金沙江中游云南龙街粉砂层沉积环境演化特征

沿金沙江攀枝花三堆子至武定县白马口段河谷两岸分布一套以灰黑色、灰黄色、灰白色粉砂、粘土质粉砂和粘土为主的湖相地层,尤以云南省元谋县龙街盆地内最为发育,被称为龙街粉砂层。通过龙街YA钻孔和龙街、白泥湾剖面的磁性地层学和光释光年代学的研究,探讨龙街粉砂层的时代与归属。龙街YA钻孔地层厚度101.18m,其中龙街粉砂层厚92.96m,上覆7.5m的红棕色细砂和砂砾石层,下伏厚度大于0.72m的灰绿色含角砾粗砂。综合分析YA钻孔的磁性地层学和光释光年龄,认为获取龙街粉砂层的沉积时代为150~30ka BP,属于晚更新世。通过地层沉积特征变化,反演晚更新世以来湖泊的形成及沉积环境变化,探讨晚更新世以来区域新构造的活动阶段及其对河流演化过程的控制作用。     

云南龙街盆地第四纪沉积及环境演化

文章记述了云南龙街盆地龙街组湖相粉砂层的特征、形成环境及地层时代,并讨论了龙街粉砂层和泥石流堆积的相变关系及其发育规律。对广布于龙街盆地的红土风化壳的化学性质、类型、时代及其所反映的气候环境进行了分析。在此基础上着重讨论了龙街盆地自中—晚更新世以来的湖盆变迁、沉积规律及气候环境特征。     

云南元谋龙街粉砂层的粒度特征与成因

对云南元谋龙街粉砂层保存较好的龙街剖面进行了年代地层学和沉积学研究。该剖面厚40.6m,距顶部10.9m处14C年龄为26305±1152a BP,指示龙街粉砂层的地质时代为晚更新世。粒度分析结果显示,龙街粉砂层主要由粉砂组成,中值粒径的平均值为15.28μm,频率曲线呈现明显的双峰特征,几乎没有粗尾。与内蒙古岱海湖相沉积、甘肃西峰黄土、安徽宣城河流沉积的粒度分布及粒度参数特征对比,龙街粉砂层与岱海湖泊沉积的粒度特征基本一致,而与西峰黄土及宣城河流相沉积明显不同,表明龙街粉砂层是水动力较弱的湖泊沉积物。     

龙街粉砂层形成时代及其古环境

本文从龙街粉砂层的颜色、岩性、沉积构造、相变关系及层序等多方面确认,龙街粉砂层足在元谋组上部洪积相的基础上发育起来的断陷湖盆沉积。依据龙街粉砂层的地貌位置、¹⁴C等方法确定其时间上限为10 000 a B.P.左右。依据元谋组与龙街粉砂层局部连续沉积关系,确定龙街粉砂层下限年龄为0.85 Ma B.P.左右（据古地磁测定的元谋组形成的上限年龄）。从而确定龙街粉砂层形成的时代为中更新世初到晚更新世末,地质年龄850 000—10 000a B.P.左右。     

金沙江龙街段晚更新世以来的阶地发育与河谷地貌演化

河流阶地是研究现代河谷形成发育的重要地貌标志。通过野外考察,发现在元谋龙街附近金沙江发育了5级河流阶地,其中T1～T4以龙街组湖相沉积为基座,T5以基岩为基座。电子自旋共振测年结合前人研究结果表明T1、T2、T3、T4和T5分别形成于(18±1.7)ka、(23±1.4)ka、(26±2.4)ka、(29±1.4)ka和(78±12)ka,标志着晚更新世以来金沙江在该区进行了5次下切过程和1次强烈的加积过程。晚更新世以来由于滑坡堵江事件的扰动,河谷的发育形式以"下切—滑坡—堰塞—堆积—下切"过程为主。     

四川茂县较场湖相沉积磁性地层初步研究

四川茂县较场剖面厚101.1m,其中湖相沉积厚98.0m,为一套浅黄色-灰色的粉砂、粘土质粉砂和粉砂质粘土层。古地磁测试显示,除2个样品的磁偏角显示负极性外,其余样品的磁偏角全部为正,属布容正极性时,没有出现B/M界线。根据该套地层的岩性、岩相和所处的地貌部位,可以和云南金沙江谷地的龙街组对比,推测其开始沉积的时代为100~120 kaBP.另外,距顶4.0 m处光释光年龄为16.7±1.2 kaBP,推测其结束于10kaBP.湖相沉积历时约100kaBP,是岷江流域出露的末次(间)冰期以来厚度最大的剖面之一。      

滇西北德钦地区金沙江奔子栏古堰塞湖的发现及意义

在川滇交界的云南德钦奔子栏一带的金沙江河谷两岸,发现了发育于第四级阶地之下的湖相纹层状粘土层,其下为边坡碎屑流堆积,表明该湖相层为滑坡碎屑流堵江所形成的。采用U系法测年,获得金沙江右岸湖相粘土层上部和下部的年龄分别为55.4ka±3.5kaBP和82.1ka±6.6kaBP,左岸湖相粘土层为122.0ka±12.4kaBP,表明该古湖发育于晚更新世早中期。孢粉分析结果显示,该湖相粘土沉积期间的古植被为以松为主的常绿针叶林,气候温和较湿。该古堰塞湖的发现不仅对于研究金沙江的河流发育史具有指导意义,而且对了解现代大江大河灾难性地质灾害的形成演化具有重要的参考价值。     

云南东部震旦系的划分与对比

<正> 云南东部南起田房地区,北至金沙江,震旦纪地层发育特别良好,出露比较齐全。自1938年熊秉信研究了昆明附近的震旦系之后,米士(1942)将震旦系分为:燧石层、灯影灰岩、紫色页岩、南沱冰碛层和潋江砂岩。1963年刘鸿允、刘钰将震旦纪地层分为:上统     

云南丽江地区大具盆地早更新世金沙江砾石层的发现及其意义

报道了云南大具盆地北部金沙江下渡口西岸的2层早更新世金沙江砾石层,它们分别位于盆地底部的冲、洪积砾石层的底部。该砾石层的砾石分选与磨圆很好,局部被钙质胶结,成分复杂,大部分为本地所无,表明其应为金沙江长距离搬运而来。该砾石层的钙质胶结物和钙质砂层2个样品的ESR年龄测定结果分别为1950±230kaBP和1770±160kaBP,属早更新世。对比其上游四川德格含下更新统汪布顶组哺乳动物群的金沙江第五级阶地砾石层和下游四川攀枝花金沙江沿岸伏于中、晚上新世湖相沉积昔格达组之下的分选与磨圆良好、成分复杂的河流相砾石层,表明在早更新世甚至上新世时期,金沙江已经贯通。     

川中大安寨段风暴沉积特征及分布模式

风暴沉积在川中大安寨段比较发育,对大安寨段风暴沉积的沉积构造特征进行研究,发现大安寨段风暴沉积虽然缺乏丘状交错层理,但顶底面构造和层理构造比较发育。综合分析顶底面构造和层理构造特征,总结了大安寨段风暴沉积的理想沉积相序结构,即一个完整的风暴层序从下向上发育:渠模或侵蚀面、砾屑层、粒序层理、波状层理、漂浮介屑段、粉砂屑层和截切或波痕。由于各微相的水动力条件的差异导致风暴沉积层序在各微相中保存的程度不同,在能量较高的滩前、滩核、滩后主要以粒序层为主,滨浅湖主要以粉砂屑层理为主,半深湖发育漂浮状介屑层、波状层理、粉砂屑层理。风暴沉积的研究加深了对大安寨段半深湖灰岩成因的认识,滩前和半深湖相的风暴成因的灰岩的孔隙度相对较好,具有较好的烃源与保存条件,是致密油勘探的有利相带。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.