九寨沟景区熊猫海上游右岸危岩发育特征及失稳机理分析

"8.8"九寨沟地震诱发大量崩塌、滑坡地质灾害。熊猫海上游右岸边坡产生大规模崩塌落石,堵塞景区道路,部分掉落熊猫海。震后斜坡仍存在部分危岩,稳定性较差,严重制约了景区恢复运行。本文通过野外调查、数值模拟等手段,分析该危岩的影响因素及失稳模式,失稳模式为滑移式。基于极限平衡法和二维离散元UDEC 6.0模拟对典型工况下危岩的稳定性计算,表明天然工况下危岩稳定;暴雨工况上部临空面附近及中部凹腔部位会发生少量落石掉块,整体仍处于稳定状态;地震作用下,潜在破裂区上部拉裂及下部剪切裂隙构成贯通破裂面而整体失稳。     

九寨沟景区熊猫海上游右岸危岩发育特征及失稳机理分析

"8.8"九寨沟地震诱发大量崩塌、滑坡地质灾害。熊猫海上游右岸边坡产生大规模崩塌落石,堵塞景区道路,部分掉落熊猫海。震后斜坡仍存在部分危岩,稳定性较差,严重制约了景区恢复运行。本文通过野外调查、数值模拟等手段,分析该危岩的影响因素及失稳模式,失稳模式为滑移式。基于极限平衡法和二维离散元UDEC 6.0模拟对典型工况下危岩的稳定性计算,表明天然工况下危岩稳定;暴雨工况上部临空面附近及中部凹腔部位会发生少量落石掉块,整体仍处于稳定状态;地震作用下,潜在破裂区上部拉裂及下部剪切裂隙构成贯通破裂面而整体失稳。     

九寨沟景区某崩塌点稳定性分析及治理方案

以九寨沟景区某崩塌灾害点为例,通过野外地质调查,查明崩塌灾害点的危岩体特征和类型。系统分析了结构特征及变形破坏模式以及稳定性的影响因素。通过传递系数法计算了两处危岩带在天然、地震和暴雨3种工况下的稳定性系数,计算结果显示两处危岩带在地震工况下为稳定状态,天然和暴雨工况下呈欠稳定状态。采用数值模拟软件Rocfall模拟该崩塌点落石运动特征。根据计算结果,对该处崩塌点的防治提供了建议。     

九寨沟景区某崩塌点稳定性分析及治理方案

以九寨沟景区某崩塌灾害点为例,通过野外地质调查,查明崩塌灾害点的危岩体特征和类型。系统分析了结构特征及变形破坏模式以及稳定性的影响因素。通过传递系数法计算了两处危岩带在天然、地震和暴雨3种工况下的稳定性系数,计算结果显示两处危岩带在地震工况下为稳定状态,天然和暴雨工况下呈欠稳定状态。采用数值模拟软件Rocfall模拟该崩塌点落石运动特征。根据计算结果,对该处崩塌点的防治提供了建议。     

九寨沟景区某崩塌点稳定性分析及治理方案

以九寨沟景区某崩塌灾害点为例,通过野外地质调查,查明崩塌灾害点的危岩体特征和类型。系统分析了结构特征及变形破坏模式以及稳定性的影响因素。通过传递系数法计算了两处危岩带在天然、地震和暴雨3种工况下的稳定性系数,计算结果显示两处危岩带在地震工况下为稳定状态,天然和暴雨工况下呈欠稳定状态。采用数值模拟软件Rocfall模拟该崩塌点落石运动特征。根据计算结果,对该处崩塌点的防治提供了建议。     

单体危岩崩塌灾害风险评价方法——以四川省丹巴县危岩崩塌体为例

综合分析国内外危岩崩塌风险评价方法的基础上,以丹巴县双拥路危岩崩塌体为例,提出了适用于单体危岩崩塌的风险评价方法。根据蒙特卡洛法的基本原理及方法编制了危岩崩塌体的稳定性可靠度分析程序,计算了不同工况下危岩失稳的概率。同时,考虑地面建筑物对落石的阻挡影响,利用专业软件模拟落石的运动轨迹,并根据研究区的地形地貌特点进一步确定了落石的影响范围。在野外调查和收集当地社会经济资料的基础上,开展了承灾体的易损性研究,对资产的易损性进行了评价。根据危岩失稳的概率及承灾体的易损性分析,进一步得到不同工况下落石影响区内承灾体的经济损失水平,对危岩崩塌灾害的风险进行了定量评价。风险评价的结果可为危岩崩塌灾害影响区的城镇建设和规划提供科学依据,从而有效地规避风险和减灾防灾。     

危岩崩塌启动机制离心模型试验研究

大型高陡危岩崩塌初始失稳过程短暂,难以在现场进行及时观测并获取有效数据,为此引入离心模型试验。以重庆甑子岩陡崖高陡危岩崩塌为原型,对危岩崩塌启动机制展开研究,获取关键数据,定量化验证甑子岩危岩失稳的关键影响因素,探索危岩崩塌的离心模型试验方法。试验较好地完成了对岩质崩塌初始失稳过程的模拟,当危岩模型底部区域抗压强度为60 kPa时,失稳时刻离心加速度为73g;当抗压强度降至40 kPa时,失稳时刻离心加速度仅为18g;对照组试验证明高陡危岩底部区域强度对其整体稳定性起控制性作用。试验模型中上部岩体的失稳方式与原型具有一定差异,分析认为其原因除试验因素引入外力作用之外,主要是由于模型材料没有考虑原型的节理裂隙与抗拉强度所致,这表明高陡危岩崩塌模式除受底部岩体强度控制外,还与中上部岩体性状密切相关。研究结果可为高陡危岩压裂溃屈失稳机制提供试验依据与数据支撑,对崩塌灾害机理研究具有重要参考。     

藏东南察达沟谷典型高位斜坡特征及风险分析

察达沟谷位于藏东南洛隆县腊久乡冻措曲下游段,为一典型的冰蚀"U"型谷,两岸高陡岸坡发育,其中察达1号高位斜坡位于某拟建线路车站东南侧,高程3700～5328 m,坡体及坡脚堆积大量块石、碎石、角砾等松散物。斜坡顶部为宗白群砾岩岩壁,高300～500 m,距拟建铁路车站水平距离约2.6 km。由于斜坡地质条件复杂,堆积体成因不明,开展高位斜坡风险评估对于工程适宜性评判至关重要。本文采用遥感分析、无人机航测、钻探、物探、现场调查等方法,查明了坡体结构,依据地形及结构特征将斜坡划分为顶部岩质斜坡陡壁、上部平缓堆积体及下部台阶状堆积体三段。在此基础上解译了潜在危岩体,计算分析了危岩体及斜坡堆积体的稳定性,模拟了崩塌落石运动特征。结果表明:顶部岩壁大规模危岩体稳定性较好,小规模危岩在极端条件下部分块体稳定性降低乃至失稳;上、下部堆积体在各种工况下均整体稳定,浅表层可能在降雨、地震等条件下局部蠕变。高位危岩落石运动仅停留在上部堆积体平台上,表层孤石运动最远处距离线路440 m,均未到达线路位置,察达1号高位斜坡潜在地质灾害对拟建铁路车站影响较小,风险可控。     

郑万高铁宜万段边坡危岩崩落破坏特征

危岩是山区常见的地质灾害之一。以往研究缺少对危岩整体破坏导致危岩解体方面的关注,而危岩在失稳崩落过程中的解体行为却是预测危岩影响范围和防治成效的关键所在。为此,文章以郑万（郑州—万州）高铁宜万段沿线隧道洞口边坡危岩为研究对象,从结构面角度出发,对危岩崩落破坏特征进行研究。通过对15个隧道洞口边坡的调查,首先从边坡坡度、岩性组合、相对高差三个方面总结了研究区危岩发育分布规律;然后根据边坡岩体结构特征,分析了危岩失稳模式,并基于边坡上部危岩和下部落石的体积和形状对应关系,进一步探讨了边坡危岩崩落破坏演化过程;在此基础上,利用Rockfall模拟软件对落石运动特征进行预测分析。结果表明:（1）研究区边坡呈上陡下缓地形,上部基岩裸露,坡度基本上≥70°;危岩主要发育于弱风化的灰岩和白云岩中;边坡高差在150~300 m之间。（2）边坡上部危岩将呈阶梯状方式逐渐沿基底结构面滑移或者沿后缘结构面拉裂坠落。（3）研究区危岩崩落破坏模式主要为边坡上部岩体沿结构面解体破坏。（4）大部分隧道洞口边坡落石危险性较大,严重威胁隧道洞口的安全,需要采取相应的防治措施。研究成果可为在建的郑万高铁宜万段隧道边坡危岩的有效防治提供参考。     

重庆南川甑子岩-二垭岩危岩带特征及其稳定性分析

在调查重庆南川甑子岩-二垭岩段88处近水平层状大型危岩形成的地质环境背景基础上,分析了危岩发育特征、影响因素以及稳定情况,查明了危岩体结构与失稳模式的相关性,分坠落式、倾倒式、滑移式三种失稳模式进行稳定性分析。研究表明该危岩带是金佛山向斜核部经长期地质演化形成的近水平层状厚层灰岩陡崖,受降雨、岩溶、底部软弱层及大面积地下采空影响形成的,属特大型危岩带。其中,危岩带内的塔状岩体是西南缓倾层状灰岩山区典型的危岩类型,破坏机理复杂,易形成崩塌碎屑流。通过稳定性计算并综合考虑现场调查结果,认为带内危岩体在天然工况下整体稳定性较高,但暴雨工况和地震工况下稳定性骤降,尤其是危岩分布集中的甑子岩、和尚帽以及二垭岩区段,具有较高的成灾可能性,亟需开展监测预警工作。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.