包裹烃具有不同来源。油苗、沥青质以及沥青质热解产物的碳同位素特征与已经报道的多数海相原油及其沥青质较为接近,与典型的寒武系烃源来源的原油差异显著。而储层吸附/包裹烃与已报道的典型寒武系烃源岩来源油的生物标志物及碳同位素特征比较类似,可能形成于较高的热演化阶段。     

塔里木盆地前陆区和台盆区天然气的地球化学特征及成因

通过对塔里木盆地天然气碳氢同位素分析,主要存在两种类型天然气,即油型气与煤型气。油型气烷烃气碳同位素组成较轻（δ13C2＜-28‰,δ13C3＜-25‰）,氢同位素组成偏重,成烃母质主要为海相沉积环境形成的寒武系—下奥陶统或中下奥陶统烃源岩,分布区域主要为台盆区;而煤型气烷烃气碳同位素组成较重（δ13C2＞-28‰,δ13C3＞-25‰）,氢同位素组成偏轻,成烃母质主要为陆相沉积环境形成的三叠系—侏罗系烃源岩,分布区域主要为前陆区。在塔里木盆地,烷烃气同位素组成局部倒转主要与烃源岩热演化程度差异有关;同时,在局部地区硫酸盐热还原（TSR）也可引起碳同位素组成的局部倒转。塔里木盆地天然气中3He/4He值偏高可能与残留在岩石中的少量深部气体混入气藏有关。     

塔里木盆地北部奥陶系超深层液态烃演化与保存机制:来自模拟实验的证据

塔里木盆地北部寒武系—奥陶系超深层发现一批油藏和挥发性油藏，拓展了石油(液态烃)勘探的深度下限和规模增储领域。深层、超深层跨越多个构造期，经历了复杂的构造、埋藏和热演化历史，油气成藏有其特殊性，超深层油气藏的形成与保持机制仍需深入探讨。前人在重点层系埋藏热演化史、油气成藏定年、含烃包裹体和原油稳定性等方面开展了研究，但超深储层中烃类与矿物基质、地层水的相互作用对油气演化和保存的影响作用还需深化研究。本文以塔里木盆地顺托果勒地区奥陶系埋藏-热演化史和古压力变化为约束条件，开展油藏演化系列模拟实验，在逼近地下储层油气赋存状态、上覆压力、地层流体性质和压力条件下，重建了烃类热演化过程。结果表明，温度是原油裂解的主动力，油藏经历的最高古地温及持续时间是控制现今油气相态的决定性因素，而在VR_o<2.0%时，地层水、灰岩储层介质环境等延缓了原油的裂解，有利于油藏的保存。对顺托果勒地区早期充注原油的保存能力进行了初步评价，早期充注原油在顺北地区保存指数为67%～100%,顺南地区为17%～50%,推测顺北地区液态烃大量消亡的深度下限在10 000 m左右。     

塔里木盆地部分来自寒武系烃源岩贡献的原油富集~(13)C同位素的成因探讨

<正>近年来发现塔里木盆地典型来自于寒武系-下奥陶统烃源岩的原油具有富集13C的特征,其稳定碳同位素比值基本上集中在-28‰左右。比如:塔东2井寒武系储层中的原油明显具有寒武系-下奥陶统烃源岩成因原油的生标分布特征,被认为是寒武系自生自储的一个古油藏,其全油稳定碳同位素比值为-28.283‰,但相应的烃源岩干酪根同位素比值在-31‰左右;塔中62井志留系储层的原油被认为是一典型来自于寒武系烃源岩的透镜体油藏,其全油稳定碳同位素比值为-28.606‰;另外被认为来自于寒武系-     

顺北1井区奥陶系断溶体油藏岩溶发育特征

随着塔里木盆地超深层碳酸盐油气藏勘探工作的深入,在塔河外围斜坡区发现了断溶体油藏岩溶储层新类型。顺北1井区是中石化顺北油田主力产区,为典型断溶体油藏。该区先后经历一间房组顶面准同生岩溶作用、良里塔格组顺层-断裂控储岩溶作用、前志留系桑塔木组覆盖埋藏岩溶作用和海西晚期二叠系热液岩溶改造4个期次。其中对本区一间房组顶面以下80~120 m放空漏失段起控制作用的为良里塔格组顺层-断裂控储岩溶期。同时研究认为顺北1井区断溶体油藏发育的必要条件是发育区域大型走滑-拉分断裂,拉分段的杂乱反射体横向规模大,纵向发育深度深,是优质高产储集体;强挤压逆冲段杂乱反射呈夹板状,横向延展范围较窄,储集空间次之。      

塔中隆起原油特征与成因类型

塔里木盆地塔中隆起油气性质多样、分布与成因复杂, 为揭示油气的特征与成因, 对塔中及外围104个原油样品进行了精细地球化学研究.依据单体烃碳同位素、特征生物标志物分析, 将塔中原油分为4种类型: (1) 寒武系成因原油, 具有较重正构烷烃单体烃碳同位素(-29.6‰~-29.1‰)、甲藻甾烷较发育及C₂₇、C₂₈、C₂₉规则甾烷呈反“L”型或线型分布等特征; (2) 中、上奥陶统成因原油, 具有较轻的正构烷烃单体烃同位素(-34‰~-35.6‰)、甲藻甾烷等不太发育与C₂₇、C₂₈、C₂₉规则甾烷呈“V”型分布等特征; (3) 富含含硫芳烃-二苯并噻吩原油, 主要分布于塔中4井区; (4) 混源油, 单体烃碳同位素特征界于Ⅰ、Ⅱ类原油之间, 是塔中最为主要的原油类型.油-油对比与油气性质分析表明, 塔中地区至少有两套主力烃源岩供烃.塔中部分原油生物标志物显示寒武系-下奥陶统成因特征, 而单体烃碳同位素却与中上奥陶统成因原油更为接近, 这种不同馏分的不一致现象系不同成因原油混源的结果, 反映单一应用生物标志物指标有其局限性.塔中油气性质具有分带、分块、分层特征, 反映叠合盆地多源、多期成藏、储层非均质性等多种特性.      

塔里木盆地海相油藏具有高热稳定性的地球化学条件探讨

塔里木盆地在埋深超过8000 m、油藏经历200℃以上高温改造仍然发现液态烃类流体稳定存在,目前勘探工作正在面向深层-超深层拓展,塔里木盆地海相原油具有的高热稳定性来自其较好的保存条件。本文总结了近年来塔里木盆地海相油藏研究进展,结合宏观地质背景演化,主要从微观过程入手探讨塔里木盆地海相油藏热稳定性的地球化学特征。认为宏观上塔里木盆地目前的低地温梯度有利于油藏的稳定保存;而油藏储层中普遍缺乏氧化性矿物,石膏类等含硫矿物也贫乏,使得油藏储层中的烃-水-岩相互作用(包括热化学硫酸盐还原反应)发生的程度有限;同时,塔里木盆地海相油藏中地层水广泛发育、分布复杂,这对油藏中的液态烃类,特别是大分子烃类的热裂解具有抑制作用,从而有利于油藏的稳定保存。有必要进一步开展针对塔里木盆地海相原油热稳定性的微观地球化学特征探讨,特别是烃-水-岩相互作用中有利于原油烃类流体稳定保存的物理化学机理分析,研究成果将有助于深化塔里木盆地深层-超深层油气藏的勘探研究工作。     

松辽盆地北部深层凝析油及油型气的成因研究

松辽盆地北部深层发现的凝析油及油型气扩大了油田的勘探潜力.应用单体烃碳同位素、生物标志化合物等分析技术,结合地质背景对凝析油、天然气和固体沥青进行的地球化学研究表明:深层凝析油包括煤成凝析油和泥质烃源岩形成的凝析油,前者芳烃含量高、单体烃碳同位素重,后者饱和烃含量高、单体烃碳同位素轻,生物标志化合物对比,二者均来自于沙河子组烃源岩;油型气甲烷碳同位素轻,一般小于-45‰,且甲烷与乙烷之间碳同位素分馏明显,属原油裂解成气特征,油型气与煤型气混合可能是深层天然气碳同位素系列倒转的重要原因之一;火山岩储层中的固体沥青有机地球化学分析,有机碳含量0.08%～0.16%,氢指数49～297 mg/g,Ro大约为1.87%,表征固体沥青现今的成烃潜力较小,原油向天然气转化主要发生在高成熟阶段的晚期,对应的地质年代大约是嫩江组-明水组沉积末(80～65 Ma).原油向天然气转化的事实启示,深层天然气勘探要兼顾古油藏的研究.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

A catastrophic rockslide-debris flow in Wulong, Chongqing, China in 2009: background, characterization, and causes

On June 5, 2009, a catastrophic rockslide-debris flow occurred at the crest of the Jiweishan Mountain in Wulong, Chongqing, China. Approximately five million cubic meters of limestone blocks slid along a weak interlayer of bituminous and carbonaceous shale. The source mass descended from the upper part of the slope rapidly, crossing a 200-m wide and 50-m deep creek in front of it. Blocked by the opposite steep creek wall, the sliding mass changed its direction and traveled a further 2.2 km along the creek in debris-flow mode, finally forming a large accumulation zone with an average depth of 30 m. This is one of the most catastrophic rockslide events in recent years in China. It buried 12 houses and the entrance of an iron mining tunnel where some 27 miners were working inside. Ten people died, 64 missing, and eight wounded. Immediately after this disaster happened, the government organized an expert team to assist the rescue work. As one of the geological experts, the author did a lot of field investigations and collected first-hand information. Multi-methods including the remote sensing, 3D laser scanning, geophysical exploration, and numerical modeling were used for analyzing the characteristics and the triggering mechanism of the Wulong rockslide. The preliminary investigation results reveal that this rockslide with poor geological conditions was mainly induced by the gravitation and the karst effect and also affected by the previous mining activities. The research in this paper is meaningful and useful for further research on such kind of rockslides that are geologically similar to the Wulong rockslide.     

Shock-induced amorphous textures in plagioclase,Manicouagan, Quebec,Canada

The textural relationships and structural states of optically isotropic labradorite from the Manicouagan, Quebec, impact structure have been examined by light (optical) and transmission electron (TEM) microscopy. Two distinct diaplectic glasses have been recognized based on their contrasting morphology, timing and the inferred modes of formation. The earliest isotropic bands and grain-scale isotropism (maskelynite) optically exhibit a gradational,in situ transformation from crystalline plagioclase with preservation of relict textures (twins, grain boundaries). The same transformation from crystalline to amorphous structure is observed in TEM to occur heterogeneously at scales on the order of the unit cell. The progressive transformation of optical properties reflects an increase in the volume fraction and eventual coalescence of these amorphous units. This maskelynite-type diaplectic glass is interpreted to form in the solid-state directly from crystalline material during the compressional phase of the shock wave. The other isotropic material occurs in spatially discrete tensiongashes and planar deformation features (PDFs) that overprint the maskelynite-type glass. This second type of diaplectic glass (PDF-type) is developed homogeneously within a given glass band and exhibits sharp crystal-glass boundaries, in contrast to the gradational boundaries of the maskelynite-type glass. PDF-type glass is interpreted to form by melting in tensional release zones during passage of the rarefaction wave. These observations emphasize the ability of naturally shocked rocks to preserve subtle evidence of variations in the shock process from highly transient events.     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

Analysis of F, Al, Mn, Zn, Fe, Cu, Ca and Mg concentrations in brick teas from main producing areas in China

Brick-tea-type fluorosis is a peculiar endemic disease in China, which had been discovered in minority areas of western China since 1980, and distributed mainly in Tibet, Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Xinjiang, Qinghai and parts of Sichuan Province. The prevalence rate of fluorosis in Tibetan and Mongolian nationality people was higher. Epidemiological investigation showed that fluorosis morbidity and degrees were different in different brick-tea drinking areas, and it was probably caused by drinking various kinds of brick tea from different regions. Therefore, we collected 33 samples of brick tea from six provinces where minority nationalities were accustomed to drinking a large quantity of brick tea. F concentrations were determined by the combustion hydrolysis-ion selective electrode method. The results showed that among the brick teas, the F concentrations ranged from the minimum 74.1 mg/kg in Yunnan Province to the maximum 991.2 mg/kg in Sichuan Province. Besides, there was a great difference among the various kinds of brick tea, and F concentrations decreased in the order of Kang brick tea, Green brick tea, Black brick tea, Mi brick tea, Fu brick tea, Chitsu ping tea, Puerh tea, and Tuo tea. The average F concentration in brick teas was 431.92 mg/kg.     

Neutron-capture elements in halo, thick-disk, and thin-disk stars. Strontium, yttrium, zirconium, cerium

We derived Sr, Y, Zr, and Ce abundances for a sample of 74 cool dwarfs and subgiants with iron abundances, [Fe/H], between 0.25 and ?2.43. These estimates were obtained using synthetic spectra, assuming local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) for Y, Zr, and Ce, allowing for non-LTE conditions for Sr. We used high-resolution (λ/Δλ?40 000 and 60 000) spectra with signal-to-noise ratios between 50 and 200. We find that the Zr/Y, Sr/Y, and Sr/Zr ratios for the halo stars are the same in a wide metallicity range (?2.43 ≤ [Fe/H] ≤ ?0.90), within the errors, indicating a common origin for these elements at the epoch of halo formation. The Zr/Y ratios for thick-disk stars quickly decrease with increasing Ba abundance, indicating a lower rate of production of Zr compared to Y during active thick-disk formation. The thick-disk and halo stars display an increase in the [Zr/Ba] ratio with decreasing Ba abundance and a correlation of the Zr and Eu overabundances relative to Ba. The evolutionary behavior of the abundance ratios found for the thick-disk and halo stars does not agree with current models for the Galaxy’s chemical evolution. The abundance ratios of Y and Zr to Fe and Ba for thin-disk stars, as well as the abundance ratios within each group, are, on average, solar, though we note a slight decrease of Zr/Ba and Zr/Y with increasing Ba abundance. These results provide evidence for a dominance of asymptotic-giant-branch stars in the enrichment of the interstellar medium in heavy elements during the thin-disk epoch, in agreement with the predictions of the nucleosynthesis theory for the main s-process component.     

Arsenic in streams,stream sediments,and ground water,fairbanks area,alaska

Arsenic concentrations of less than 5 ppb to as large as 1,260 ppb in stream waters and from 5 ppm to 4,000 ppm in stream sediments were found in the Pedro Dome-Cleary Summit area, Alaska. Waters from three of 20 wells sampled had arsenic concentrations exceeding the U.S. Public Health Service recommended limit of 50 ppb. The high arsenic levels are a consequence of arsenic enrichment in the rocks of the area. Placer and lode-gold mining may increase the arsenic content of the waters by exposing arsenic-containing rocks to surface waters and by increasing the load of arsenic-rich sediments in the streams. Finding these disturbingly large concentrations of arsenic in the waters of the Fairbanks area was the major result of this work, inasmuch as a subsequent study (to be published) revealed arsenic concentrations as large as 10 ppm in domestic wells and prompted an extensive study by Federal and State agencies of the health hazard posed by these arsenic-rich waters.     

湖北宜昌王家湾五峰组顶部Chondrites的发现及其环境意义

本文报道了湖北宜昌王家湾剖面五峰组笔石页岩段观音桥层发现的遗迹化石Chondrites的分布及其生态特点。结合生物相和同期上扬子海盆相对海平面的变化,分析了盆地水体底域在缺氧一富氧转折时期的古氧相变化特征：指出五峰组笔石页岩段上部地层沉积底域为典型的缺氧环境,在其与上覆观音桥段之间的沉积转换面附近发生了从无氧到有氧的转变,观音桥段中Hirnantia动物群繁盛于富氧的海底环境。     

Flood anticipation,reality, and uncertainty,the 2019 flood in Khuzestan,Iran

Natural Hazards - Despite the application of various methods to calculate uncertainty in flood vulnerability assessments, the challenge of uncertainty remains. The main purpose of this study was to...     

丘北普者黑岩溶地貌景观特征

通过介绍普者黑地区的岩溶地貌特征,借鉴石林和桂林的研究模式,对普者黑的岩溶地貌形成机理进行了深入研究,并针对普者黑独特的亚热带高原岩溶地貌的特征,阐述了其研究的科学价值。