中祁连东段黑龙二长花岗岩地球化学、年代学及其构造意义

通过对中祁连东段黑龙二长花岗岩开展详细的年代学、岩石地球化学的分析测试和研究工作。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年表明,黑龙二长花岗岩~(206)Pb/~(238)U的加权平均年龄为(481.3±3.7)Ma(MSWD=4.6),属于早奥陶世。岩石地球化学的特征表明,黑龙二长花岗岩属于高碱钙碱性的I型花岗岩,岩石为准铝质-过铝质类型(A/CNK=0.91～1.22)。该二长花岗岩相对富集Rb、Th、U等大离子亲石元素,而相对亏损Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素,并且明显亏损P,显示出岛弧岩浆岩的信息。结合区域构造特征,认为黑龙二长花岗岩形成于活动大陆边缘弧的构造环境,同时,也佐证了北祁连洋盆双向俯冲的地质事实。     

中祁连东段黑龙二长花岗岩地球化学、年代学及其构造意义

通过对中祁连东段黑龙二长花岗岩开展详细的年代学、岩石地球化学的分析测试和研究工作。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年表明,黑龙二长花岗岩~(206)Pb/~(238)U的加权平均年龄为(481.3±3.7)Ma(MSWD=4.6),属于早奥陶世。岩石地球化学的特征表明,黑龙二长花岗岩属于高碱钙碱性的I型花岗岩,岩石为准铝质-过铝质类型(A/CNK=0.91～1.22)。该二长花岗岩相对富集Rb、Th、U等大离子亲石元素,而相对亏损Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素,并且明显亏损P,显示出岛弧岩浆岩的信息。结合区域构造特征,认为黑龙二长花岗岩形成于活动大陆边缘弧的构造环境,同时,也佐证了北祁连洋盆双向俯冲的地质事实。     

南祁连北缘东段早志留世刚察大寺花岗岩的成因——锆石LA-ICP-MSU-Pb年代学和岩石地球化学制约

南祁连北缘东段刚察大寺花岗岩的形成时代和成因一直存在争议。本文对其进行了锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学和岩石地球化学研究,进而约束其岩石成因和形成的构造背景。结果表明,刚察大寺花岗岩主要由花岗闪长岩和黑云母二长花岗岩组成;花岗闪长岩中锆石自形程度较好,阴极发光图像显示振荡生长环带,具有较高的Th/U比值(0.27~0.91),表明其为岩浆成因;最小一组岩浆锆石的206Pb/238U加权平均年龄为(435±4)Ma,即岩体形成于早志留世;花岗闪长岩和黑云母二长花岗岩具有类似的地球化学属性,主量元素具有高硅、富碱、富铝和贫镁的特征,其Si O2=65.52%~74.23%、(K2O+Na2O)=6.95%~8.24%、Al2O3=12.33%~15.26%、Mg O=0.31%~1.32%,A/CNK介于0.85~1.05之间,为准铝质-弱过铝质的亚碱性系列岩石;整体富集轻稀土元素和大离子亲石元素(Rb、Ba、K)、亏损重稀土元素和高场强元素(Nb、Ta),具有Eu的负异常(δEu=0.51~0.80)和Sr、P、Ti的明显亏损。南祁连北缘东段刚察大寺花岗岩为I型花岗岩,起源于高温低压条件下中、上地壳物质的部分熔融,结合区域构造演化暗示,刚察大寺早志留世花岗岩形成于活动大陆边缘的构造背景。     

中祁连东段什川杂岩基的岩石化学特征及年代学研究

祁连造山带被托菜南山-了高山构造带及宗务隆山-贵得构造带分为北祁连、中祁连及南祁连构造带。什川岩基位于中祁连构造带东部,由闪长岩、斜长花岗岩、二长花岗岩组成;对二长花岗岩进行U-Pb单颗粒锆石微区LA-ICP-MS同位素测定,获得444.6Ma及414.3Ma两组加权平均年龄,前者代表岩石的形成年龄,后者代表构造热事件年龄。二长花岗岩主量元素W(SiO_2)=68.66%～80.77%,w(K_2O)/w(Na_2O)>1和A/CNK介于0.95～1.21间,总体为钾质钙碱性过铝质花岗岩。岩石富集LILE元素(K、Th、Rb、Ba等),亏损HFSE元素(Ta、Nb、Y等);稀土元素总量较高(∑REE多介于109.05×10~(-6)～322.66×10~(-6)),轻重稀土强烈分馏(∑LREE/∑HREE介于7.92～31.68),稀土元素分配模式为轻稀土富集型,具中等-强Eu负异常(δEu=0.26～0.58)。岩石矿物组合及岩石地球化学特征共同表明,什川岩基为中上地壳泥砂质岩石部分熔融而成,形成温度较低,为加厚地壳拆沉熔融成因。这为祁连造山带构造演化及其深部动力学机制研究提供了新的资料。     

新特提斯洋晚白垩世演化特点:来自泽当共国日二长花岗岩年代学、地球化学及Sr-Nd同位素证据

为加深对西藏泽当地区新特提斯洋演化的认识,对西藏泽当蛇绿混杂岩带内的共国日二长花岗岩进行了岩石学、岩石地球化学、同位素及年代学等研究,研究显示:共国日二长花岗岩岩体规模小、岩性稳定,LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为(90.40±0.68)Ma,属晚白垩世;岩石地球化学具高硅、富铝、富钾、低钛和准铝质钙碱性花岗岩特征;轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损,具明显的负Eu异常,微量元素表现为相对富集Rb、K、Ba、Th、U等大离子亲石元素,显著亏损Nb、P、Ti等高场强元素;(⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i=0.705 708~0.706 284,(¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd)_i=0.512 689~0.512 716,ε_Nd(t)=2.00~2.51。以上特征表明,位于泽当蛇绿混杂岩带内的共国日二长花岗岩属于I型花岗岩,由正常岛弧岩浆形成,应为晚白垩世新特提斯洋向北俯冲形成的岛弧环境下俯冲带上部地壳部分熔融的产物,其不属于泽当蛇绿岩的组成部分,表明在90 Ma前泽当洋内弧已经消失。     

东昆仑那更银矿床斜长花岗岩锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学特征与地质意义

那更银矿床位于东昆仑造山带东段,矿区出露大量斜长花岗岩,这些岩石的成因和构造背景能为揭示该地区构造演化过程提供新的证据。对出露于矿区中部的斜长花岗岩开展了岩石学、地球化学及锆石U-Pb年代学等研究。结果表明,那更斜长花岗岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为(425.1±4.6) Ma,形成于中志留世。岩石地球化学特征显示,那更斜长花岗岩的w(SiO₂)为71.16%～71.32%,w(K₂O)/w(Na₂O)值为0.29～0.35,且铝饱和指数A/CNK(1.09～1.30)显示出过铝质的特征,里特曼指数(δ)介于1.33和1.48之间,说明那更斜长花岗岩属于钙碱性过铝质I型花岗岩。稀土总量ΣREE为54.12×10^-6～55.90×10^-6,且具有轻稀土元素强烈富集,重稀土元素亏损的特点;微量元素蛛网图显示,那更斜长花岗岩具有高场强元素相对亏损,大离子亲石元素和不相容元素(如U)相对富集的特征。那更斜长花岗岩的的岩石地球化学特征结合已有的关于东昆仑构造演化的研究资料指示它们...     

藏东纽多黑云母二长花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄及成因

通过对澜沧江北段卡贡地区出露的纽多黑云母二长花岗岩的岩石学、岩石地球化学及锆石U-Pb年龄的研究,分析了纽多黑云母二长花岗岩的地球化学和原岩特征。黑云母二长花岗岩中的锆石具有明显的振荡环带,较高的Th/U值(普遍大于0.4),属于典型的岩浆成因锆石,用LA-ICP-MS测得锆石~(206)Pb/~(238)U年龄为243.6±1.4Ma(MSWD=1.00,n=15),时代为中三叠世。岩石地球化学特征表明,该黑云母二长花岗岩具有较高的SiO_2、Al_2O_3及高钾富碱的特征,A/CNK值为1.05~1.08,为过铝质高钾钙碱性系列;稀土元素配分模式显示,配分曲线为右倾型,具有明显的负Eu异常和弱负Ce异常,表现为Nb、Ta、P、Zr、Ti等高场强元素相对亏损,相对富集Rb、K、Th、U等大离子亲石元素。岩石地球化学特征表明,纽多黑云母二长花岗岩为S型花岗岩,形成于地壳加厚增温环境下的深熔作用。     

西藏梅巴切勤地区晚三叠世斑状二长花岗岩锆石 U-Pb年代学、地球化学特征及地质意义

为了研究拉萨地块晚三叠世岩浆活动的动力学背景,对梅巴切勤斑状二长花岗岩开展了野外地质调查、岩石学、地球化学和年代学研究工作。利用LA-ICP-MS测得2件斑状二长花岗岩样品的锆石²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U年龄加权平均值为(202.3±2.2)Ma (MSWD=2.6)和(203.2±1.6)Ma (MSWD=0.24),表明其岩浆活动发生在晚三叠世。岩石为高钾钙碱性系列,具有高硅[w(SiO₂)=70.78%～76.69%]、高铝[w(Al₂O₃)=12.93%～14.97%]、富钾[w(K₂O)=4.14%～5.06%]的特征,铝饱和指数(A/CNK)为1.06～1.28,为过铝质花岗岩;相对富集大离子亲石元素Rb、K和不相容元素Zr、Hf,亏损Ba、Ta、Nb、Sr、P、Ti等元素;稀土元素总量在(124.63～306.19)×10^-6之间,轻稀土元素明显富集,轻重稀土元素分馏较强,具明显的负Eu异常(δEu=0.12～0.68);岩石...     

北祁连甘肃毛藏寺铜-钼矿床花岗质岩石锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及其地质意义

甘肃毛藏寺铜钼矿是与花岗质岩石有关的斑岩型矿床,矿区内花岗质岩石类型主要为似斑状二长花岗岩和花岗闪长岩。对矿区岩体进行年龄、地球化学研究,以约束其形成时代,并探讨岩石成因及其与成矿的关系。LA-ICP-MS锆石UPb测年分别获得似斑状二长花岗岩与花岗闪长岩谐和年龄为455.8±3.1Ma和425.0±2.8Ma,属于晚奥陶世和晚志留世岩浆活动的产物。地球化学数据显示,似斑状二长花岗岩属于过铝质钙碱性岩浆系列,花岗闪长岩属于准铝质高钾钙碱性岩浆系列,二者均富集大离子亲石元素,亏损高场强元素,稀土元素配分曲线呈右倾型,轻、重稀土元素分馏明显。似斑状二长花岗岩具有弱正Eu异常(δEu=1.18～1.24),显示埃达克岩的地球化学特征,形成于北祁连洋俯冲消减阶段,由俯冲洋壳(含海洋沉积物)部分熔融形成,源区主要残留物为石榴子石。花岗闪长岩显示弱负Eu异常,形成于碰撞后伸展环境,是洋壳板片断离后软流圈上涌诱发的下地壳玄武质岩石部分熔融的产物。似斑状二长花岗岩符合成矿期埃达克岩特征,具有较好的成矿条件。结合前人资料,在北祁连东段寻找和勘查与埃达克岩有关的铜-钼-金矿可能是一个新的方向。     

藏东地区中奥陶世浪拉山糜棱岩化二长花岗岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学及地质意义

对藏东地区浪拉山糜棱岩化二长花岗岩进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄测试,获得了该岩体的206Pb/238 U年龄加权平均值为470.5 Ma±3.7 Ma(MSWD=1.7,n=15),属于中奥陶世的产物。岩石地球化学特征表明,岩石具有高钾(Na2O/K2O=13.12~162.89)、铝(A/CNK值平均为1.30)、低钛的特征,岩石属于高钾钙碱性过铝质S型花岗岩。岩石具有明显Eu负异常,表现为Nb,Sr,P、Ti等高场强元素相对亏损,相对富集K,Rb,Th,U等大离子亲石元素,具有岛弧型花岗岩的特征。结合区域地质资料分析,该岩体与区内原特提斯洋的俯冲存在成因联系,藏东地区浪拉山糜棱岩化二长花岗岩的发现有助于进一步探索原特提斯洋演化过程。     

南秦岭下地壳组成及岩石圈的拆离俯冲作用

根据新提供的Pb同位素组成及岩石地球化学研究成果，本文进一步证实了位于北秦岭北界的明港地区发育的早中生代安山玄武质火山角砾岩岩筒所携带的下地壳捕虏体属于南秦岭。所恢复的南秦岭下地壳剖面自下而上为：底侵成因的变辉长岩-基性麻粒岩(其中含有榴辉岩及辉石岩的透镜体)-酸性麻粒岩。秦岭造山带总体的岩石因模型为：南秦岭(扬子块体)向北拆离俯冲，北秦岭地壳向华北仰冲，华北岩石因呈楔状插入秦岭造山带，拆离面约在中、下地壳之间。南秦岭俯冲岩片延伸的范围在平面上有可能达到400km。     

青藏高原综合观测研究站的回顾与展望

中国科学院青藏高原综合观测研究站从１９８８年建站到１９９８年以来,在各个方面均取得了长足的发展,横向生产性项目的开展和完成不仅解决了部队和地方的实际问题,而且缓和了观测研究站在运行过程中所面临的经费严重不足的问题,同时也为我所冻土专业研究人员提供了在生产中实践的机会,在基础理论研究方面,承担了国家攀登计划项目,国家基金项目,中国科学院重点项目和中国科学院冰冻圈专项项目等的研究工作,在多年冻土变化,     

铀钍的地球化学及对地壳演化和生物进化的影响

本文论述了在含挥发份和贫挥发份条件下Ｕ、Ｔｈ的迁移行为及其对地球和行星演化的影响,并阐述了造成地球独特地质演化历史的原因。提出了Ｕ、Ｔｈ在地球中的迁移模式以及该模式对地壳形成、演化的控制作用和对生物发展演化的可能影响。     

Principles of spatial organization and evolution of the biosphere and the noosphere

In his last lifetime essay, “A Few Words about the Noosphere”, Academician V.I. Vernadsky (1944) wrote that all living organisms on the planet, including man, are integral to the biosphere of the Earth, its material and energy structure and cannot be physically independent of it even for a minute. However, the substrate that generates all living beings and is no less tightly bound to the biosphere has always been characterized by a significant geochemical heterogeneity, traced both in the vertical and in the lateral structure of all geospheres.

The present work is devoted to three most important aspects of modern geochemistry and biogeochemistry:

• — evolution of the ecological and geochemical state of the environment under conditions of a virgin (anthropogenically untouched) biosphere;
• — structural features of the geochemical organization of the modern noosphere;
• — specificity of the interaction of living matter with the environment under increasing anthropogenic load.

On the basis of theoretical concepts of biogeochemistry and geochemical ecology, formulated in the works of V.I. Vernadsky, A.P. Vinogradov, A.E. Fersman, B.B. Polynov, A.I. Perel’man, M.A. Glazovskaya, V.V. Kovalsky, E. Odum, B. Commoner, E.I. Kolchinskii and others, the author puts forward a hypothesis that there exist two qualitatively different stages in the evolution of the biosphere.The first stage is recognized as the period of natural evolution of the biosphere during which it evolves successively into a more complex and more biogeochemically specialized object. In the course of the geological time, this constantly results, on the one hand, in an increase in species diversity and the perfection of individual species, and, on the other hand, to directed improvement and a greater differentiation of the geochemical conditions of the environment. At this stage, the evolution of all systems of the biosphere that were controlled by the mechanisms of self-organization and self-regulation resulted in the establishment of a dynamic equilibrium, which was responsible for the cycling of all essential chemical elements and therefore providing ecologically optimal geochemical conditions in all ecological niches and for all species and biocenoses inhabiting the biosphere at any given moment.The beginning of the second stage is related to the appearance of reason and qualitative changes in the biosphere caused by the goal-directed activity of the human mind, as an entirely new geological force that appeared to be able not only to disrupt the functioning of natural mechanisms of self-regulation and selforganization, but also to transform the environment in the intersts of a single biological species, Homo sapiens. A direct consequence of this change was the uncontrolled transformation of the natural environment, during which the primary structure (geochemical background) created in the course of billions of years was eventually superimposed by a qualitatively new layer of anthropogenically-derived chemical elements and compounds, thus building an interference pattern of a new geochemical field with which practically all modern living organisms are now forced to interact.An outstanding feature of the new evolutionary stage of the natural environment, called by Vernadsky the noosphere, is that biogeochemical changes at this stage proceed at a rate which exceeds that required for the living matter to adapt to these changes. The result is the disruption of the existing parameters of the biological cycle, leading to the emergence of a significant number of endemic diseases of geochemical nature.The proposed approach was used to prove the anthropogenic genesis of existing geochemical endemic diseases and explain the mechanisms of their appearance. In addition, this approach allowed us to develop a new methodology for mapping zones of ecological and geochemical risk and noticeably simplify the procedure of monitoring distribution and prevention of all diseases of geochemical nature.     

Wavelets and the Generalization of the Variogram

The experimental variogram computed in the usual way by the method of moments and the Haar wavelet transform are similar in that they filter data and yield informative summaries that may be interpreted. The variogram filters out constant values; wavelets can filter variation at several spatial scales and thereby provide a richer repertoire for analysis and demand no assumptions other than that of finite variance. This paper compares the two functions, identifying that part of the Haar wavelet transform that gives it its advantages. It goes on to show that the generalized variogram of order k=1, 2, and 3 filters linear, quadratic, and cubic polynomials from the data, respectively, which correspond with more complex wavelets in Daubechies's family. The additional filter coefficients of the latter can reveal features of the data that are not evident in its usual form. Three examples in which data recorded at regular intervals on transects are analyzed illustrate the extended form of the variogram. The apparent periodicity of gilgais in Australia seems to be accentuated as filter coefficients are added, but otherwise the analysis provides no new insight. Analysis of hyerpsectral data with a strong linear trend showed that the wavelet-based variograms filtered it out. Adding filter coefficients in the analysis of the topsoil across the Jurassic scarplands of England changed the upper bound of the variogram; it then resembled the within-class variogram computed by the method of moments. To elucidate these results, we simulated several series of data to represent a random process with values fluctuating about a mean, data with long-range linear trend, data with local trend, and data with stepped transitions. The results suggest that the wavelet variogram can filter out the effects of long-range trend, but not local trend, and of transitions from one class to another, as across boundaries.     

共和盆地层状地貌系统与青藏高原隆升及黄河发育

利用卫星遥感影像,结合实地调查和测年结果,对共和盆地层状地貌系统进行了解译、分析。研究表明,共和盆地层状地貌系统由山麓剥蚀面、洪积扇面、盆地面以及黄河阶地面构成,其空间结构、物质组成对发生于早更新世早期的青藏运动C幕和中更新世末期的共和运动反映清晰。青藏运动C幕使青藏高原主夷平面在高原差异性隆升中彻底解体,垂直变形量高达1700m。共和运动使黄河在0.11Ma进入共和盆地,其后黄河平均以3.5mm/a的侵蚀速率下切盆地,同时在盆地边部的山前古冲洪积扇以大致相近的速率被抬升,最终导致高差在2000m左右的层状地貌系统的出现。     

A geodynamic model of the evolution of the Arctic basin and adjacent territories in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic and the outer limit of the Russian Continental Shelf

The tectonic evolution of the Arctic Region in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic is considered with allowance for the Paleozoic stage of evolution of the ancient Arctida continent. A new geodynamic model of the evolution of the Arctic is based on the idea of the development of upper mantle convection beneath the continent caused by subduction of the Pacific lithosphere under the Eurasian and North American lithospheric plates. The structure of the Amerasia and Eurasia basins of the Arctic is shown to have formed progressively due to destruction of the ancient Arctida continent, a retained fragment of which comprises the structural units of the central segment of the Arctic Ocean, including the Lomonosov Ridge, the Alpha-Mendeleev Rise, and the Podvodnikov and Makarov basins. The proposed model is considered to be a scientific substantiation of the updated Russian territorial claim to the UN Commission on the determination of the Limits of the Continental Shelf in the Arctic Region.