实验模拟碳酸盐岩储层包裹体对油气充注的响应

设计了一系列不同油水比（3/7,5/5,7/39,/1）的实验,以冰洲石为主矿物合成了烃类包裹体,为探讨碳酸盐岩烃类流体包裹体的形成机制提供了一条有效途径。镜下观察及显微荧光分析发现：样品中合成的包裹体沿裂隙分布,表明微裂隙愈合过程中捕获包裹体,烃类和盐水包裹体既同时出现在同一裂隙中,又有分带出现的情况。样品中合成的烃...     

不同油水比条件下人工合成碳酸盐岩烃类包裹体特征实验研究

运用Roedder和Kopp（1975）等提出的裂隙愈合技术,以冰洲石为主矿物,成功合成了烃类包裹体,这为探讨碳酸盐岩烃类流体包裹体的形成机制提供了一条有效途径。通过对合成包裹体进行镜下岩相学观察、显微荧光分析及均一温度测定等实验分析,对烃类包裹体形成的控制因素作了初步探讨。流体包裹体分布特征表明,样品中合成的烃类及盐水包裹体数量随油水比的降低呈现逐渐增多的趋势,说明烃类物质对晶体生长和裂隙愈合具有一定的抑制作用,油水比过大不利于烃类包裹体的形成。显微测温结果显示,同一样品中烃类包裹体的均一温度要低于盐水包裹体的均一温度,且烃类包裹体的均一温度随着油水比增大而相对增高。对盐水包裹体的均一温度进行压力校正得出,与烃类包裹体共生的盐水包裹体的捕获温度可以反映烃类包裹体捕获温度。实验结果说明油水比例对烃类包裹体形成、分布及其测温结果都具有重要的影响,其他因素的影响程度有待进一步研究。实验结果显示,油气对晶体生长和包裹体的形成有抑制作用,油气包裹体的大量形成对应着油气充注的关键时期,烃类包裹体和共生的盐水包裹体的均一温度的差值随油水比的增高而增大。     

翡翠中的包裹体及其品级的激光拉曼谱学研究

翡翠中含有较少的包裹体。在显微镜下观察到淡翠绿色的、比较透明的、云雾状的翡翠有〈４μｍ的包裹体。包裹体由熔融包裹体和流体包裹体两个类型组成。在近代激光拉曼技术迅速发展和广泛应用的基础上,运用付里叶变换激光拉曼探针鉴定翡翠的真假、质地优劣以及质量等级。     

贵州赤水气区流体包裹体的地球化学研究

对贵州赤水气区碳酸盐岩储层中方解石裂隙充填物和晚期石膏中的流体包裹体进行了研究。利用热爆-气相色谱法测定了包裹体中的主要成分，和用真空球磨-气相色谱法测定了包裹体气态烃组成。提出本区勘探的主要目的层是二叠系茅口组。     

人工合成烃类包裹体的实验研究

运用 Sterner 和 Bodnar(1984)提出的愈合裂隙的实验技术,在石英中成功地合成了烃类包裹体,并对合成的包裹体进行了岩相学观察、显微温度测定及激光拉曼光谱分析等。实验揭示出除合成压力之外,合成温度、反应时间和油水比例是烃类包裹体合成时几个需要重点考虑的因素。此外,合成时加入的初始溶液盐度和酸碱度也值得进一步考虑。人工合成烃类包裹体为研究天然烃类包裹体的形成机制及测定分析奠定了基础。     

翡翠的鉴定与价值评估

翡翠是中国人最喜爱的玉石品种之一,近几年来,中高档翡翠的市场价格已有十几倍甚至几十倍的增长。人工合成翡翠也已有报道研制出来,其与高档翡翠差别更是微乎其微,这给宝玉石鉴定工作提出了更新、更高的要求。＂黄金有价玉无价＂只有正确判断翡翠的品种、品质级别,才能更好地评估其价值。该文对翡翠的矿物组成、化学成分、结晶习性、结构、力学性质及翡翠的常规鉴定方法和红外光谱在翡翠鉴定中的应用进行了论述,提出了对翡翠的颜色、透明度、质地、净度、质量大小等进行品质分级并对其对价值评估的影响进行了阐述。     

矿物包裹体中的子矿物研究

矿物生长过程(或之后)捕获(或沿裂隙浸入)的成矿流体(或熔体)被圈闭在晶体缺陷、窝穴(或愈合裂隙)中与主矿物有相界的物质称为矿物中包裹体,其中的内含物随物理化学条件变化出现的盐析物(固相)谓之子矿物。子矿物是在相对封闭体系中由流体或熔体直接生长的固相;在流体中生长时有足够的生长空间,子矿物常呈自形晶;在熔体中生长时,首先沿包裹体腔壁析出与主矿物成分相同的子矿物;随后按吉布斯(Gibbs)相律演化(Романцев 1977)。可见,研究子矿物是了解成矿溶液(或熔体)特征的天然样品,流体包裹体中子矿物主要有石盐、钾盐等卤化物,其次有硫化     

贵州丹寨古油藏形成及演化的流体包裹体证据

为探讨丹寨古油藏的形成条件和热演化历史,本文对两种产状的烃类包裹体进行了显微观察和测温研究。结果表明,丹寨古油藏经历了原油充注阶段、原油高温裂解成气阶段和地壳抬升气藏剥蚀破坏阶段。在原油早期充注阶段,捕获于方解石、石英溶孔充填物中的包裹体有气液H2O包裹体、液相烃包裹体和气液烃包裹体,其均一温度为105.8~167.3℃,盐度为13.0%~22.6%NaCleq,密度为1.00~1.12g/cm3,代表原油运移充注期低温、中盐度、高密度油田流体特征。在原油高温裂解成气阶段,溶孔充填矿物中早期捕获的烃类包裹体发生变化或被破坏,包裹体中油裂解气泄露而沥青残留,形成沥青包裹体;封存完好的包裹体变为含沥青的气相烃包裹体。燕山期地壳抬升气藏剥蚀破坏阶段,形成方解石、石英构造裂隙充填物,其中的包裹体类型有沥青包裹体、气相烃包裹体和气液H2O包裹体,均一温度为147.7~245.8℃,盐度多为2.6%~8.7%NaCleq,密度为0.85~1.00g/cm3,反映了油藏破坏期中低温、低盐度、中密度气田流体与地下水的混合流体特征。     

翡翠戒面质量分级初探

翡翠质量分级是进行价格评估的基础。因其颜色及其他条件变化无穷,很难制定一个相对统一的质量分级标准。翡翠戒面是经过精心选料加工而成的成品,与翡翠毛料相比进行质量分级要容易得多。颜色是全面进行翡翠戒面质量分级的第一因素。结构（质地）与透明度对翡翠戒面质量分级及评价两者具有一致性。结构、种、透明度、净度,它们对翡翠戒面质量分级,一般来说,也具有一致性。明显的横切裂纹是严重影响翡翠戒面质量,降低其质量档次     

三塘湖盆地流体包裹体研究及其应用

通过镜下观察,并对流体包裹体岩相学特征、不同包裹体组合特征和显微测温等方面进行分析,可以确定不同产状内包裹体形成的先后关系,同时依据烃类包裹体特征可以分析储层的烃类组成、烃类充注史、古流体压力和古流体势。根据三塘湖盆地包裹体岩相学特征、组合类型以及与烃类包裹体伴生盐水包裹体的均一温度,不同微裂隙内的包裹体按照其产状可分为两类:网状微裂隙内捕获的包裹体和单向微裂隙内捕获的包裹体。根据不同产状内的包裹体特征,分析得出它们是由不同流体来源在不同时期捕获的。根据古地温演化趋势图,通过测温数据推算三塘湖盆地条湖凹陷内大量烃类包裹体被捕获的时间在晚侏罗世,马朗凹陷内大量烃类包裹体被捕获的时间在晚白垩世。在计算包裹体流体势基础上做出古流体势图,显示各凹陷的北部较利于油气聚集,预测位于油气运聚路线上的马中构造带是有利油气聚集区。     

Jadeite Deposits of the Clear Creek Area, New Idria District, San Benito County, California

Tectonic inclusions within the New Idria serpentine body containjadeite in two distinct assemblages: (1) Lenslike inclusionscontaining a monomineralic green jadeite core surrounded bya calc-silicate rim. (2) Jadeite veins cross-cutting albite-crossiteschist inclusions. In these veins jadeite coexists with lowalbite; green jadeite (Jd 75 Ac+Di+He 25) coexists with lowalbite within the host schist. Albite schists are related to the pre-metamorphic keratophyresand it can be shown that desilication of such rocks producesa bulk composition similar to that of jadeite. Metamor-phismof keratophyric tectonic inclusions within serpentine producedjadeite-albite schists along margins of the inclusions. Jadeite-albiteveins formed from mobilized liquids rich in the jadeite moleculeand deficient in water. Geological evidence such as would indicateextreme pressures or temperatures during jadeite formation islacking; rather, a low silica and dry system allowed its formationat reduced temperatures and pressures.     

大别山双河硬玉石英岩石英中的纳米-亚微米级流体包裹体

用透射电子显微镜(TEM)观察产于大剐山双河地区含柯石英硬玉石英岩矿物石英中纳米级至亚微米级的流体包裹体超微观结构特征发现：大多数包裹体呈圆形或负晶形(粒径大多为10nm～350nm),构成宽的密集的包裹体串。TEM揭示了柯石英和寄主矿物石英之间为共晶格取向连生关系,并寻找到在峰期变质条件下高盐流体存在的有力证据。流体包裹体经常伴随着许多相互连接的位错,并且与位错和位错壁等交生在一起,形成网络分布,这是在光学显微镜尺度下所不能探测到的。非爆裂的流体渗漏可能通过H2O或CO2分子沿位错的管道扩散,从包裹体进入寄主矿物石英,因而导致原来包裹体密度和成分的变化。     

Fluid composition and evolution in coesite-bearing rocks (Dora-Maira massif,Western Alps): implications for element recycling during subduction

Fluid inclusions and F, Cl concentration of hydrous minerals were analysed in the coesite-pyrope quartzite, the interlayered jadeite quartzite and their country-rock gneiss from the Dora-Maira massif using a combination of microthermometry, Raman spectrometry, synchrotron X-ray microfiuorescence and electron microprobe analysis. Three populations of fluid inclusions were recognized texturally and can be related to distinct metamorphic stages. A low-salinity aqueous fluid occurs in the retrogressed country gneiss and as late secondary inclusions in jadeite quartzite and chloritized pyrope. An earlier secondary population is found in matrix quartz of the jadeite- and pyro-pe-quartzites. This population can be related to the early decompression and so to incipient breakdown of garnet into phlogopite-bearing assemblages. The inclusion fluid is highly saline (up to 84 wt% equivalent NaCl) and contains Na, Ca, Fe, Cu and Zn as major cations. In pyrope quartzite, additional K was found in these brines, which locally coexist with CO₂-rich inclusions. The oldest fluid inclusions are preserved in kyanite grains included in fresh pyrope and in pyrope itself. In pyrope, all inclusions have decrepitated and contain magnesite, an Mg-phosphate, sheet-silicate(s), a chloride and an opaque phase, with no fluid preser ved. In contrast, the kyanite inclusions in pyrope preserve primary H₂O-CO₂ low-salinity fluid inclusions, probably owing to the low compressibility of the kyanite inclusions and host garnet. In spite of in-situ re-equilibration, these inclusions can be interpreted as relics of the dehydration fluid that attended pyrope growth. These correlations between textural and chemical fluid inclusion data and metamorphic stages are consistent with the fluid composition calculated from the halogen content of different generations of phlogopite and biotite. The preservation of different fluid compositions, both in time and space, is evidence for local control and possibly origin of the fluids, in agreement with isotopic data. These results, in particular the absence of CO₂ in the jadeite quartzite, are best interpreted in terms of a fluid-melt system evolution. With increasing metamorphism, partitioning of H₂O, Na, Ca, Fe and heavy metals into melt (jadeite quartzite) and Mg, Na/K, F, CO₂ and P(?) into a residual aqueous fluid can account for depletion in Na, Ca and Fe of the pyrope quartzite. During the retrograde path, a _{H 2 O} rose as melt crystallized, generating the two populations of hypersaline and water-rich fluids that were highly reactive to pyrope. The process of fluid-melt interaction envisioned here coupled with models of melt extraction in subduction zones provides an attractive opportunity for the instantaneous ( < 1 Ma) and selective transport of elements between a downgoing slab and the overlying mantle wedge.     

A TEM Study on Fluid Inclusions in Coesite-bearing Jadeite Quartzite in Shuanghe in the Dabie Mountains

Fluid inclusions at a nano to sub-micron scale in quartz from jadeite quartzite at Shuanghe, Dabie Mountains, have been investigated by using the transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Most fluid inclusions are spherical or negative crystal shaped, forming wide swarm-like trails. The TEM reveals that the relationship between coesite and the host quartz is syntaxic and provides strong evidence of the occurrence of high-salty fluids at peak metamorphic conditions. The fluid inclusions are often connected to dislocations, which are undetected at the scale of optical microscopy. Non-decrepitation leakage of fluid inclusions may occur by pipe diffusion of molecule H2O or CO2 along dislocations from the inclusions into the host quartz, thus leading to original inclusion density and composition changes. It should be taken into full account for the correct petrological interpretation of micro-thermometric results.     

Jadeite, albite and nepheline as inclusions in spinel of chromitite from Hess Deep, equatorial Pacific: their genesis and implications for serpentinite diapir formation

Polymineralic inclusions which consist of a few grains of diopside, enstatite, jadeite, nepheline, albite, pargasite, phlogopites and olivine were found in chromian spinel in a chromitite pod and in troctolite from Hess Deep, equatorial Pacific. The inclusion mineral suite in chromitite is characterized by Na-Al silicates, such as jadeite, nepheline and albite. Jadeite and nepheline commonly coexist with enstatite, and tend to occur as interstitial grains between subhedral enstatite (or other minerals) and host spinel. Albite, diopside and enstatite occur as equant inclusions. The mafic minerals in the inclusions have similar chemistry to those found in the troctolite and dunite. The modes of occurrence and mineral chemistry of the inclusions are controlled by magmatic precipitation, and subsequent reequilibration due to decrease of temperature in the uppermost mantle. The mafic minerals in spinel inclusions were crystallized from a melt enriched in Cr and some incompatible components formed by melt-mantle interaction process mixed to various extent with subsequently supplied more primary melt. Albite and nepheline could also be formed at the magmatic stage. Jadeite was formed by a subsolidus reaction of albite and nepheline at low temperatures (250–300 °C) at slightly less than 3 kbar. This requires a remarkable temperature decrease, at least locally, of the uppermost mantle and crust. The Hess Deep rocks were formed in the uppermost mantle beneath a spreading-ridge axis at more than 1000 °C, and were transposed outwards from the axis by corner flow. At the off-ridge conditions, the rocks were cooled and serpentinized by circulation of sea water at the mantle depth to form jadeite in chromitite. The serpentinized portion could have risen as a kind of serpentinite diapir through the thin crust up to the ocean floor. Received: 24 January 1997 / Accepted: 6 November 1997     

安徽双河含柯石英硬玉石英岩中流体包裹体的研究

在安徽双河含柯石英石玉石英岩中已识别出５类流体懈裹体，其中早期退变质阶段捕获的包裹体是均一温度低、含盐度较高的水溶包裹体，晚期捕获提均一温度较高、含盐底低的水溶流体包裹体，更晚期的是三相富含ＣＯ２包裹体及均一温度高的气－液两相富Ｃ炮裹体，为限定硬玉石英岩的隆升轨迹提供重要依据，在单相气体包裹体和三相富含Ｃ炮裹体中的气相成分为ＣＯ２和Ｎ２，氮可能来自外部或玉石英岩的原岩。     

Submicron-sized fluid inclusions and distribution of hydrous components in jadeite,quartz and symplectite-forming minerals from UHP jadeite–quartzite in the Dabie Mountains,China: TEM and FTIR investigation

Fluid inclusions and clusters of water molecules at nanometer-to submicron-scale in size have been investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) in jadeite, quartz and symplectite aegirine–augite, albite, taramite and magnetite corona minerals from ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) jadeite–quartzite at Shuanghe, the Dabie Mountains, China. Fluid inclusions from 0.003 μm to 0.78 μm in size occur in jadeite and quartz crystals, and a small number of fluid inclusions from 0.001 μm to 0.25 μm have also been detected in symplectite-forming minerals. Most of the fluid inclusions have round or negative crystal morphology and contain aqueous fluids, but some contain CO₂-rich fluids. They are usually connected to dislocations undetectable at an optical scale. The dislocations represent favorable paths for fluid leakage, accounting for non-decrepitation of most fluid inclusions when external pressure decreased at later stages, although there was partial decrepitation of some fluid inclusions unconnected to defect microstructures resulting from internal overpressure. Non-decrepitation and partial decrepitation of fluid inclusions resulted in changes of original composition and/or density. It is clear that identification of hidden re-equilibration features has significant implications for the petrological interpretation of post-peak metamorphic processes. Micro-FTIR results show that all jadeite and quartz samples contain structural water occurring as hydroxyl ions (OH⁻) and free water (H₂O) in the form of clusters of water molecules. The H₂O transformed from OH⁻ during exhumation and could have triggered and enhanced early retrograde metamorphism of the host rocks and facilitated plastic deformation of jadeite and quartz grains by dislocation movement, and thus the H₂O released during decompression might represent early-stage retrograde metamorphic fluid. The nominally anhydrous mineral (NAM) jadeite is able to transport aqueous fluids in concentrations of at least several hundred ppm water along a subduction zone to mantle depths in the form of clusters of water molecules and hydroxyl ions within crystals.     

Petrogenesis and implications of jadeite‐bearing kyanite eclogite from the Sanbagawa belt (SW Japan)

Jadeite‐bearing kyanite eclogite has been discovered in the Iratsu body of the Sanbagawa belt, SW Japan. The jadeite + kyanite assemblage is stable at higher pressure–temperature (P–T) conditions or lower H₂O activity [a(H₂O)] than paragonite, although paragonite‐bearing eclogite is common in the Sanbagawa belt. The newly discovered eclogite is a massive metagabbro with the peak‐P assemblage garnet + omphacite + jadeite + kyanite + phengite + quartz + rutile. Impure jadeite is exclusively present as inclusions in garnet. The compositional gap between the coexisting omphacite (P2/n) and impure jadeite (C2/c) suggests relatively low metamorphic temperatures of 510–620 °C. Multi‐equilibrium thermobarometry for the assemblage garnet + omphacite + kyanite + phengite + quartz gives peak‐P conditions of ~2.5 GPa, 570 °C. Crystallization of jadeite in the metagabbro is attributed to Na‐ and Al‐rich effective bulk composition due to the persistence of relict Ca‐rich clinopyroxene at the peak‐P stage. By subtracting relict clinopyroxene from the whole‐rock composition, pseudosection modelling satisfactorily reproduces the observed jadeite‐bearing assemblage and mineral compositions at ~2.4–2.5 GPa, 570–610 °C and a(H₂O) >0.6. The relatively high pressure conditions derived from the jadeite‐bearing kyanite eclogite are further supported by high residual pressures of quartz inclusions in garnet. The maximum depth of exhumation in the Sanbagawa belt (~80 km) suggests decoupling of the slab–mantle wedge interface at this depth.     

Fluid inclusions in coesite-bearing eclogites and jadeite quartzite at Shuanghe, Dabie Shan (China)

Fluid inclusions in coesite‐bearing eclogites and jadeite quartzite at Shuanghe in Dabie Shan, East‐central China, have preserved remnants of early, prograde and/or peak metamorphic fluids, reset during post‐UHP (ultrahigh‐pressure) metamorphic uplift. Inclusions occur in several minerals (e.g. omphacite & epidote), notably as isolated, primary inclusions in quartz included in various host minerals. Two major fluid types have been identified: non‐polar fluid species (N₂ or CO₂) and aqueous, the latter is by far the most predominant. Aqueous fluids cover a wide range of salinity, from halite‐bearing brines to low salinity fluids. For non‐polar fluids, few N₂ inclusions occur in undeformed eclogite, whereas a number of CO₂‐rich inclusions have been found in microshear zones of eclogite or jadeite quartzite in close proximity to marble occurrences. The primary character of N₂ and high‐salinity aqueous inclusions indicates that they are remnants from UHP metamorphic fluids and for some there is the distinct possibility that they are ultimately derived from pre‐metamorphic fluids. This conclusion is supported by the preservation, in some samples, of microdomains containing synchronous inclusions of variable salinities, which tend to relate to the chemical composition of the host crystal. Carbonic fluids may be derived from neighbouring rocks, notably marble and carbonate‐bearing metasediments, during post‐metamorphic uplift. During post‐UHP exhumation, a limited decrease of the fluid density has occurred, with formation of new sets of fluid inclusions. Fluid movements, however, remained exceedingly limited, at the scale of the enclosing crystal.     

国际流行彩色宝石品质分级评估体系的比较及其启示

彩色宝石品质分级标准对彩色宝石市场的形成与发展具有重要意义。彩色宝石品种的多样性和品质影响要素的复杂性,加上不同国家、地区或民族对彩色宝石颜色的偏好不同,在国际市场上要建立一个统一的彩色宝石品质分级评估体系困难重重。通过比较各彩色宝石聚集地（如美国、泰国、中国香港与大陆等）现有的彩色宝石品质分级评估体系,探讨了不同体系对其颜色、净度、切工分级的思想与方法。结果显示,目前国际上不同彩色宝石分级体系在颜色分级术语上强调的要素有一定的差异,对净度分级在思路上有明显的不同,对切工分级则在思路及技术操作上均存在明显差异。因此,要建立统一的国际彩色宝石品质分级体系尚需时日。最后提出,中国可以尝试以宝石的净度和透明度分级为先导,结合颜色、净度与切工分级设计新的彩色宝石二级递进制（时尚首饰级和宝石级）品质评估分级体系。