华庆长8油层砂岩中碳酸盐胶结物特征及形成机理

碳酸盐胶结物是鄂尔多斯盆地华庆地区砂岩储层中最重要的自生矿物,其发育严重影响储层质量。通过测试分析,该砂岩中碳酸盐胶结物主要为不含铁的微晶方解石和含铁的亮晶方解石;前者形成于早期,后者形成于晚期。无铁方解石主要是从沉积物饱和的碱性孔隙水中直接析出沉淀;含铁亮晶方解石演化发育较复杂。通过该方解石碳氧同位素分析,δ~(18)OPDB值为-22.5‰~-19.4‰,大部分为-8.4‰~-4.6‰。通过碳氧同位素计算古盐度和古温度,确定方解石胶结物形成环境为淡水,含铁的亮晶方解石形成温度在97℃~121℃之间,与碳酸盐包裹体测出的均一温度大致相符。碳同位素偏负的原因则可能是因为有机轻碳的加入,而有机物在高温高压下脱羧产生的有机酸与粘土矿物反应产的钙离子则为碳酸盐胶结物提供了成岩作用的Ca~(2+)来源。     

华庆长8油层砂岩中碳酸盐胶结物特征及形成机理

碳酸盐胶结物是鄂尔多斯盆地华庆地区砂岩储层中最重要的自生矿物,其发育严重影响储层质量。通过测试分析,该砂岩中碳酸盐胶结物主要为不含铁的微晶方解石和含铁的亮晶方解石;前者形成于早期,后者形成于晚期。无铁方解石主要是从沉积物饱和的碱性孔隙水中直接析出沉淀;含铁亮晶方解石演化发育较复杂。通过该方解石碳氧同位素分析,δ~(18)OPDB值为-22.5‰~-19.4‰,大部分为-8.4‰~-4.6‰。通过碳氧同位素计算古盐度和古温度,确定方解石胶结物形成环境为淡水,含铁的亮晶方解石形成温度在97℃~121℃之间,与碳酸盐包裹体测出的均一温度大致相符。碳同位素偏负的原因则可能是因为有机轻碳的加入,而有机物在高温高压下脱羧产生的有机酸与粘土矿物反应产的钙离子则为碳酸盐胶结物提供了成岩作用的Ca~(2+)来源。     

梨树断陷营城组砂岩方解石胶结物碳、氧同位素特征

梨树断陷深层砂岩中广泛分布着方解石胶结物,方解石胶结作用对梨树断陷深部储层的致密化有着重要影响。以苏家屯-皮家地区砂岩储层中方解石胶结物为研究对象,结合岩相学特征,包裹体测试和碳、氧同位素分析,查明了方解石胶结物碳、氧同位素及其成因。研究表明,储层砂岩类型为岩屑质长石砂岩、长石质岩屑砂岩、长石砂岩。方解石胶结物碳同位素δ13 CPDB为-16‰~-0.4‰,平均值为-6.67‰。氧同位素δ18 OPDB为-23.2‰~-13.2‰,平均值为-20.1‰。通过对碳、氧同位素数据计算分析,得到碳酸盐的相对古盐度值(Z)介于83.48~117.61之间,表明其形成时的古流体具有淡水的特征。方解石的形成温度为94.06~179.43℃。方解石胶结物碳氧同位素特征分析结果表明,其形成与有机酸脱羧作用有关,可能来源于有机碳。     

柴北缘西段鄂博梁构造带储层碳酸盐胶结物成因及其油气地质意义——来自碳、氧同位素的约束

碳酸盐胶结物是古流体活动的产物,蕴含着成岩环境、成岩流体演化等方面的有益地质信息。综合运用岩石学、矿物学和地球化学方法,对柴北缘西段鄂博梁构造带侏罗系、古近系、新近系储层中普遍存在的碳酸盐胶结物的成因机制进行了研究。结果表明,研究区碳酸盐胶结物以方解石和含铁方解石为主。鄂博梁I号构造主要见方解石,其碳、氧同位素分布范围较大:-13.47‰ <δ13C_PDB <2.54‰,-15.93‰ <δ18O_PDB <-4.74‰,成因多种多样,与有机质脱羧、同生-准同生、甲烷生成等作用有关;鄂博梁III号-鸭湖构造则主要见含铁方解石,其碳、氧同位素分布集中:-4.24‰ <δ13C_PDB <-1.99‰,-11.17‰ <δ18O_PDB <-9.41‰,为沉积压实水沉淀而成。碳酸盐胶结物的成因揭示了鄂博梁构造带无机-有机流体的活动信息,从而为该地区油气成藏研究提供了重要依据。     

松辽盆地大庆长垣南缘四方台组砂岩型铀矿碳氧同位素特征及铀成矿意义

为进一步探讨松辽盆地大庆长垣南缘四方台组砂岩型铀矿的成岩环境、铀沉淀机制及成矿机理,通过钻井岩心观察,岩石薄片,含铀砂岩碳酸盐胶结物碳、氧同位素分析,对研究区砂岩岩石类型、碳酸盐胶结物类型、成岩阶段以及碳、氧同位素特征进行了系统研究。结果表明:含铀砂岩岩石类型为长石岩屑砂岩、岩屑长石砂岩,碳酸盐胶结物可分为3个期次,以第一和第二期次为主,胶结物包括方解石、铁方解石,见极少量含铁白云石。δ~(13)C_(PDB)值为-22.45‰～-13.65‰,平均值为-18.33‰,δ~(18)O_(PDB)值为-17.56‰～-9.46‰,平均值为-13.52‰,揭示有一定有机质参与;古盐度Z值介于75.98～90.97之间,为淡水沉积;古温度介于67.31～94.92℃之间,结合以上岩石特征、胶结物类型及成岩作用判定成岩环境处于早成岩—中成岩阶段A期。综合分析认为:早成岩阶段砂岩的压实、胶结作用使含铀砂岩孔隙度减小,抑制含氧富铀流体运移;随着成岩作用进行,埋藏深度增加,有机质成熟度升高发生热脱羧基作用,与压实作用产生的吸附水形成酸性溶液对长石、碳酸盐胶结物等进行溶蚀形成次生孔隙,增大砂岩孔隙度,促进含氧富铀流体下渗运移,下伏油气由断裂向上逸散,为地层提供还原剂,使铀在四方台组底部大规模沉淀和富集。     

东胜地区直罗组含铀砂岩中方解石的碳氧同位素组成及铀成矿意义

方解石是东胜地区直罗组含铀砂岩中重要的胶结物类型,同时碳酸盐化与铀成矿作用关系密切。通过方解石胶结物岩石学、矿物学、碳氧同位素分析,研究了含铀砂岩中方解石碳氧同位素组成、沉淀机制及铀成矿意义。研究表明,东胜地区砂岩类型为长石岩屑砂岩、岩屑砂岩和石英砂岩,粘土矿物主要由蒙皂石、伊利石、高岭石和绿泥石组成,方解石类型以含铁矿方解石为主,其次为铁方解石。方解石δ~(13)C_(PDB)为-15.7‰~-1.6‰,平均-9.08‰,δ~(18)O_(PDB)为-15.6‰~-10‰,平均-12.4‰,显示其形成与有机酸脱羧作用有关,碳来源为有机碳。碳氧同位素分析数据计算表明,与方解石平衡的水相氧同位素组成变化范围较宽,为-7.66%-9.71‰,推测较轻的同位素组成具有封存大气降水的特征,而较重同位素组成则反映成岩成矿过程中深部富含油气低温热流体的加入。综合分析认为,东胜地区直罗组砂岩中方解石是地表水和深部油气共同作用的结果:早期有机酸促使长石类骨架颗粒溶蚀,形成石英颗粒次生加大边,并伴随着自生高岭石沉淀;后期随着大量烃类注入砂岩中,成岩成矿环境由酸性向碱性转变,还原性增强,介质水中的CO_2与Ca~(2+)圾Fe~(2+)结合形成含铁为特征的方解石,沉淀在原生粒间孔和各类次生溶蚀孔隙中。整个过程都伴随有铀元素运移和沉淀,暗示东胜铀矿床是地表水和深部油气混合作用形成的。     

饶阳凹陷沙河街组碎屑岩储层碳酸盐胶结物形成机制及其对储层质量的影响

通过薄片鉴定、扫描电镜和阴极发光观察对饶阳凹陷沙河街组碎屑岩储层的22口探井864个薄片样品的碳酸盐胶结物进行期次划分,再据各期胶结物的共生矿物研究、碳氧同位素分析、流体包裹体测温等对其形成机制进行研究。研究结果表明研究区共发育3期碳酸盐胶结物:第一期以粒状方解石为主,其形成于岩石充分压实之前的早成岩阶段,伴生少量的黄铁矿胶结;第二期以粒状细晶级为主,多发育方解石、白云石,以斑块状以及嵌晶式连生方式赋存,与前期的胶结物之间常形成一层黏土薄膜;第三期以柱状或粒状细晶级形式存在,以方解石、白云石、铁方解石以及铁白云石成分为主,充填长石等易溶性颗粒溶孔及交代早期碳酸盐胶结物。据胶结物碳氧同位素分析恢复古盐度Z值及测算古地温判断早期胶结物来源于古盐度较高的淡水成因流体;再根据胶结物流体包裹体均一温度判断方解石胶结物形成于中成岩A期,为有机酸脱羧基生成大量CO_2,使化学平衡向着生成碳酸盐的方向移动,表示其"碳"来源为有机碳。对储层质量影响方面,早期碳酸盐胶结物增加了砂体的抗压实能力,对研究区储层质量的影响是正面的,而中后期碳酸盐胶结物充填长石及岩屑溶蚀作用形成的孔隙,对储层质量的影响是负面的。     

川西坳陷中段须家河组四段砂岩中碳酸盐胶结物碳、氧同位素特征及成因探讨

碳酸盐胶结物是川西坳陷须家河组四段砂岩中最常见的成岩矿物。应用激光微区取样碳、氧同位素测试方法，对研究区须四段砂岩中不同类型的碳酸盐胶结物的碳、氧同位素特征进行了精细分析，结合岩相学特征和流体包裹体分析，查明了不同类型碳酸盐胶结物的形成时间和成因机制。研究表明，研究区须四段砂岩中发育Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ三期碳酸盐胶结物。第Ⅰ期方解石的δ13CPDB值为-0. 13‰~1. 53‰，δ18OPDB值为-9. 92‰~-6. 41‰；第Ⅱ期方解石的δ13CPDB值为-2. 44‰~1. 85‰，δ18OPDB值为-13. 97‰~-10. 06‰；第Ⅲ期方解石的δ13CPDB值为-5. 34‰~0. 75‰，δ18OPDB值为-16. 55‰~-14. 44‰，第Ⅲ期白云石的δ13CPDB值为-0. 97‰~-0. 81‰，δ18OPDB值为-13. 32‰~-12. 91‰。从早期到晚期，碳酸盐胶结物的碳、氧同位素均表现为逐渐变轻，说明其沉淀温度逐渐升高，受有机流体影响逐渐加深。第Ⅰ期碳酸盐胶结物形成于晚三叠世末，储层处于浅埋藏阶段，是从早期过饱和碱性孔隙流体中直接沉淀出来的，其“碳”源主要来自沉积水中溶解的CO32-。第Ⅱ期碳酸盐胶结物形成于早侏罗世，沉淀温度约45~70℃，其形成有少量有机流体的参与，有机轻“碳”、原始孔隙水中溶解的“碳”以及少量溶蚀作用释放出的重“碳”共同为该期碳酸盐胶结物提供“碳”源。第Ⅲ期碳酸盐胶结物形成于晚侏罗世，沉淀温度约100~140℃，其成因与有机酸性流体关系密切，有机成因的轻“碳”和部分由溶蚀作用释放的重“碳”是该期方解石的主要“碳”源；而该期白云石的沉淀受砂岩中碳酸盐岩岩屑溶蚀的控制更明显，由溶蚀作用产生的重“碳”是其主要“碳”源。     

柴北缘平台地区下干柴沟组下段碳酸盐胶结物特征及意义

综合运用岩石学、矿物学和地球化学等方法,对柴达木盆地北缘中段平台地区古近系下干柴沟组下段储集岩中碳酸盐胶结物的成岩温度、形成环境和物质来源等进行了系统研究。结果表明,平台地区储集砂岩中主要发育方解石和白云石两种碳酸盐胶结物。自生黏土矿物主要以伊利石、绿泥石和伊-蒙混层为主,测定其碳同位素(δ~(13)C)值分布范围在-7.5‰~-1.4‰之间,平均为-4.0‰;氧同位素(δ~(18)O)值分布范围在-14.4‰~-10.1‰之间,平均为-11.6‰,推算古盐度(Z)值分布范围为106.38~119.23,平均值为113.24。平台地区古近系下干柴沟组下段储集岩在成岩阶段早期有少量有机碳加入,成岩流体以淡水环境为主。碳酸盐胶结物的形成温度在71.49~101.01℃之间,平均值为81.32℃。根据成岩特征及形成温度,揭示平台地区古近系下干柴沟组下段储集岩主要处于早成岩阶段晚期。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东南缘上三叠统延长组砂岩方解石胶结物成因

运用岩石学、矿物学和地球化学方法,对鄂尔多斯盆地东南缘上三叠统延长组砂岩中普遍存在的方解石胶结物的成因进行了系统研究。结果表明:鄂尔多斯盆地东南缘延长组砂岩中的方解石胶结物以微晶基质及连生结构的产状存在于砂岩中,且方解石胶结物的碳、氧同位素值相对较轻,δ13 CPDB值为2.50‰～-9.83‰,为正低或负低值,δ13OPDB值为-10.58‰～-27.24‰,属于负高值;有很少一部分是早成岩阶段与甲烷生成有关的方解石胶结,其余大部分是中成岩阶段微咸水向半咸水的封闭-半封闭环境下有机质脱羧基作用形成的方解石胶结;在此基础上计算出因碳酸盐胶结作用消除的原始孔隙达17.29%,使本区砂岩物性变差。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.