定位不定量历史洪水对洪水统计参数的影响

针对水电站设计洪水频率计算中的定位不定量历史洪水对洪水统计参数的影响进行了探索,提出了解决这一问题的方法途径。通过对比计算及综合分析可知：考虑定位不定量历史洪水的洪水系列频率计算得到的洪水统计参数,其代表更好,可靠性更高。     

一种计算洪水条件概率的方法

河流上一断面和另一断面的洪水条件概率,在水利工程规划方案的合理选择和经济分析中用处很大。但迄今尚无适宜的方法来计算。本文根据概率论事件积的概念,先将两断面之一洪水系列通过简单转换,求出两断面洪水系列的事件积,由积事件组成的系列分布即为两断面洪水系列在某一特征线上的联合分布。然后进行简单的频率计算,并由条件概率公式求出洪水的条件概率。本文还举一个计算实例,说明怎样应用该方法.     

基于Copula函数的入库洪水与坝址洪水关系研究

采用频率分析法计算入库设计洪水时,需要通过相关分析将坝址洪水系列插补得到对应的入库洪水系列。常用的线性回归法假设两者满足线性关系且入库洪水系列服从正态分布,可能与实际情况并不相符。引入Copula函数构建坝址洪水与入库洪水的联合概率分布和条件概率分布,计算给定坝址洪水时入库洪水的条件最可能值和置信区间,提出了一种基于Copula函数的入库洪水插补新方法。三峡水库的应用实例表明:线性回归法得到的入库洪水值在坝址洪水量级较大时明显偏小,甚至稀遇洪水时不在90%置信区间内。所提方法能较好地反映坝址洪水与入库洪水的内在关系,不仅可以计算入库洪水的各种点估计值,而且能够定量评价估计的不确定性。     

浅析历史特大洪水在设计洪水中的作用

运用统计分析方法,研究了实测系列中加入４种不同情况的历史洪水对设计洪水的影响。结果表明：加入的历史洪水重现期越长,则设计洪水成果的稳定性越好;在同一历史洪水考证期内,加入１－２个历史洪水对提高设计洪水成果的稳定性和精订作用很明显。     

浅析历史洪水在设计洪水中的计算误差

针对历史洪水在设计洪水计算中的误差,在分析乌鲁木齐河历史洪水及重现期的基础上,依据乌鲁木齐河英雄桥水文站洪水调查资料,通过实测洪水系列加入历史洪水的个数及加入不同重现期的历史洪水,采用数理统计和频率计算的方法对历史洪水的作用进行分析。历史洪水的个数、历史洪水值大小及重现期对设计洪水有一定的误差,其误差对设计洪水成果精度有影响。历史洪水值的误差对设计洪水的影响比历史洪水重现期误差的影响要大得多。     

无定河中下游设计洪水研究

无定河干流中下游段设计洪水,采用洪水地区组成法,推算受巴图湾、王圪堵大型水库影响的设计洪水。区间设计洪水充分考虑不同地貌类型,采用不同的参证站,以及相应的面积指数,计算对应区间的设计洪水。并针对2017年无定河中下游大洪水,分析其组成规律,修正洪水系列,提出中下游段各节点设计洪水成果。     

由实测暴雨推求设计洪水方法的探讨

基于南方湿润地区洪水由暴雨形成的特点，可根据实测暴雨资料分析流域代表性产、汇流参数，将历年最大面暴雨系列转换为对应的洪水系列，并由该洪水系列作为样本来计算洪水统计参数。实例分析结果表明，与实测洪水计算结果相近，该方法不但克服了山区河流雨洪同频率的假定，而且还为研究暴雨形成洪水的产、汇流机制，创造了一定的条件。     

洪水计算的新进展——古洪水研究

尽管中国有悠久历史，但利用历史洪水展延洪水频率曲线以求稀遇设计洪水，仍感困难和不可靠，古洪水研究可得到数千年的大洪水资料。使洪水的考证期大为扩展，因而得以从根本上避免现行数字外延洪水顺频率曲的弊端，成果稳定可靠，为洪水计算工辟了一条新的途径，本文论述了古洪水研究的原理方法和我国四大河流应用古洪水研究的经验与成果。     

洪水超定量模型的广义Pareto分布及其应用

为了扩大洪水信息,提高洪水模拟精度,研究超定量洪水频率分析模型。介绍了洪水超定量模型的基本理论,假设超定量洪水年发生次数服从Poisson分布,超定量洪水系列服从广义Pareto(GP)分布,给出年最大超定量洪水分布和超定量洪水重现期的计算方法,提出通过模型拟合优度检验来综合确定超定量系列阈值的方法。将超定量模型应用在海河流域小觉站洪峰频率分析中,结果表明:通过模型拟合优度检验确定超定量系列阈值的方法有效且可靠,洪水超定量系列年平均发生次数服从Poisson分布,GP分布洪峰设计值略大于P-Ⅲ分布洪峰设计值,应用在水利工程设计及风险分析中是偏安全的。     

频率分析中特大洪水处理的新思考

按以不确定性较小的实测洪水系列为主的原则,对含特大洪水系列的频率计算方法,包括经验频率、参数估计和适线问题进行了讨论,并结合实例作了剖析,提出了改进意见。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the