应用质量通量评估地下水中BTEX和乙醇的自然衰减

近年来,应用于修复石油烃污染地下水的监测自然衰减技术得到了广泛深入研究,同时质量通量方法已逐渐成为评 估地下水燃油污染场地自然衰减监测修复效能的重要手段。通过在室内砂槽中添加乙醇汽油组分,监测其自然衰减,利用 质量通量方法,得出了BTEX和乙醇的质量减少率、自然衰减速率常数K;结合非反应示踪剂溴离子,评价了BTEX和乙醇 自然衰减因素中吸附和微生物的联合降解效应。结果表明,自然衰减是地下水中燃油组分修复的重要机制,质量通量方法 是评估自然衰减的有效方法之一。BTEX和乙醇在自然衰减过程中被去除的比例分别为78.88%和98.71%,其中约98%的 BTEX 因吸附和生物降解联合作用被去除,接近100%的乙醇因内在生物降解作用被去除;BTEX 的自然衰减速率为 0.077d-1~0.167d-1,乙醇为0.353d-1,自然条件下乙醇比BTEX更容易衰减。     

某石化污染场地含水层自然降解BTEX能力评估

地下水污染问题是国家关注的重要环境问题之一,监测与评估含水层自然降解污染物能力是防治地下水污染的基本手段,也是国外地下水中修复技术研究热点课题。以华北平原某石油化工类场地为案例,通过调查场地水文地质条件、土壤及地下水污染现状,监测场地地下水中苯系物(BTEX)浓度及相关化学参数变化,运用微生物水文地球化学方法和水文地质方法,估算了该场地含水层自然降解苯系物量。这一研究成果为评估我国石油类场地地下水污染的自然修复能力提供了实证和基础数据。     

酚污染地下水化学氧化修复技术进展

酚类化合物属于优先控制的有机污染物之一,开展酚污染地下水原位修复方法的研究具有重要的现实意义。化学氧化是目前处理酚污染地下水的有效方法,常用的化学氧化方法包括:Fenton氧化过硫酸钠活化氧化臭氧氧化。本文系统综述了修复酚污染地下水各种氧化技术的机理影响因素修复效果适用范围优缺点,并提出在低渗透性土层深度污染时,化学氧化、增溶淋洗、电动修复技术的联合是发展方向。     

石灰岩含水介质中苯系物（BTEX） 生物可降解性判识

    岩溶含水系统遭受石油烃污染的环境问题十分普遍。相对于多孔含水介质,石油烃BTEX在石灰岩含水介质中的生 物可降解性还不确定。为此,本研究开展了BTEX在石灰石和岩溶地下水介质中的静态微元体实验。经过77天的实验检测 分析,结果表明：（1） BTEX化合物在可利用电子受体溶解氧或硝酸盐存在条件下具有生物可降解性;（2） 向系统中补充 电子受体硝酸盐,具有促进生物降解的作用,其对BTEX的去除率可高达94%;（3） 未发现补充硫酸盐能够促进BTEX生物 可降解性;（4） 甲苯和二甲苯容易被生物降解,但苯的去除具有一定的难度。     

汽油污染含水层中芳香烃的自然去除与生物降解特征

石油烃污染地下水是一个普遍而严重的环境问题.用砂卵石、中粗砂、细砂、粉砂和粘土等在实验室内按照自然界沉积物层序制作了一个含水层物理模型,具有给水、排水、监测、抽提、淋滤与注入等功能.利用该模型开展石油烃污染地下水的特征研究结果表明,苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯(benzene,toluene,ethylbenzene,xylene;BTEX)各溶解组分能够被自然去除,其中甲苯自然衰减的速率系数为0.057 5～0.150 4 d-1,二甲苯为0.068 3～0.104 6 d,乙苯大约为0.047 8 d,苯为O.017 8～0.040 6 d.甲苯与二甲苯容易被去除,然而苯的去除则需要较长的时间.作为BTEX去除反应的电子受体,溶解氧、硝酸盐在需氧或厌氧条件下具有优先利用的机会,而硫酸盐则缺乏优先利用的机会.BTEX溶解组分浓度的降低,加上电子受体浓度的降低,可以表明含水层存在需氧条件与硝酸盐还原条件下的内在生物降解作用.其意义在于通过增加含水层中电子受体的浓度,将有助于内在生物降解能力的增强,从而能够提高含水层中污染物去除的效果.     

三氯乙烯污染土壤和地下水污染源区的修复研究进展

作为现代工业中广泛使用的氯代溶剂,三氯乙烯（TCE）对土壤和地下水的普遍污染及其对人体健康的影响已经引起了人们的重视,关于其处理方法也受到人们的广泛关注。通过查阅国内外文献资料,对化学氧化、热修复及生物修复3种原位修复TCE污染的土壤和地下水污染源区的方法进行了总结,并在此基础上重点讨论了Fenton氧化、过硫酸盐氧化、蒸汽强化提取法及电阻加热法等原位修复方法     

反硝化条件下BTEX微生物降解研究

地下水系统BTEX(苯系物)污染已成为国内外普遍关注的问题.本文阐述了近年来反硝化降解BTEX的研究情况,并对以后尽快实现反硝化条件下BTEX降解的强化进行了展望.     

生物曝气技术对石油类污染地下水的修复效果及去除机制

针对东北某石油污染场地水文地质条件进行模拟,按照试验场地地层现状进行实验室缩放,研究微生物在含水层介质为砾砂、粗砂和中砂中的迁移速度以及含水层介质吸附的微生物量。选取苯和二甲苯作为目标石油污染物,研究生物曝气技术对被污染地下水的修复效果及其去除污染物的机制。实验结果表明:微生物在介质中的迁移速度从大到小为砾砂、粗砂、中砂;介质吸附微生物量的顺序从大到小为中砂、粗砂、砾砂;生物曝气4个月后,苯和二甲苯去除率分别为86.4%和81.7%,BS对中砂层中的苯和二甲苯去除效果好于砾砂层和粗砂层,苯的去除效果好于二甲苯。由挥发机制去除的污染物为46.24%,生物降解去除的污染物为36.98%,BS技术可以有效去除地下水中石油类污染物。     

化学氧化技术异位处理地下水非水相有机污染物中试研究

选取某农药厂旧厂区为试验场地,考察化学氧化技术异位处理地下水非水相有机污染物的运行效果。基于小试研究,确定高锰酸钾、高铁酸钾、芬顿试剂以及次氯酸钠4种氧化剂在中试试验中的适宜投加量。中试结果表明,当进水流量为1.0 m^3/h时,不同氧化剂对于常规水质指标及特征有机污染物的去除效果存在差异性。总体而言,四种氧化剂对于中长链石油烃类污染物(C10-C36)的去除率可达20%~70%,但对氯代烷烃类污染物的去除效果低于20%;高铁酸钾和次氯酸钠分别对于苯酚类和多环芳烃类污染物的去除效果较好(70%~100%);芬顿试剂对各类污染物均有显著氧化效果,其中对于短链石油烃(C6-C9,去除率20%~40%)、苯系物(去除率40%~90%)的去除效果高于其他三种氧化剂。研究不同氧化剂对于多组分有机污染地下水的处理效果,为将化学氧化技术应用于此类污染场地提供了理论和技术支持。     

苯系染料中间体污染地下水处理技术研究进展

苯系染料中间体废水具有污染成分复杂、可生化性差、色度深、盐度高、毒性大等特点,由于其生产过程中的不合理排放以及通过地面下渗等已直接或间接地造成了地下水污染.本文综述了国内外对于苯系染料中间体污染地下水的处理技术,主要包括原位处理技术中的原位曝气和原位化学氧化;抽出-处理技术中的物理、化学和生物法,分析了这些方法的优缺点...     

Field investigation of the natural attenuation and intrinsic biodegradation rates at an underground storage tank site

 Contamination of groundwater by petroleum-hydrocarbons is a widespread environmental problem. Natural attenuation is a passive remedial approach to degrade and dissipate contaminants in soil and groundwater. In this study, a mass flux approach was used to calculate the contaminant mass reduction and field-scale decay rate at a gasoline spill site. The mass flux technique is accomplished using the differences in total contaminant mass flux across two cross sections of the contaminant plume. The mass flux calculation shows that up to 88% of the dissolved BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene isomers) removal was observed by natural attenuation processes. The efficiency of intrinsic biodegradation was evaluated by the in situ tracer method. A first-order decay model was applied for the natural attenuation and intrinsic biodegradation rate calculation. Results reveal that intrinsic biodegradation process was the major cause of the BTEX reduction among the natural attenuation mechanisms, and iron reduction was the dominant biodegradation pattern within the plume. Approximately 87% of the BTEX removal was caused by intrinsic biodegradation processes. The calculated BTEX natural attenuation and intrinsic biodegradation rates were 0.24 and 0.16% l/day, respectively. Results suggest that natural attenuation mechanisms can effectively contain the plume, and the mass flux method is useful in assessing the efficiency of the natural attenuation. Received: 6 December 1999 · Accepted: 11 July 2000     

污染河流中苯系物对浅层地下水影响的室内模拟试验

为了研究污染河流中苯系物对浅层地下水的影响，室内试验选用3种天然砂土作为渗透介质，以生活污水模拟污染河流，68d以后发现，苯、甲苯和苯系物总量的总去除率在粗砂中分别为32．06％、21．39％和27．13％。在两种中砂中总去除率2号柱为76．26％、81．40％和87．99％，3号柱为68．94％、74．41％和81．69％，粗砂小于中砂，并且由于2号柱的粘粒物质含量大，其总去除率大于3号柱和1号柱。苯系物各组分浓度随深度呈递减趋势，苯系物的净化作用主要发生在地表以下0．4m范围内。水动力特征的改变影响污染物的迁移和转化特征，苯系物的去除机理为挥发、吸附和生物降解，其中最主要的是厌氧条件下的微生物降解。     

反硝化增强去除乙醇对多孔介质渗透性的影响

随着乙醇混合汽油的不断推广应用,乙醇将成为地下水中与苯、甲苯、乙苯及二甲苯的同分异构体（BTEX）共存的一种新型污染物。通过4 个含水砂柱实验,研究了乙醇存在及其强化去除对含水介质渗透性能的影响。结果表明：在有限溶解氧与反硝化增强修复条件下,乙醇去除率达92% 以上;生物过程对介质渗透能力影响程度随乙醇初始浓度、消耗速率与补充频率而变化：乙醇初始浓度接近1 000 mg/L 和3 000 mg/L 时,乙醇消耗快,补充频率高,渗透系数下降总体上有连续性,最大下降幅度达一个数量级（×10-1 cm/s）;乙醇初始浓度达到5 000 mg/L 时,渗透性下降显著,可下降两个数量级,但乙酸的积累可影响生物活性,并使得渗透性变化出现反复;当不含乙醇时,汽油溶解组分对介质渗透性能的影响相对不明显。     

Interaction of dissolution,sorption and biodegradation on transport of BTEX in a saturated groundwater system: Numerical modeling and spatial moment analysis

Interaction of various physical, chemical and biological transport processes plays an important role in deciding the fate and migration of contaminants in groundwater systems. In this study, a numerical investigation on the interaction of various transport processes of BTEX in a saturated groundwater system is carried out. In addition, the multi-component dissolution from a residual BTEX source under unsteady flow conditions is incorporated in the modeling framework. The model considers Benzene, Toluene, Ethyl Benzene and Xylene dissolving from the residual BTEX source zone to undergo sorption and aerobic biodegradation within the groundwater aquifer. Spatial concentration profiles of dissolved BTEX components under the interaction of various sorption and biodegradation conditions have been studied. Subsequently, a spatial moment analysis is carried out to analyze the effect of interaction of various transport processes on the total dissolved mass and the mobility of dissolved BTEX components. Results from the present numerical study suggest that the interaction of dissolution, sorption and biodegradation significantly influence the spatial distribution of dissolved BTEX components within the saturated groundwater system. Mobility of dissolved BTEX components is also found to be affected by the interaction of these transport processes.     

Intrinsic bioremediation of MTBE-contaminated groundwater at a petroleum-hydrocarbon spill site

An oil-refining plant site located in southern Taiwan has been identified as a petroleum-hydrocarbon [mainly methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX)] spill site. In this study, groundwater samples collected from the site were analyzed to assess the occurrence of intrinsic MTBE biodegradation. Microcosm experiments were conducted to evaluate the feasibility of biodegrading MTBE by indigenous microorganisms under aerobic, cometabolic, iron reducing, and methanogenic conditions. Results from the field investigation and microbial enumeration indicate that the intrinsic biodegradation of MTBE and BTEX is occurring and causing the decrease in MTBE and BTEX concentrations. Microcosm results show that the indigenous microorganisms were able to biodegrade MTBE under aerobic conditions using MTBE as the sole primary substrate. The detected biodegradation byproduct, tri-butyl alcohol (TBA), can also be biodegraded by the indigenous microorganisms. In addition, microcosms with site groundwater as the medium solution show higher MTBE biodegradation rate. This indicates that the site groundwater might contain some trace minerals or organics, which could enhance the MTBE biodegradation. Results show that the addition of BTEX at low levels could also enhance the MTBE removal. No MTBE removal was detected in iron reducing and methanogenic microcosms. This might be due to the effects of low dissolved oxygen (approximately 0.3 mg/L) within the plume. The low iron reducers and methanogens (<1.8×10³ cell/g of soil) observed in the aquifer also indicate that the iron reduction and methanogenesis are not the dominant biodegradation patterns in the contaminant plume. Results from the microcosm study reveal that preliminary laboratory study is required to determine the appropriate substrates and oxidation-reduction conditions to enhance the biodegradation of MTBE. Results suggest that in situ or on-site aerobic bioremediation using indigenous microorganisms would be a feasible technology to clean up this MTBE-contaminated site.     

The effect of aquifer heterogeneity on natural attenuation rate of BTEX

Monitored natural attenuation can be a viable option for remediation of groundwater contamination by BTEX compounds. Under the field conditions, the rate of contaminant mass attenuation through natural processes, such as biodegradation, to a large extent affected by the groundwater flow regime, which is primarily controlled by the aquifer heterogeneity. Numerical simulation techniques were used to describe quantitatively the relationship between biodegradation rate of BTEX and aquifer heterogeneity. Different levels of aquifer heterogeneity were described by random hydraulic conductivity fields (K) having different statistical parameters, the coefficient of variation (CV) and the correlation length (h). The Turning Bands Algorithm was used to generate such K fields. Visual MODFLOW/RT3D was used to simulate the fate and transport of dissolved BTEX plume within heterogeneous aquifers. The multispecies reactive transport approach described BTEX degradation using multiple terminal electron-accepting processes. First-order biodegradation rate constants were calculated from simulated BTEX plumes in heterogeneous flow fields. The results showed that aquifer heterogeneity significantly affected biodegradation rate; it decreased with increasing CV when h was in the range of up to 12 m, whereas it increased with increasing CV when h was greater than about 12 m. For well characterized aquifers, this finding could be of great value in assessing the effectiveness of natural attenuation during feasibility studies at BTEX contaminated sites.     

天然有机质对纳米零价铁去除水中六价铬的影响

应用纳米零价铁进行地下水污染治理是近年迅速发展的环境修复新技术,但在实际应用中,纳米零价铁的反应活性受到环境条件的影响,其中自然界中广泛存在的天然有机质就是重要影响因素。通过批实验研究腐殖酸(天然有机质代表物)对纳米零价铁去除水中六价铬的影响,结果表明,腐殖酸的存在能够极大地抑制纳米铁去除六价铬的反应速度和去除效率,原因在于纳米铁对腐殖酸具有一定的吸附作用,从而减少了纳米铁表面的有效活性位点,降低了对六价铬的作用。此外发现,水体中溶解氧的存在有利于纳米铁对六价铬的去除。关于腐殖酸-纳米零价铁-六价铬的相互作用研究,对于进一步揭示修复体系作用机制具有重要的理论和应用价值。