鄂尔多斯盆地北部上古生界天然气的地球化学研究

鄂尔多斯盆地北部上古生界天然气的地球化学参数显示出煤成气的特征为高一较高的甲烷化系数、低一较低的C2 组分含量、低凝析油含量、烃类组分均相对富同位素^13C、轻烃(C6～C7)中高环烷烃含量等，其源岩无疑是石炭-二叠系(C2b-P1s)海陆交互相腐殖型母质为主的煤系气源岩。天然气地球化学参数中的甲烷化系数在平面上和纵向上的变化趋势与气层组的热演化程度存在着良好的相关性，反映出上古生界低渗透储层天然气的“广覆式生(供)气、持续运聚成藏”特征，天然气的主要成藏时期与气源岩的大量生、排烃时期(J2-K1)相匹配。局部地区的石千峰组发育晚期(K1抬升后)形成的天然气藏。气源岩母质的非均质性、成熟度的差异、运移与成藏特征等多因素叠加作用是引起天然气地球化学参数的变化在总体上的规律性与局部的复杂性共存的主要原因。     

煤成甲烷、乙烷碳同位素动力学研究和应用--以鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界煤成气为例

同位素动力学模型的发展和应用使天然气的研究工作进入了一个动态的研究阶段。迄今为止,大多数研究工作集中在甲烷的碳同位素动力学模拟。而少有地球化学家对乙烷及其他重烃气组分的碳同位素组成的动力学模拟加以重视。本文在甲烷碳同位素动力学模型基础上,编制了限定体系下乙烷的同位素动力学模拟软件。并在热解模拟实验的基础上对鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界煤成气甲烷、乙烷的同位素演化进行了模拟,获得长期累积甲烷、乙烷的同位素值分别为δ^1C1=-33．46‰3、δ^13C2=-23．1‰,与上古生界储层中天然气的组分特征（δ^13C1=-32．95％。、δ^13C2=-23．41‰）基本一致,与下古生界天然气的同位素组成存在着明显的差别,说明上古生界煤与上古生界天然气存在着源—气的对应关系;而对下古生界天然气来说,上古生界煤系不是主要的气源岩。     

鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界天然气运移特征及成藏过程分析

运用石油地质动态分析及综合研究方法,以鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界砂泥岩压实特征、古压力恢复、包裹体、成岩作用资料为基础,对上古生界天然气运移的地质背景、天然气运移特征进行详细分析,对储层致密化、古高压异常对天然气运移、成藏的影响等方面进行研究,认为上古生界砂岩致密化发生于中三叠世一晚三叠世,早于大规模油气运移时期,天然气呈连续相运移需要的临界气柱高度远大于砂岩的单层厚度,受压力封存箱的封闭以及封存箱内不均匀分布的高压泥质岩阻隔,天然气难以沿构造上倾方向作大规模运移,主要为就近垂向运移聚集成藏;成藏特征研究显示,只有毛管中值压力平均值小于6.21 MPa、厚度大于4 m以上的优质储层段能够允许天然气成藏,而且气水分布主要受构造部位、储层非均质控制.故此,上古生界气藏主要为致密储层条件下的岩性和构造-岩性气藏类型;根据各时期、各地区、各层段不同的天然气运移、成藏特征,将上古生界压力封存箱划分为非烃源岩和烃源岩两个成藏子系统,前者具自生自储、短距离运移、早期(J2-K1)源内成藏特点,形成原生气藏,而后者属近-远距离运移、晚期(K1-K2,K2末-Q)源外成藏特点.     

鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界天然气的运移与聚集

通过对上古生界烃源岩天然排气史、天然气运移方向和沉积相带搌布等综合分析,可将上古生蜀天然气的运移聚集分为三叠纪－早白垩世利白垩世后两个阶段。在三叠纪－早白垩世阶段,天然气运移方向主要是向北,而在早白垩世后阶段,天然气主要是就近运移聚集而成藏,这一阶段是鄂尔多斯盆地上古生蜀天色乞重要的运移与聚集期,故上古生界煤成气藏的成藏期较晚。鄂尔多斯盆地北部和中部的靖边古三角洲是天然气聚集的有利地区,具有较好的     

利用包裹体中气体地球化学特征与源岩生气模拟实验探讨鄂尔多斯盆地靖边气田天然气来源

鄂尔多斯盆地上、下古生界地层包裹体气体与气藏中气体地球化学性质对比表明:上古生界气藏中气体与包裹体中气体地球化学性质相似,气藏中气体的地球化学性质能代表成藏初期气体的原始特征;而下古生界气藏中气体与包裹体中气体的地球化学性质差别很大,下古生界气藏中的气体与下古生界源岩模拟生成气体也有非常大的差别。因此,下古生界气藏中的气体不能代表来自下古生界源岩产生天然气。结合前人关于奥陶系源岩的模拟生成天然气、包裹体中气体以及靖边气田天然气的地球化学特征,提出来源于奥陶系的天然气应具有δ¹³C₁<-38‰、δ¹³C₂<-28‰的特征。下古生界地层包裹体中气体与气藏中气体地球化学性质对比表明,下古生界气田天然气乙烷碳同位素的变化范围也比甲烷碳同位素的变化范围大很多,乙烷碳同位素不适合作为判断靖边气田天然气来源的标准。在此基础上,以上古生界天然气甲烷碳同位素的平均值(-32.90‰)与下古生界δ¹³C₁<-38‰天然气甲烷碳同位素的平均值(-39.04‰)分别作为上、下古生界来源天然气甲烷碳同位素的界限值,通过简单计算认为靖边气田大约85%的天然气来源于上古生界煤系。     

鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界气藏与深盆气藏成藏机理之辩析

通过对鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界气藏形成基本条件、气水分布规律和成藏动力学特征研究分析.并与北美典型深盆气进行对比发现,如果仅从气源丰富、储层致密、异常压力、大面积舍气等气藏表现特征观察,上古生界气藏与典型深盆气藏极为相似.但从各区气藏形成条件来看,上古生界烃源岩生气速率慢,持续地供气条件较差;气藏上倾方向多因物性或岩性封挡,主要表现为非均质储层条件下的岩性和构造一岩性气藏类型;舍气范围内的同一气层连通性较差,气水分布受区域构造控制,局部明显存在边底水,也没有整体活塞式气驱水作用形成的区域性气水界面.成藏动力学机理反映,上古生界储层毛细管阻力过大,天然气二次运移的浮力不够,主要是就近运移聚集成藏,没有大规模运移的迹象,难以实现整体活塞式气驱水运移.所以用深盆气藏成藏机理还不能合理解释鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界气藏成因.综合分析认为,持续供气能力不够、储层连通性差是造成上古生界气藏有别于深盆气藏的主要原因.     

鄂尔多斯盆地古生界气源对比新探索

利用热模拟／在线同位素质谱和热模型／报相色谱分析技术对鄂尔多斯盆地古生界气源岩和天然气烃且分组成和苯、甲苯碳同位素比值（＆＾１３Ｃ）进行了测定。分析结果表明下古生界灰岩中的Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型有机质在高演化阶段生成的轻烃产物中同样具有芳烃含量高的特征,轻烃中苯与甲七δ＾１３Ｃ值变化主要有机质类型有关,鄂尔多斯盆地下古生界气源岩糖烃中苯与甲苯δ＾１３Ｃ值约－２７‰,上古生界约－２２‰,上、下古生界气源岩中苯与     

鄂尔多斯盆地东南部古生界天然气勘探前景

目前,鄂尔多斯盆地中北部已发现多个天然气田,为寻找新的勘探接替区域,从储集条件、烃源岩条件、封盖条件、圈闭类型、天然气运聚成藏过程和保存条件等方面入手,对鄂尔多斯盆地东南部古生界天然气的富集与成藏条件进行了全面分析,探讨了其天然气勘探前景,指出了有利勘探目标,并提出了具体的勘探部署意见。结果表明:研究区紧邻上古生界生烃中心,发育优质煤系烃源岩,生烃潜力大,气源充足,具备形成大型天然气藏的物质基础;区内奥陶系马家沟组发育有蒸发潮坪相沉积,位于北部古潜台的向南延伸带上,是下古生界天然气的有利勘探目标;南部山西组和下石盒子组发育三角洲沉积体系砂体,是有利的上古生界天然气富集区;研究区古生界发育各种隐蔽性非构造型圈闭,天然气运聚成藏过程非常有利,封盖和保存条件也很好。因此,研究区古生界具有广阔的天然气勘探前景。     

鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格气田上古生界天然气地球化学及成藏特征

苏里格气田是鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界内发现的大型岩性气藏。天然气中甲烷占绝对优势,干燥系数低,为湿气。灭然气的单体碳同位素具有碳数越高,同位素越审的特点,且正构烷烃碳同位素具有δ^13C1〈δ^13C3〈δ^13C2〈δ^13C4的规律。甲烷碳同位素与甲烷含量旱正相关,与乙烷含量为负相关。根据天然气单体碳同值素及其含垣变化,认为苏里格天然气属煤成气。天然气中含少量CO2气,多为有机成因。苏里格气田二叠系气藏的形成与演化可划分为石炭一二叠纪至中侏罗世气源岩沉积埋藏阶段、晚侏岁世至白垩纪天然气形成阶段和第三纪至现今的保存改造阶段。     

苏里格西部上古生界天然气成藏主控因素分析

通过对苏里格西部地区上古生界烃源条件、储盖组合及成藏过程、成藏控制因素分析表明:气水分布受烃源岩厚度、生烃强度、运移动力和通道、异常压力等条件的控制。源储剩余压力差是天然气从烃源岩通过输导通道进入圈闭最主要的动力,砂体-孔隙型、微裂缝等为天然气的运移提供了有利的输导通道,异常压力封闭对整个研究区上古生界的天然气聚集和保存起着重要的作用。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.