南海西沙海域西科1井第四系碳酸盐岩大气水成岩作用的岩相学特征

<正>海相碳酸盐岩的大气水成岩作用研究自20世纪70年代以来已取得了许多进展[1-4]。西科1井的钻探则为我国西沙海域的该项研究提供了新的契机。西科1井钻遇大量生物礁-碳酸盐岩。本文以第四系颗粒灰岩为研究对象,通过偏光显微镜观察、茜素红—S和铁氰化钾混合溶液染色、扫描电镜和矿物阴极发光性观察等分析方法研究了大气水成岩作用的岩相学识别标志并讨论了渗流带和潜流带的界限划分。薄片鉴定显示第四系颗粒灰岩主要分布深度为3.22~10.88 m。颗粒主要为生物碎屑,包括孔虫、红藻、     

碳酸盐岩中方解石胶结物的阴极发光环带与微量元素构成的关系——以塔河油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩为例

对塔河油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩中方解石胶结物的阴极发光性和微量元素构成研究发现,一些与大气水成岩环境有关的方解石胶结物显示出亮、暗相间阴极发光环带,微量元素含量与阴极发光环带之间具有良好的对应关系,亮带具有较高的Mn、Fe含量,暗带则具有较高的Sr、Na含量,显示方解石胶结过程中大气水作用强度的变化。这些碳酸盐矿物的阴极发光环带受元素构成变化控制,并反映成岩流体中元素含量的变化和/或结晶速率的变化,这在一定程度上与大气水环境相对开放的成岩条件有关。相对晚期的环带发光较亮,并具有较高的Mn和较低的Sr、Na含量,显示与加里东—海西期构造运动有关的古岩溶过程中大气水作用逐渐加强的总体成岩趋势。     

黔南晚石炭世叶状藻礁灰岩的成岩作用

通过偏光显微镜研究和阴极发光技术, 对黔南晚石炭世叶状藻礁灰岩的成岩作用做了详细研究, 认为礁灰岩主要成岩作用类型有: 生物黏结障积作用、泥晶化作用、胶结作用、压实压溶作用、破裂作用、重结晶作用和溶解作用等。根据岩石薄片阴极发光测试结果的观察、分析, 将成岩过程划分为4个阶段: 准同生成岩阶段、早期成岩阶段、埋藏成岩阶段和后生成岩阶段。通过各种成岩作用的标志性特征及它们在阴极发光下的特征, 推测藻礁灰岩主要经历了海底成岩环境、大气淡水成岩环境和埋藏成岩环境。     

塔里木盆地西部碳酸盐岩成岩环境特征及其对储层物性的控制作用

塔里木盆地西部碳酸盐岩在其漫长的地质演化过程中 ,主要经历了大气淡水成岩环境、海水成岩环境和埋藏成岩环境的改造 ,形成了丰富的成岩组构和成岩作用类型。根据宏观和微观岩石学特征的研究 ,并结合地球化学 ,阴极发光和微量元素分析资料 ,可在研究区鉴别出十三种基本的成岩段类型和八种有利的复合成岩段 ,并详细描述了不同成岩段的成岩组构、成岩矿物组合特征和储集空间类型 ,同时深入探讨了不同成岩段与储层物性间的关系及其受控因素 ,从而将碳酸盐岩成岩演化特征与储层物性特征有机地联系起来 ,为客观评价和预测储集层在纵向和平面上的展布规律确立了理论基础     

西藏南羌塘坳陷昂达尔错地区侏罗系布曲组碳酸盐岩阴极发光特征与成岩阶段划分

通过岩石学特征研究和阴极发光分析,结合Fe、Mn、Sr元素特征及氧同位素资料,研究西藏南羌塘坳陷昂达尔错地区侏罗系布曲组碳酸盐岩阴极发光特征并进行成岩阶段划分。结果表明:(1)布曲组碳酸盐岩阴极发光强度总体较低,这与其较低的Fe、Mn含量有关,说明沉积期后非海源流体对碳酸盐岩的影响较小,海源流体在成岩过程中起主导作用;(2)伴随着成岩作用增强,不同岩石类型中的Mn含量逐渐增加、Sr含量逐渐降低,氧同位素值总体上向高负值方向偏移,对应的阴极发光强度逐步增加;(3)泥-微晶白云岩具有最强的阴极发光性和最高的Mn含量,在白云岩化过程中可能与近地表弱还原环境有关,蒸发泵和渗透回流作用可能是这些岩石白云石化作用的主要机理;而结晶白云岩则具有较弱的阴极发光性和较低的Mn含量,孔隙流体可能远离大气淡水,包裹体均一温度显示其白云岩化作用是在深埋藏环境中发生的;(4)布曲组碳酸盐岩经历了准同生-同生阶段的海水成岩环境→早成岩阶段的近地表-浅埋藏弱还原成岩环境→中-深成岩阶段的中-深埋藏深循环温压水和高盐度地层水成岩环境的连续改造→晚白垩世末期—古近系早期构造热事件热液改造阶段→表生成岩阶段的演化过程。     

羌塘盆地半岛湖地区上侏罗—下白垩统礁灰岩地球化学特征和成岩流体性质

半岛湖地区生物礁以发育灰岩为主,包括以造礁生物为主的骨架岩和非礁碳酸盐岩,针对生物礁相碳酸盐岩的显微组构分析和阴极发光分析,测得不同点礁各类礁相碳酸盐岩的常微量元素和碳、氧同位素组成,分别为:35件样品Mn,Sr,Fe元素平均质量分数为129×10-6,270×10-6和1 320×10-6,具有较低的Mn含量、较高的Sr含量、Fe含量,表明在成岩过程中海源流体发挥了主导作用,同时遭受了不同程度的大气淡水成岩流体的影响;碳同位素值变化不大且都为正值,变化区间为1.4‰~3.5‰,平均值为2.61‰;氧同位素值变化区间为-7.4‰~-2.7‰,平均值为-5.25‰,古海水盐度指数Z值变化较小,为126.6~132.7,平均值为130.5。结果表明,成岩流体盐度较高,溶蚀孔洞较为发育的颗粒灰岩和礁灰岩具有相对更低的δ18 O值,晚侏罗—早白垩世时期,羌塘盆地北部大量有机碳被高速埋藏是导致半岛湖地区礁相碳酸盐岩碳同位素值普遍偏高的首要原因。     

中扬子台地北缘灯影组碳酸盐岩成岩作用序列及成岩模式

研究区主要的成岩作用类型有胶结、溶解、硅化、白云石化、压实－压溶和去白云石化作用等，详细研究了每种成岩作用的矿物岩石学特征及对孔隙形成，演化的影响。把研究区成岩环境划分为大气淡水成岩环境、海水成岩环境、混合水成岩环境、埋藏成岩环境和晚期表生成岩环境五大类，总结了每种成岩环境的成岩组构特征，成岩标志、ε＾１８Ｏ和δ＾１３Ｃ及微量元素Ｎａ＾２＋、Ｓｒ＾２＋的分布规律。此外，还探讨了深水斜坡相粉－细晶白     

桂林唐家湾剖面中—上泥盆统碳酸盐岩沉积相和成岩作用

本文的工作区域是按中国地矿部和德国下萨克森州科学和艺术部之间科学台作协议而提供的。在唐家湾地区的中上泥盆统碳酸盐岩中可以见到以下8种微相类型:泥岩、具纹层球粒-颗粒岩/泥粒岩、无纹层球粒-颗粒岩/泥粒岩、介形虫-颗粒岩/泥粒岩、枝状层孔虫-粒泥岩、枝状层孔虫-棘皮类-粒泥岩、生物碎屑-粒泥岩和骨架岩。这些微相类型可指示不同的能量指数及水深。同欧文(Irwin,1965)浅水碳酸盐沉积模式对比,唐家湾泥盆纪(吉维特期和弗拉斯期)属于Y带和Z带沉积,并可分出发育生物丘-生物层的正常海环境、局限浅水沉积环境和潮坪沉积环境。最大水深估计为10m—20m。唐家湾剖面碳酸盐岩经历了三种早成岩环境:海水成岩环境、大气水成岩环境和混合水成岩环境。其后又经历了晚成岩阶段的压溶、重结晶和交代作用。白云石化部分为混合水成因,部分为晚成岩期交代成因。     

冰川型海平面变化控制下的台地碳酸盐岩成岩作用: 以陕西镇安西口石炭-二叠系界线剖面为例

以陕西镇安西口石炭-二叠系界线剖面为具体实例, 探讨了冰川型海平面变化控制下的台地碳酸盐岩成岩作用规律.描述了陕西镇安西口石炭-二叠系界线剖面碳酸盐岩的各种成岩作用类型.根据成岩组构将研究区碳酸盐岩的成岩环境分为海水、大气淡水和埋藏环境.综合分析了各种成岩作用及其成岩环境的纵向分布特征.研究表明, 剖面上碳酸盐岩成岩作用和成岩环境的特征与岩石在高频旋回中的相对位置存在明显的对应关系, 受大振幅、高频率的冰川型海平面变化控制.早期海平面相对上升, 形成旋回的下部单元, 岩石首先经历海底成岩作用, 随着上覆沉积物的增加, 逐渐进入浅埋藏环境, 成岩作用表现为以压溶、重结晶作用发育为主要特征.晚期形成旋回的上部单元, 由于海平面相对下降, 沉积物逐渐抬升, 早期海底成岩作用尚未充分发育就脱离海水环境, 进入大气淡水成岩环境, 以强烈的大气淡水成岩作用为特征.      

塔里木盆地西部碳酸盐岩成岩演化与储层形成关系

塔里木盆地西部碳酸盐岩的地质演化，主要经历了大气淡水成岩环境，海水成岩环境和埋藏成岩环境的改造，形成丰富的储人间类型和4种典型的孔隙结构特征，即溶孔－晶间孔复合型，粒间孔－粒间溶孔型，缝合线－微裂缝型和致密微孔型，大气淡水淋滤溶解作用和各种类型白云岩化作用有利于优质储层的形成，而胶结作用及压实，压溶作用则阻碍了储集空间的形成，奥陶系微晶灰岩和生屑灰岩由于主要经历了海水成岩－埋藏成岩环境的改造，胶结和压实作用特征明显，未能形成有效储集空间，整体属Ⅳ类差储集层，石炭系碳酸盐岩储层特征具有分区性，麦盖提斜坡区的储层物性明显优于巴楚隆起区，这与斜坡区碳酸盐岩遭后期大气淡水淋溶改造有关，古近系卡拉尔组碳酸盐岩经去膏化作用和大气淡水淋溶作用的复合改造，储层整体面貌呈Ⅲ-Ⅰ类的优良储层。     

Sedimentary facies and diagenetic features of the Early Cretaceous Fahliyan Formation in the Zagros Fold-Thrust Belt,Iran

The Early Cretaceous Fahliyan Formation (middle part of the Khami Group), is one of the important reservoir rocks in the Zagros Fold-Thrust Belt. The Zagros Fold-Thrust Belt is located on the boundary between the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates and formed from collision between Eurasia and advancing Arabia during the Cenozoic. In this study area, the Fahliyan Formation with a thickness of 325 m, consists of carbonate rocks (limestone and dolomite). This formation overlies the Late Jurassic Surmeh Formation unconformably and underlies the Early Cretaceous Gadvan Formation conformably at Gadvan Anticline. The formation was investigated by a detailed petrographic analysis to clarify the depositional facies, sedimentary environments and diagenetic features in the Gadvan Anticline. Petrographic studies led to recognition of the 12 microfacies that were deposited in four facies belts: tidal flat, lagoon, and shoal in inner ramp and shallow open marine in mid-ramp environments. The absence of turbidite deposits, reefal facies, and gradual facies changes show that the Fahliyan Formation was deposited on a carbonate ramp. Calcareous algae and benthic foraminifera are abundant in the shallow marine carbonates of the Fahliyan Formation. The diagenetic settings favored productioning a variety of features which include cements from early to late marine cements, micritization, dolomitization, compaction features, dissolution fabric, and pores. The diagenetic sequence can be roughly divided into three stages: (1) eugenic stage: marine diagenetic environment, (2) mesogenic stage: burial environment, and (3) telogenic stage: meteoric diagenetic environment.     

Microfacies analysis and diagenetic fabric of the Lockhart Limestone exposed near Taxila,Margalla Hill Range,Punjab, Pakistan

The microfacies analysis and diagenetic fabric of the Lockhart Limestone are studied in an outcrop section exposed in the Margalla Hill ranges. The Lockhart Limestone is predominantly composed of medium to thick bedded, nodular and occasionally brecciated, highly fossiliferous limestone with thin interbeds of marl and shale. On the basis of detailed petrographic investigations, four microfacies have been identified including bioclastic packstone, wackestone (siliciclastic bioclastic rich sub-microfacies), wackestone-packstone, and mud-wackestone. Based on the microfacies analysis, the Lockhart Limestone is interpreted to have been deposited in the fore-shoal mid-ramp, mid-ramp, and outer ramp depositional environments. The Paleocene age has been assigned to the Lockhart Limestone based on age diagnostic foraminifera, i.e., Miscellanea, Lockhartia, and Ranikothalia. The diagenetic fabric of the Lockhart Limestone is characterized by several diagenetic features such as micritization, neomorphism (aragonite to calcite transformation and development of microspar), compaction, pressure dissolution (microstylolites), and cementation (calcite-filled microfractures). Such diagenetic features are developed in marine, meteoric, and burial diagenetic settings. The Paleocene Lockhart Limestone of Pakistan shows analogous features to that of the Paleocene Zongpu Formation (Member-3) of the Gamba-Tingri Basin of southern Tibet based on the outcrop features, microscopic fabric, and depositional environment.     

Diagenetic model of carbonate rocks of Guri Member of Mishan Formation (Lower to Middle Miocene) SE Zagros basin,Iran

In order to understand the post-depositional history of carbonate rocks of Guri Member (Lower to Middle Miocene), three stratigraphic sections were selected in north Bandar-Abbas in southeast of Iran. Sampling was carried out, analyzed for selective parameters such as oxygen and carbon isotopic compositions (δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C) and interpreted in the present study. We recognized several diagenetic processes including micritization, cementation, neomorphism, compaction, dissolution, silicification, dolomitization, fracturing and vein filling. Some of the diagenetic processes occurred at different conditions, so in order to achieve precise interpretation, samples from different carbonate components such as, micrite, fracture cement, solution pore cement, intergranular cement, and some biotic allochems were analyzed. In this study micrite samples were subdivided into two groups including micro-spary and micrite. They were recognized under Cathodoluminescence microscope. In addition, micrite samples were classified into five groups based on their depositional environments: supratidal, lagoon, coral bar, open sea, and open basin. There were minor changes in stable isotope ratios based on the sedimentary environments, stratigraphy successions, and micro-spary or micrite properties. In this study, similar calcite cements in petrography studies were differentiated by stable isotope data. Those calcite cements have formed in different diagenetic environments such as meteoric and burial cements. Paragenetic sequence of carbonate rocks were interpreted by integration of petrographic and isotopic studies. We have reconstructed diagenetic models of Guri Member into four stages including marine, meteoric, burial, and uplifting.     

Late Pleistocene mixing zone dolomitization, southeastern Barbados, West Indies

ABSTRACT Field, geochemical, and petrographic data for late Pleistocene dolomites from southeastern Barbados suggest that the dolomite precipitated in the zone of mixing between a coastal meteoric phreatic lens and normal marine waters. The dolomite is localized in packstones and wackestones from the algalAmphistegina fore-reef calcarenite facies. Stable isotopic evidence suggests that meteoric water dominated the diagenetic fluids responsible for dolomitization. Carbon isotopes in pure dolomite phases average about -15%₀ PDB. This light carbon is attributed to the influence of soil gas CO₂, and precludes substantial mixing with seawater. A narrow range of oxygen isotopic compositions coupled with a wide range of carbon compositions attest to the meteoric diagenetic overprint. Dolomitization likely occurred with as little as a five per cent admixture of seawater. Strontium compositions of the dolomites indicate probable replacement dolomitization of original unstable mineralogy. The dolomite is characterized by low sodium values. Low concentrations of divalent manganese and iron suggest oxidizing conditions at the time of dolomitization. A sequence of petrographic features suggests a progression of diagenetic fluids from more marine to more meteoric. Early marine diagenesis was followed by replacement dolomitization of skeletal grains and matrix. Limpid, euhedral dolomite cements precipitated in primary intra- and interparticle porosity subsequent to replacement dolomitization. As waters became progressively less saline, dolomite cements alternated with thin bands of syntaxial calcite cement. The final diagenetic phase precipitated was a blocky calcite spar cement, representing diagenesis in a fresh-water lens. This sequence of diagenetic features arose as the result of a single fall in eustatic sea-level following deposition. A stratigraphic-eustatic-diagenetic model constrains both the timing and rate of dolomitization in southeastern Barbados. Dolomitization initiated as sea-level began to fall immediately following the oxygen isotope stage 7–3 high stand, some 216 000 yr bp . Due to the rapidity of late Pleistocene glacio-eustasy, dolomitization (locally complete) is constrained to have occurred within about 5000 yr.     

塔里木盆地巴楚隆起石炭—二叠系碳酸盐岩成岩作用

用显微镜法、染色法、镜煤法、铸体鉴定法、阴极发光法、X－衍射等方法研究了巴楚地区石炭系、二叠系成岩作用，证明它经历了压实、泥晶化、胶结、溶蚀、云化、重结晶、硅化、裂缝等成岩作用；经历了海底成岩环境、大气淡水成岩环境、浅埋及深埋成岩环境、表生成岩环境。各种成岩作用不断改变着石炭系、二叠系的储集性能，形成巴什托－亚松迪－带小海子组白云岩和巴楚组白云岩两个较好的储层。各种成岩矿物、石英加大、有机质成熟度、X－衍射的资料证明本区成岩阶段大致相当于Schmidt成岩阶段的“中期成岩阶段”。     

巴布亚新几内亚合恩半岛晚第四纪上升珊瑚礁造礁珊瑚的成岩历史

更新世以来,剧烈的构造运动已将巴布亚新几内亚合恩半岛东北海岸的晚第四纪珊瑚礁阶地抬升上千米.阶地中造礁珊瑚的成岩变化和成岩产物的组构特征反映了该礁的成岩历史,充分体现该区快速构造上升的影响.海水潜流带和淡水渗流带为上升礁的主要成岩环境.生物钻孔、生物碎屑填隙、珊瑚文石针粗化、珊瑚骨骼的溶解和新生变形转化,以及其不同矿物成分和组构的种种胶结物的胶结作用是造礁珊瑚经历的主要成岩作用.地球化学资料表明其成岩变化发生于开放的化学体系之中.     

东营凹陷民丰地区深部储层成岩环境变化研究

通过薄片鉴定、激光拉曼光谱分析、全岩和粘土矿物分析以及流体包裹体测试等手段,结合埋藏史分析,研究了东营凹陷民丰地区深部储层成岩环境的特点。分析认为,东营凹陷民丰地区深部储层成岩现象丰富,表现出不同成岩环境相叠合的特征,存在酸性、碱性和酸性碱性交替等多重成岩环境。着重利用不同成岩环境代表矿物中的流体包裹体分析成岩环境的变化,结果显示,3 000~3 200 m是碱性流体活动的重要深度。东营凹陷民丰地区深部储层在埋深过程中由浅到深大致经历了（弱）碱性（小于1 750 m）→酸性（1 750~3 200 m）→酸碱交替（3 200~4 000 m）→碱性（4 000~5 000 m）→弱碱性到弱酸性（大于5 000 m）多重成岩环境的变化,从而形成了现今复杂的成岩现象。埋深和温度是成岩环境变化的宏观主导因素,但并非绝对控制因素,局部流体性质的变化更能直接导致成岩环境的变化。     

海拉尔-塔木察格盆地南贝尔凹陷下白垩统火山碎屑岩储集层成岩演化及控制因素

应用普通薄片、铸体薄片、扫描电镜、黏土矿物X射线衍射等多种测试手段,对海拉尔-塔木察格盆地南贝尔凹陷下白垩统铜钵庙组和南屯组火山碎屑岩储集层成岩演化特征进行了系统研究,并探讨了成岩演化的控制因素。研究认为,储集层成岩作用类型主要有熔结作用、压实作用、脱玻化作用、蚀变作用、胶结作用和溶蚀溶解作用,所处成岩作用阶段主要为中成岩阶段A期。储集层经历了同生成岩阶段-中成岩阶段A期的演化过程,局部储集层还经历了表生成岩阶段的演化过程。各成岩演化阶段特点均有所不同,其中,同生成岩阶段以熔结作用和弱胶结作用为特点,早成岩阶段A期以较强压实、弱胶结为特点,早成岩阶段B期的特点为较强压实、弱胶结、弱溶蚀,中成岩阶段A期为中等压实、较强胶结、较强溶蚀,表生成岩作用阶段以大气水淋滤作用为特点。成岩演化过程主要受成岩环境以及构造作用和火山活动的控制。储集层成岩环境大致经历了弱碱性-弱酸性-酸性-碱性的演化过程,酸性成岩环境以溶蚀溶解作用为主,碱性成岩环境胶结作用明显。构造作用和火山活动通过控制火山碎屑物质的来源、裂缝的产生、热流体活动以及表生成岩阶段的进行等来影响储集层的成岩演化。