柴达木盆地七个泉油田E_3~1油藏储层参数测井精细解释

为解决柴达木盆地七个泉油田E_3~1储层参数测井解释难题,综合运用岩心、测井、分析化验以及生产动态等资料,建立了储层参数精细解释模型。首先开展岩心深度归位以及测井资料标准化处理,保证测井资料的可靠性;然后对储层主要岩性砾状砂岩、细砾岩、砾岩、细砂岩、泥质粉砂岩、泥岩进行了定量识别,建立了泥质含量、孔隙度、渗透率以及含油饱和度测井精细解释模型;最终确立了研究区油水层测井解释标准,为后续剩余油挖掘以及地质建模提供了准确的储层参数。     

水平井测井技术在XP-1井中应用

水平井在测井作业、测井解释及储层评价方面与常规铅直井有所不同。本文从水平井钻遇的储层周围环境和储层厚度变换入手,论述了水平井储层测井曲线响应特征和测井解释特点,提出在水平井测井解释过程中须准确判断出井眼轨迹,以便正确识别储层及指导生产测试。     

DH油田水平井储层测井解释研究

水平井测井解释主要集中在测井仪器响应的理论模拟及各向异性的实验研究方面,远未达到实际水平井测井储层参数解释应用的深度和要求[1]。这里在对比分析DH油田水平井段与对应直井层段测井响应特征基础上,针对水平井段测井曲线进行了校正,提出使用直井取芯物性数据刻度水平井段测井曲线,来建立适应于水平井段井眼和曲线特征的孔隙度及渗透率神经网络解释模型,进而对整个研究区水平井段进行测井储层参数解释和评价。用直井储层参数对测井解释结果的检验表明,水平井测井储层参数解释精度得到了明显改善和提高,能够较好地满足三维地质建模的井属性参数精度要求。     

低孔低渗储层渗透率测井解释模型研究

采用岩心分析数据与测井曲线相结合的方法,引入泥质含量参数配合声波时差进行多元线性回归分析。建立鄂尔多斯盆地研究区低孔低渗储层渗透率测井解释模型。根据泥质含量特征二次分类后进行多元线性回归,建立两个渗透率测井解释模型相关性良好,对应于研究区两种不同的沉积微相特征;测井解释渗透率与岩心实测渗透率匹配良好,解释模型满足研究区精度要求。在沉积微相背景约束条件下,对研究区储层选择合理参数多元线性回归建立渗透率测井解释模型,可以使低孔低渗储层渗透率解释达到良好应用效果。     

低阻油气储层测井解释方法研究

对低阻油气储层的测井响应特征和储层物性特征进行了研究,并针对研究区域低阻储层的特点,以岩心与测井数据的相关性为依据,提出了适合地区特点的储层参数解释方法。通过应用三水导电模型,提高了低阻储层的测井解释精度。     

HD油田水平井测井储层参数解释研究

水平井测井解释,主要体现在测井仪器响应的理论模拟以及各向异性的实验研究方面,远未达到实际水平井测井储层参数解释应用的深度和要求。在对比分析HD油田水平井段与对应直井层段测井响应特征基础上,这里针对水平井段测井曲线进行了校正,提出使用直井取芯物性数据刻度水平井段测井曲线,来建立适应于水平井段井眼和曲线特征的孔隙度、渗透率神经网络解释模型,进而对整个研究区水平井段进行测井储层参数解释和评价。通过用直井岩芯物性对测井解释结果的检验表明,水平井测井储层参数解释精度得到了明显改善和提高,能够较好地满足三维地质建模的井属性参数精度要求。     

子长油田长6储层物性测井解释模型

建立物性测井解释模型是为了提高子长油田测井解释的精度,对于储层描述和油层评价具有重要意义。利用测井数据,结合物性分析化验资料和取芯资料,先对储层的四性关系进行简要的介绍,然后在其基础上利用层点对应的读值方法建立适合子长油田长6储层的泥质含量和孔隙度的测井解释模型。渗透率的解释利用泥质含量进行分类和多参数的回归,其解释精度得到明显的提高。经过验证,所做关于子长油田长6储层物性参数的解释模型准确率高,效果好。     

厚坝地区油砂储层评价研究

为定量评价油砂储层各项地质参数,以四川盆地厚坝地区侏罗系沙溪庙组油砂矿藏为例,确定了油砂储层的测井响应特征;结合相关测试数据,针对储层的孔隙度、渗透率和含水饱和度,以及油砂矿含油率等建立了测井解释模型。应用结果表明,测井解释的孔隙度、含油率与测试结果误差小,渗透率基本在一个数量级。测井方法能有效分析油砂储层地质特征,为油砂资源评价提供重要参考依据。     

大港油田埕海二区沙一下碳酸盐岩储层测井评价方法

大港油田埕海二区下第三系沙河街组储层为一套微裂缝发育的低孔低渗复杂储层,其岩性包括白云岩、白云质灰岩、油页岩等.运用常规测井解释方法不能准确反映该储层的物性特征,通过地质、岩心、测井、地震等资料,对该区各类复杂储层进行了分析研究,在储层定性解释和定量评价的基础上建立了测井解释模型.该模型应用于研究区多口井,取得了较好的...     

精细测井二次解释模型在L油田应用研究

开发中后期油田对储层参数精细二次解释要求高,直接影响老油田剩余油挖潜策略的制定。以L油田为研究对象,充分利用录井、岩心、取芯井分析化验和试油试采等资料,建立了更为科学合理的测井二次解释新模型,消除了测井系列多、标准多和解释时间跨度长等带来的误差,储层参数解释精度提高了8%;完成了71口井的测井重解释以及31个小层的孔隙度及渗透率等值线图绘制,提高了储层参数在平面和纵向上的空间分布预测准确度;结合储层构造、沉积特征,通过相邻井的横向和纵向比较,提高了解释结果与实际地质情况匹配度,为老油田剩余油有效深度挖潜提供更为有利的地质依据。     

地学时间单位Ma和Myr及其派生单位用法的探讨

针对夏明生先生认为“Ma”及其派生单位(如“m/Ma”和“℃/Ma”)在地学期刊中属错误用法的观点,查阅了国家标准GB 3100-93和国际地学期刊有关规定。进而提出“Ma”和“Myr”均可表示“100万年”的观点,并指出这两个单位在国际期刊用法中的区别,即“Ma”用于表示某一地质事件距今的绝对年代(absolute dates),而“Myr”用于表示某一地质事件的延续时间或时间间隔(duration或interval)。另外,还提出了Ma”和“Myr”的派生单位供大家讨论。      

西南地区岩溶水源地类型及开发技术条件

明确了岩溶水源地的定义,并提出了新的岩溶水源地分类方案。首先按岩溶含水层的埋藏分布、岩溶水出露状态,将岩溶水源地划分为天然出露的岩溶水源地及隐伏的岩溶水源地两大类。然后再根据岩溶水源地的岩溶含水介质特征（导水和赋水空间形态、结构及水动力特征）进一步将天然出露的岩溶水源地划分为暗河、泉、表层泉三个亚类,将隐伏的岩溶水源地划分为饱水带富水块段、表层带富水块段两个亚类。并研究评价了各个类型的岩溶水富集规律、动态特征、岩溶水资源、开发技术条件。      

Dendritic cordierite in argillaceous hornfels from the Toki area,Gifu Prefecture,central Japan

Dendritic cordierite occurs in argillaceous hornfels from the Toki area, Gifu Prefecture, Japan. The cordierite crystal consists of c-arms elongated parallel to the c-axes and a-arms perpendicular to the c-axis. The latter arms could be divided into six kinds of untwinned a-arms with different growth directions elongated parallel to the respective a-axis and twinned a-arms elongated parallel to the (110) twin plane. A-arms branch out from c-arms or other a-arms with different growth directions and c-arms sometimes branch out from a-arms, leading to a tree-like structure. Each of the c-arms contains three kinds of domains related by a three-fold axis about the c-axis. These domains are irregularly distributed without any relation to the shape of the c-arm and the domain boundaries are of zigzag shape. This domain arrangement suggests that c-arms grew as hexagonal cordierite and were later transformed into orthorhombic cordierite. The fact that each untwinned a-arm has a fixed growth direction to its orientation suggests that the a-arms grew as an orthorhombic cordierite. From the growth directions of c- and a-arms, orthorhombic and hexagonal phases are considered to grow preferentially along the c- and a-axes, respectively. The branching of a new arm is explained by nucleation on an old arm with a different preferred growth direction. The preferential growth is discussed in terms of a significant chemical potential gradient of the cordierite component. This has been preserved in the mineral zoning observed in the matrix around the cordierite porphyroblast.     

Die Alpin-Mediterrane Metallogenese

Zusammenfassung Die ostmediterrane Erzprovinz, die Kleinasien und die Balkanhalbinsel umfaßt, ist gekennzeichnet durch die enge Bindung ihrer Lagerstätten an die sehr zahlreichen sichtbaren Zentren des alpidischen Magmatismus. In der karpatisch-alpinen Erzprovinz sind die Lagerstätten räumlich, zeitlich und stofflich mit der alpinen Kristallisationsmetamorphose verknüpft. Sie finden sich häufig an Überschiebungsflächen und ihre vorwiegende Form ist die der metasomatischen Lager. In der westmediterranen Erzprovinz, vor allem im Atlas-Gebirge, treten die Lagerstätten an steilen Brüchen und z. T. auch in flachen, selektiv verdrängten oder imprägnierten Schichten auf. Trotz dieser Unterschiede, die durch das regionale geologische Milieu erklärt werden können, zeigen die drei alpin mediterranen Erzprovinzen wichtige Gemeinsamkeiten: gleiches Alter wie der alpine Magmatismus in der ganzen Kette, Vorherrschen der Metalle Cu, Au, Fe (als Siderit) im Nordstamm und der Metalle Pb, Zn, Sb, Cr im Südstamm des Orogens und die Abwesenheit bzw. das Zurücktreten von Co, Ni, U, Sn. Die Vererzungsdichte in den drei Provinzen ist ähnlich, die Lagerstättenformen sind verschieden.

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The Eastern Mediterranean ore province covering Asia and the Balkan-countries is characterized by a direct relation of its deposits to the mostly visible centres of the alpine magmatism. In the Alpine-Carpathian province the deposits are related to the Alpine metamorphism by distribution, age and substantial composition. They frequently occur along overthrust planes and many of them are replacement bodies. The deposits in the Western-Mediterranean province, especially in the Atlas Mountains, are to be found in steep faults- and partially in flat layers being impregnated and selectivity replaced. In spite of such differences which can be understood by the regional geological environment, the three Alpine-Mediterranean metallogenetic provinces show some important common features: they are contemporaneous with the alpine magmatism in the whole belt and Cu, Au, Fe (siderite) predominate in the northern wing, while Pb, Zn, Sb, Cr do so in the southern wing. Co, Ni, U, Sn, are nearly absent. The intensity of the mineralisation in the three provinces is similar whereas the forms of the deposits are different.

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Résumé La province métallogenique de la Mediterranée Orientale qui comprend l'Anatolie et la Peninsule Balkanique, est characterisée par un rapport étroit de ses gisements avec les nombreuses centres d'un magmatisme visible. Dans la province Carpatho-alpine les gisements sont liés par space, par âge et par substance avec le métamorphisme alpin. Ils se trouvent souvent dans les surfaces de charriage et leur forme prépondérante est celle des amas de substitution. Dans la province occidentale, surtout dans la chaine de l'Atlas, les gisements apparaissent dans des failles verticales et aussi dans des couches horizontales, formées par imprégnation et substitution sélective. Malgrès ces differences, qui sont explicables par le milieu géologique regional, les trois provinces métallogeniques ont des traits communs essentiels: Contemporainité avec le magmatisme alpin dans toute la chaine, préponderance de Cu, Au, siderose dans le rameau septentrional du système orogenique, préponderance du Pb, Zn, Sb et Cr dans le rameau méridional et l'absence quasi-totale du Co, Ni, U, Sn. L'intensité de la mineralisation dans les trois provinces se resemble, mais les formes des gisements sont differents.

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Social differentiation and the long-term origin of disasters

To explain both origin and outcome of disasters (natural, technical, and war-borne), as well as social action during disasters proper, a macrosociological model of internal causation is introduced (PERDUE). It consists of six stages of possible, and of most likely paths of social change between these six (Peace is founded, Everyday routine, Rising class struggle, Disasters strike, Unconditional surrender of collective defence, and Evaporation of common values). The stages are developed by making use of three dimensions of social change (rapidity, radicality, and rituality), and described.     

Electrical conductivity,thermopower and <Superscript>57</Superscript>Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy of aegirine (NaFeSi<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>6</Subscript>)

DC and AC electrical conductivities were measured on samples of two different crystals of the mineral aegirine (NaFeSi₂O₆) parallel () and perpendicular () to the [001] direction of the clinopyroxene structure between 200 and 600 K. Impedance spectroscopy was applied (20 Hz–1 MHz) and the bulk DC conductivity _DC was determined by extrapolating AC data to zero frequency. In both directions, the log _DC – 1/T curves bend slightly. In the high- and low-temperature limits, differential activation energies were derived for measurements [001] of E_A 0.45 and 0.35 eV, respectively, and the numbers [001] are very similar. The value of _DC [001] with _DC(300 K) 2.0 × 10^{–6 –1}cm^–1 is by a factor of 2–10 above that measured [001], depending on temperature, which means anisotropic charge transport. Below 350 K, the AC conductivity () (/2=frequency) is enhanced relative to _DC for both directions with an increasing difference for rising frequencies on lowering the temperature. An approximate power law for () is noted at higher frequencies and low temperatures with () ^s, which is frequently observed on amorphous and disordered semiconductors. Scaling of () data is possible with reference to _DC, which results in a quasi-universal curve for different temperatures. An attempt was made to discuss DC and AC results in the light of theoretical models of hopping charge transport and of a possible Fe²⁺ Fe³⁺ electron hopping mechanism. The thermopower (Seebeck effect) in the temperature range 360 K < T <770 K is negative in both directions. There is a linear – 1/T relationship above 400 K with activation energy E 0.030 eV [001] and 0.070 eV [001]. ⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy was applied to detect Fe²⁺ in addition to the dominating concentration of Fe³⁺.     

Statistical Properties of Ideal Rock Textures: Relationship Between Crystal Size Distribution and Spatial Correlation of Minerals

The concept of an ideal rock texture, in which crystals are distributed randomly in space, is proposed for use in general analysis of rock textures. The spatial correlation function for the ideal rock texture was examined and the function, a specific kind of spatial correlation function, is related to crystal size distribution and to some extent to crystal boundaries. The function is unity at distance zero, and monotonically decreases with increasing distance for the ideal texture. This behavior of the function is observed for any size distribution. In an ideal texture, the function is directly related to crystal size distribution and crystal shape. It is important in stereology because the crystal size distribution in three dimensions may be deduced from analyzing a function that is obtained from analyzing two-dimensional section images. Crystal shape is also related to the function. If crystals are concave in shape, or have inclusions of other phases, the function may show a hump or plateau when plotted against distance. However, the crystal shape effect cannot produce values smaller than zero. If values become negative, the texture is no longer considered ideal. The ideal textures for two model size distributions—step and delta functions—are considered. The rate of decrease of values is more strongly dependent on size distribution than on system dimension.     

About the specification of erosion flux for soft stratified cohesive sediments

The present paper deals with the specification of bed erosion flux that accounts for the effects of sediment-induced stratification in the water column. Owing to difficulties in measuring the bed shear stress _b and the erosive shear strength _s, we suggest a series of methods that combine laboratory and numerical experiments. A simplified turbulent transport model that includes these effects helps to quantify _b and _s. Focusing on soft stratified beds, the present study considers erosion rate formulas of the form =_f exp {[T_b-T_s]} where is a model constant (=1 for Gularte's (1978) formula and =1/2 for Parchure's (1984) formula). First, the bed erosive strength profile _s(Z) is adjusted by forcing the turbulent transport model with measured erosion rates. Second, three procedures are suggested to determine the erosion rate formula coefficients _f and : a global procedure and two different layer-by-layer procedures. Each procedure is applied to an erosion experiment conducted in a rotating annular flume by Villaret and Paulic (1986). The use of the layer-by-layer procedure based on a least squares fitting technique provides a closer fit than the global procedure. The present study points out the complementarity of experimental and numerical approaches and also suggests possible improvements in laboratory test procedures.     

Oxyanion Concentrations in Eastern Sierra Nevada Rivers – 2. Arsenic and Phosphate

Water samples were collected from the Truckee River-Pyramid Lake system, the Walker River-Walker Lake system, and the Carson River, all located in eastern California and western Nevada, U.S.A., at three different times (i.e., summer 1991, spring 1992, and autumn 1992) over a two year period. The concentrations of As, Na, Cl, PO4, and pH were measured in these river samples and the associated terminal lakes. Arsenic values ranged from below 13 nmol/kg near Truckee, California to 160 nmol/kg at Nixon, Nevada in the Truckee River, from 40 nmol/kg in the headwaters of both West and East Walker Rivers to 270 nmol/kg below Weber Reservoir on the main branch of the Walker River, and from <27 nmol/kg to 234 nmol/kg for the lower Carson River system. Arsenic concentrations in Steamboat Creek (0.91 mol/kg–1.80 mol/kg) in the Truckee River catchment are above the U.S. EPA drinking water maximum contaminant level of 0.67 mol/kg, as are the As concentrations in both Pyramid Lake (1.33 mol/kg–1.57 mol/kg ) and Walker Lake (13.7 mol/kg–18.7 mol/kg). Sources of As for all three rivers include weathering of As-rich rocks and/or regolith and input of high-As geothermal spring waters, both processes primarily, although not exclusively, adding As to the headwater regions of these rivers. Steamboat Hot Springs (29 mol/kg As 54.5 mol/kg), for example, is identified as a source of As to the Truckee River via Steamboat Creek. The high As concentrations in Pyramid and Walker Lakes are likely due to (1) desorption of arsenate from aquatic particulate matter in these high pH waters (9.0 pH 9.5), (2) limited biologic uptake of arsenate, and (3) evaporative concentration of the lake waters. Evaluation of molar PO4}/As ratios of river waters and geothermal spring waters (e.g., Steamboat Hot Springs), indicates that phosphate is substantially enriched in Steamboat Creek as well as the mid to lower reaches of the Walker and Carson Rivers. These regions of each river are dominated by agricultural interests and, additionally, in the case of Steamboat Creek, residential areas and golf courses. Our data strongly imply that phosphate-rich agricultural return flow has likely added P to these streams and, consequently, increased their respective P:As ratios.     

Radioelement (U,Th, Rn) concentrations in Norwegian bedrock groundwaters

Twenty-eight samples of groundwater from bedrock boreholes in three distinct Norwegian geological provinces have been taken and analyzed for content of Rn, U, and Th, together with a wide variety of minor and major species. Median values of 290 Bq/1, 7.6 g/1, and 0.02 g/1 were obtained for Rn, U, and Th respectively, while maximum values were 8500 Bq/1, 170 g/1, and 2.2 g/1. Commonly suggested drinking water limits range from 8 to 1000 Bq/1 for radon and 14 to 160 g/1 for uranium. Radioelement content was closely related to lithology, the lowest concentrations being derived from the largely Caledonian rocks of the Trøndelag area, and the highest from the Precambrian Iddefjord Granite of southeast Norway (11 boreholes) where median values of 2500 Bq/1, 15 g/1 and 0.38 g/1, respectively, were obtained. The Iddefjord Granite is not believed to be unique in Norway in yielding high dissolved radionuclide contents in groundwaters, and several other granitic aquifers warrant further investigation in this respect.