辽宁阜新北部地区早侏罗世花岗岩LA -ICP -MS锆石U -Pb年龄、地球化学特征及铷矿化

辽宁阜新北部地区的稀有金属铷资源较为丰富,与铷成矿相关的岩体岩性主要为中细粒二长花岗岩,LA -ICP -MS锆石206Pb/238U年龄加权平均值为175.6±2.8 Ma,时代为早侏罗世。岩体富碱、过铝质、分异程度高,富集HREE、Th、U、Hf,亏损Sr、P、Ti。较低的K/Rb值（70.92~82.93）、负铕异常（δEu=0.20~0.40）、稀土总量（ΣREE=56.35~122.23）和轻重稀土比值（LREE/ HREE =3.10~4.73）,Nb/Ta值（7.90~10.18）低于上地壳Nb/Ta值（13.4）,Rb -（Y+Nb）图解与Rb/10-Hf-3Ta图解反映出岩体形成于板内拉张的构造环境。结合区域上对稀有金属铷的研究,认为该地区早侏罗世中细粒二长花岗岩为重要的稀有金属铷矿的找矿标志之一。     

江西宜春雅山花岗岩体的成因与演化及其对成矿的制约

雅山岩体位于钦-杭成矿带东段萍乡-绍兴结合带西端,是华南地区最重要的钽铌矿化稀有金属花岗岩之一。该岩体为一经多阶段演化形成的复式岩体,自早至晚主要可区分为黑鳞云母-白云母花岗岩—锂云母花岗岩—黄玉锂云母花岗岩等不同阶段。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年表明,岩体成岩年龄约为150Ma,属晚侏罗世岩浆活动的产物。化学组成上,雅山岩体富硅,贫铁、镁,分异演化程度高,分异指数（D. I）值普遍大于93,并具亚碱、强过铝特征,过碱指数（AKI值）多低于0.80,铝饱和指数（A/CNK值）均大于1.20。岩体富Cs、Rb、Th、U、Nb、Ta,亏损Ba、Sr,稀土总量低,并具显著的Eu负异常（δEu=0.04~ 0.25）。自早至晚,岩体的Na2O/K2O比值渐次增大,F含量逐渐增多,Ta/Nb比值增大,稀土总量急剧降低,Eu负异常和稀土元素四组分效应增强,成岩温度逐渐降低。岩体具有低的εNd(t)值（=-9.5~-10.7）和CaO/Na2O比值（<0.3）,指示其应主要起源于基底地壳中变质泥质岩的部分熔融,但其锆石εHf(t)值变化范围较大（=0.7~-14.8）,表明其成岩过程中也有地幔组分参与。综合分析表明,雅山岩体成因类型应属高分异的S型花岗岩,其成矿受到岩浆高程度分异演化和晚期流体-熔体相互作用的共同影响,但前者是导致Ta、Nb富集的主控因素。     

幕阜山复式花岗岩体锆石年代与微量元素对伟晶岩矿床成因的限定

江南成矿带晚侏罗世-早白垩世幕阜山复式花岗岩体内部及周缘发育多个早白垩世伟晶岩稀有金属矿床,成矿伟晶岩是否源自幕阜山复式岩体演化花岗岩浆高度分异还存在争议.幕阜山麦市等地发育含电气石、石榴石及白云母二长花岗岩,LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄介于130~135 Ma,在误差范围内与区内大规模成矿伟晶岩年龄相当.与早期斑状黑云母二长花岗岩和白云母二长花岗岩（151~143 Ma）相比,晚期含电气石、石榴石及白云母二长花岗岩锆石具有较高的Hf、Ta、Nb、Th、U含量和较低的Th/U和Eu/Eu*比值,体现较高的演化程度,与岩石矿物组合及锆石结晶温度相一致.锆石年代与微量元素说明,幕阜山地区成矿伟晶岩可能是幕阜山复式岩体中早白垩世演化花岗岩浆进一步分异的产物.      

大兴安岭南段维拉斯托高分异花岗岩体的成因与演化及其对Sn-(Li-Rb-Nb-Ta)多金属成矿作用的制约

近年来,大兴安岭南段维拉斯托矿区深部Sn-Li找矿取得重大突破,但人们目前对与成矿作用密切相关的深部花岗岩体成因与演化及其对稀有金属矿化存在怎样的制约尚不清楚.为此,针对该岩体开展了年代学、地球化学和Sr-Nd-Hf同位素组成研究,获得的锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄为130.7±0.5 Ma（MSWD=0.53）,属早白垩世岩浆活动产物.化学组成上表现为高硅、富碱（高钠）,贫钙、镁、铁和极低P₂O₅（< 0.01%）含量特征,铝饱和指数（A/CNK）集中于1.02~1.08,全岩Rb/Sr、Nb/Ta比值高,Zr/Hf比值低（< 4）.岩体富Cs、Rb、Th、U、Nb、Ta以及Li、F等元素,亏损Ba、Sr、Ti和稀土元素,轻重稀土比值小,并具显著的四分组效应和Eu负异常（δEu=0.02~0.15）,锆石饱和温度（691~727℃）和Zr+Nb+Ce+Y含量均低于A型花岗岩,以上综合特征反映其应属准铝-弱过铝质高分异I型花岗岩类.岩体具正的ε_Nd（t）（+1.10~+3.75）值和相对均一的ε_Hf（t）（+4.2~+8.7）以及年轻的二阶段模式年龄（T_（Nd）DMC=607~829 Ma;T_（Hf）DMC=627~914 Ma）,说明成矿岩体的岩浆源区可能来自于含大量幔源组分新生下地壳的部分熔融.Sn-（稀有）成矿受岩浆后期的高度分异演化和晚期流体-熔体相互作用共同影响,并与外围的脉状矿体共同构成岩浆-热液成矿系统.      

内蒙古林西朝阳沟早白垩世花岗岩锆石U-Pb年代学和地球化学及其意义

林西县朝阳沟地区位于华北板块与西伯利亚板块之间的兴蒙造山带的东部.朝阳沟花岗岩体的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年结果表明,岩体的侵位时间为早白垩世（126.2±2.5 Ma）.地球化学分析显示,该花岗岩体具有富硅（SiO₂=68.5%~72.1%）、铝（Al₂O₃=14.05%~14.95%）、碱（K₂O+Na₂O=8.34%~10.03%）和Fe₂O（3 2.27%~4.15%）的特点,属于准铝质碱性花岗岩系列;A/CNK=0.97~1.09,Mg^#值较高,为12.66~15.02;稀土配分曲线呈明显的右倾型,轻、重稀土元素分馏明显;具有显著的Eu负异常和Ba、Ta、Nb、Sr、P、Ti亏损,富集Rb、Th、U、K等大离子亲石元素.在（Yb+Nb）-Rb判别图解和R1-R2判别图解中,样品全部落于后碰撞花岗岩区和造山晚期花岗岩区.结合区域地质背景,认为该岩体形成于后碰撞伸展构造环境中.     

湘南骑田岭岩体的稀有金属地球化学特征及其含矿性研究

骑田岭岩体位于湖南省郴州市,为一中生代复式岩体。本文运用电感耦合等离子质谱技术(ICP-MS)对穿越骑田岭岩体的大剖面上的花岗岩样品,进行了稀有金属Li、Rb、Sr、Cs、Nb、Ta、Be、Zr、Hf含量分析测试。结果表明:(1)岩体明显富集Li、Rb、Cs、Be、Zr,高于华南燕山期花岗岩平均值,Sr、Nb、Ta则相对亏损;(2)Li、Rb、Cs等稀有金属自西向东逐渐升高,Sr则逐渐降低,Nb、Ta、Hf等除了个别地方出现"特高值"之外,基本保持稳定;(3)相比于同时期的邻区香花岭岩体,骑田岭岩体虽然富集了一定量的稀有金属,但要形成或找到香花岭这样的稀有金属矿床还要注意剥蚀、保存条件。结合地球物理特征和岩体地质特征,认为骑田岭岩体自南东向北西斜向侵位的可能性很大,这可能也是造成骑田岭岩体稀有金属元素分带的原因。     

内蒙古东部红山子复式岩体晚侏罗世黑云母花岗岩地球化学特征及地质意义

位于沽源—红山子铀成矿带北东段的红山子复式岩体,由晚侏罗世早期碱长花岗岩、黑云母花岗岩和早白垩世早期细粒黑云母花岗岩、花岗斑岩组成,并以晚侏罗世早期碱长花岗岩、黑云母花岗岩为主体。晚侏罗世早期黑云母花岗岩包括中细粒黑云母花岗岩和似斑状黑云母花岗岩两种,它们均具高硅、富碱、钾和铁、贫铝和低钙、镁的主量元素特征,SiO_2分别为75.2%～76.6%和74.6%～75.3%,(K_2O+Na_2O)分别为8.19%～8.96%和8.78%～9.10%, K_2O/Na_2O分别为1.19～1.39和1.29～1.35,在SiO_2—MALI图解中落入钙碱值与碱钙值A型花岗岩区域内;Al_2O_3的含量分别为11.5%～12.3%和12.5%～12.7%,CaO分别为0.30%～1.24%和0.76%～0.83%,A/CNK分别为0.90～0.97和0.93～0.96,均不含标准矿物刚玉;FeO+Fe_2O_3分别为2.23%～2.65%和2.33%～2.48%(均1.00%),锆石饱和温度分别为834～869℃和819～839℃(均800℃),具有A型花岗岩的富铁和高温特征。中细粒黑云母花岗岩和斑状黑云母花岗岩稀土含量较高、富集轻稀土、重稀土分异不明显和Eu强烈亏损,富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Th、K等和高场强元素Zr、Hf、Nd、Ta、Y等,亏损大离子亲石元素Ba、Sr等,Zr+Nb+Ce+Y的含量分别为897×10~(-6)～1236×10~(-6)和513×10~(-6)～643×10~(-6)(均350×10~(-6)),10000Ga/Al值分别为6.28～6.90和3.28～3.98(均大于2.6),具有A型花岗岩的微量元素特征。在Nb—Y—3Ga、Nb—Y—Ce和Y/Nb—Rb/Nb图解中显示A_1和A_2型过渡型花岗岩的特征,微量元素构造判别图解显示板内拉张构造环境。中细粒黑云母花岗岩和斑状黑云母花岗岩具有较低的■、较高的ε_(Nd)(t)、较年轻的T_(DM2)、较低的■、■、■和较低的δ~(18)O_(V-SMOW),表明岩浆源于年轻下地壳底部的部分熔融,且经历了高温热液蚀变作用。可见,中细粒黑云母花岗岩和斑状黑云母花岗岩是在板内拉张构造环境下,由源于Ⅰ型富集地幔的基性岩浆底侵于下地壳和少量古老下地壳混染后,形成的年轻下地壳再部分熔融形成的A_2型花岗岩。根据中细粒黑云母花岗岩和斑状黑云母花岗岩U含量较高,分别为7.3×10~(-6)～22.3×10~(-6)(平均14.6×10~(-6))和4.53×10~(-6)～6.90×10~(-6)(平均6.01×10~(-6)),并经历了高温热液蚀变作用,特别是前者与晚侏罗世火山岩的内、外接触带中已发现铀矿化,提出晚侏罗世黑云母花岗岩的内、外接触带是深入开展铀矿勘查的有利部位。     

大兴安岭南段海流特高分异花岗岩锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学及成矿意义

大兴安岭南段在晚侏罗世-早白垩世期间集中爆发有多期岩浆活动,深入讨论花岗岩岩石成因及岩浆演化过程对该地区中生代地球动力学背景及成矿作用研究具有重要意义。本文报道了海流特中粒二长花岗岩、细粒二长花岗岩、花岗伟晶岩的锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄和全岩地球化学数据。海流特中粒二长花岗岩、细粒二长花岗岩、花岗伟晶岩的锆石²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U加权平均年龄分别为142.0±0.7 Ma、141.2±1.1 Ma、139.7±2.4 Ma,属早白垩世。样品主量元素表现为高硅、富碱,A/CNK值为1.01~1.18,平均1.09,属弱过铝质。微量元素富集Rb、Th、K等大离子亲石元素(LILE),亏损Ba、Sr、P、Ti等高场强元素(HFSE),Eu负异常明显(δEu=0.012~0.040),Zr+Nb+Ce+Y值介于38.25×10^-6~258.2×10^-6之间,小于350×10^-6,锆石饱和温度为723~778℃,未见原生白云母及碱性暗色矿物。岩浆演化过程中经历了斜长石、钾长石等矿物的分离结晶,且Zr/Hf、La/Ta、La/Nb值低于正常花岗岩范围,Nb/Ta、Y/Ho值处于正常花岗岩区域,稀土四分组效应参数TE_1,3介于1.18~1.34之间,大于1.1。综上,海流特岩体属早白垩世高分异I型花岗岩,在结晶分异过程中存在弱的熔-流体相互作用,具有钨锡、稀有金属等成矿潜力。     

延边开山屯花岗闪长岩-石英闪长岩体年代学、地球化学特征及对古太平洋板块俯冲作用时限的制约

近年来古太平洋构造域的构造演化备受学者关注。本文报道的延边开山屯地区花岗闪长岩-石英闪长岩体LAICP-MS U-Pb年龄表明其形成时间为早侏罗世早期(198±1Ma),所采样品可根据Zr/Hf值分为高Zr/Hf值组花岗闪长岩和低Zr/Hf值组石英闪长岩。高Zr/Hf值组花岗闪长岩起源深度浅,富集Rb、Th、U、K等大离子亲石元素(LILEs),贫Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素(HFSEs),具壳源岩浆的特点。低Zr/Hf值组为壳源岩浆与来自深部的亏损地幔岩浆混合而成,岩石亏损Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf、Ti等高场强元素,具有典型的弧型岩浆地球化学特征。岩体中存在细粒闪长质包体,镜下可见针柱状磷灰石。开山屯岩体属钙碱性系列岩石,结合前人资料,认为其与该地区同时代火成岩组成北-东向分布的早侏罗世活动大陆边缘型火成岩带,而位于该带西侧的小兴安岭-张广才岭地区存在同时代弧后拉张带,两者构成典型的大陆弧与弧后拉张带模型,共同揭示了早侏罗世早期古太平洋板块对东北地区的俯冲作用。     

北淮阳东段河棚岩体地球化学特征、LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄及地质意义

河棚岩体位于北淮阳东段河棚地区,为似斑状细粒黑云钾长花岗岩,具较高的SiO_2和碱质含量,属于偏铝质碱性系列岩石。稀土元素含量中等,LaN/YbN与LREE/HREE值均较大,HREE相对于LREE明显亏损,Eu弱负异常,具较弱的Ce负异常,轻稀土分馏较明显,重稀土较平坦,属轻稀土富集型。岩石富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Ba、K和高场强元素Th、U、Ce、Zr、Hf,亏损Nb、Ta、Sr、Ti、P。通过LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年,获得河棚岩体206Pb/238 U年龄为128.6±2.1 Ma,表明该岩体形成于燕山晚期,是早白垩世早期岩浆活动的产物,代表河棚岩体的成岩年龄。主、微量元素地球化学特征表明河棚岩体属于非造山A型花岗岩,形成于燕山晚期伸展构造环境。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.