海平面上升的淹没效应和岸滩冲淤对潮间带湿地面积影响的分离估算

海平面上升的淹没效应导致潮间带湿地面积损失,泥沙淤积可以抵消海平面上升的影响而使潮间带湿地面积持续增长。潮间带湿地面积的实际变化取决于这两个因素的抗衡。本文通过对崇明东滩固定断面高程的重复测量,结合海平面上升速率和潮间带坡度,尝试分离海平面上升和泥沙淤积两因子对潮间带湿地面积变化的影响。结果表明,2005～2010年间,泥沙淤积使崇明东滩潮间带湿地面积增加1.79km2（平均0.36km2/a）,而相对海平面上升的＂淹没＂效应导致崇明东滩潮间带湿地面积损失约0.44～0.64km2（0.09～0.13km2/a）,潮间带面积实际增长1.15～1.35km2（0.23～0.27km2/a）。今后几十年,受全球海平面加速上升和长江入海泥沙进一步减少的影响,崇明东滩潮间带湿地的净淤涨速率可能进一步下降,崇明东滩湿地的开发利用将面临新的挑战。     

全球海平面变化与中国珊瑚礁

本文以政府间气候变化专业委员会（IPCC）于2001年专门报告中关于21世纪内全球气候变化的温度和海平面变化的预估为前提。简要介绍了中国珊瑚礁的定位、类型和分布,对其进行了成熟度分类,评估了全球海平面变化对中国珊瑚礁的影响。据预测,21世纪我国各海域海平面上升以南海最大,为32 ~ 98cm,其平均上升速率为0.32 ~ 0.98cm/a。从海平面上升速率与珊瑚礁生长速率的理论对比分析,中国珊瑚礁基本上能与前者同步生长,即使海平面以预估高值上升,也不会威胁其生存。从中国珊瑚礁成熟度较高、其生长趋势以侧向生长为主的现实状况出发,未来全球海平面上升能为其创造向上生长的有利条件。从古地理学“将古论今”观点出发,自全新世6000aBP以来曾存在过的高海平面和较高表层海水温度的历史,也可以佐证,21世纪的全球海平面上升不会对中国珊瑚礁的存在和发育造成威胁。现存的珊瑚礁岛应对于全球海平面上升,可以做到“水涨岛高”,它们能够屹立于上升了的未来海平面之上;但对于岛上的人工建筑物则会被浸、被淹,或被淘蚀和破坏,因此必须根据海平面上升的幅度和速率,采取相应的防御措施。     

利用盐沼泥炭重建长江三角洲北部全新世中期海平面

根据对长江三角洲北部海安地区4个钻孔标志性沉积物(潮上带盐沼泥炭、高潮滩沉积)的年龄测定和高程测量,以及沉积物压实沉降量的分析研究,重建了本研究区全新世中期8.1～7.3 cal kyr BP和5.6～5.4 cal kyr BP的相对海平面位置。结果显示,8.1～7.3 cal kyr BP海平面缓慢上升1.46m,上升速率仅为0.2cm/yr, 与三角洲南部全新世早期海平面的快速上升(2cm/yr)形成鲜明对比,验证了冰盖控制下的全球海平面阶段性波动上升模式。对比长江三角洲地区海平面曲线发现,三角洲北部海平面曲线较南部低5～6m,长江三角洲海平面曲线与世界各地海平面曲线也存在明显差异,分析认为主要是由长江口地区的差异性沉降和中国东部边缘海的水均衡作用两个因素引起的。     

黄河三角洲进积与滨海湿地地质环境演替模式

本文通过对黄河三角洲5个钻孔岩芯的沉积学观测、微古分析、14C测年,同时结合历史记录及遥感资料,分析了本区末次冰后期以来的沉积序列,重建了近10ka以来古环境演变过程,分析了古环境演化对滨海湿地演替的控制作用。本文着重讨论了黄河三角洲进积与湿地形成演替规律,总结了从水生系统、浅海湿地系统、潮滩湿地直至上三角洲平原湿地向陆地生态系统的演替模式。同时通过对现代黄河三角洲与老黄河三角洲演化模式进行对比,提出气候变化、人类活动会加速和改变湿地地质环境演替进程和方向的一般规律。笔者等还进一步提出,由于人类活动的影响,1855年之后湿地演替速率明显加快,约达8~33倍。古环境的重建与滨海湿地响应机制研究可更清楚地理解湿地如何对未来环境变化进行响应,包括海平面上升,从而为滨海湿地保护与管理实践活动提供科学导向。     

中国沿岸海平面上升与海岸灾害

政府间气候变化专门委员会1995年气候变化评价报告指出,全球海平面在过去的100年里上升了18cm,预测全球海平面将加速上升,在2050年时上升20cm,2100年时上升49cm.根据近40多年的验潮资料分析,中国沿岸海平面上升速率为1.4～2.0mm/a,与全球上升速率一致。由于沿海许多地区的严重地面沉降,地壳垂直升降的不同,以及其它因素的影响,我国沿岸海平面的相对上升各不相同,严重地区的上升速率要大得多。海平面的加速上升必将使我国沿海大部地区的风暴潮等自然灾害更加严重。     

浅水湖盆河控三角洲前缘砂体分布特征与沉积模式探讨--以松辽盆地北部永乐地区葡萄花油层为例

在我国古代的松辽盆地和现代的鄱阳湖等大型坳陷湖盆内发现的浅水湖盆河控三角洲的骨架砂体类型、垂向沉积层序及相带分异等方面与正常三角洲存在很大的差异, 需要进一步深入研究。利用野外露头、现代沉积和地下岩芯、测井、地震等资料精细解剖及分析表明, 浅水湖盆河控三角洲前缘发育大量、密集、窄的水下分流河道砂体, 砂体连续且水下延伸较远, 直至消失变成薄的水下薄层砂(河口坝或席状砂)。每支水下分流河道构成了由中心向两侧及前方:水下分流河道→薄层砂核部→薄层砂边缘→水下分流间湾的平面微(能量)相序列, 形成三角洲前缘“河控带状体”。浅水湖盆河控三角洲前缘不同的相位空间位置具有不同的沉积模式, 由岸向湖依次发育高低水位间过渡带“近岸沉积”模式、近岸浅水带“河控带状体”模式、中岸中等水深带“水下分流河道末端河控薄层砂”模式和远岸深水带“浪控席状砂”模式。     

珠江三角洲地区全新世以来的沉积速率与沉积环境分析

为了探讨全新世以来珠江三角洲沉积演变的时空变化特征,将全新世珠江三角洲划分为4个阶段、12个区域,并根据92个钻孔,分别统计计算了不同阶段和区域的沉积速率。研究表明:（1）珠江三角洲在全新世4个阶段中的平均沉积速率有较大变幅,其中在10.0~7.5 ka BP最小,仅为1.27 mm/a,在7.5~5.0 ka BP阶段最大,为2.34 mm/a。这主要受沉积基底地形、海平面上升所引起的沉积空间的差异性所导致;（2）距今2 500年以来虽然由于人类活动频繁使珠江来沙量增多,但由于河湾中河道的形成、束窄,沉积物被输运到外海的比例不断增加,使得该时期平均沉积速率并不是全新世各期中最大;（3）由于三角洲复杂边界对河流和海洋动力的改造和重塑,高海面期三角洲的沉积中心同时分布在中部不同区域。表明三角洲的进积模式不同于其它大型三角洲——三角洲的发育并非单一自河口向外海逐渐发展,而是不同区域的沉积体同时多向发育。     

黔西上二叠统含煤层气系统特征及其沉积控制

基于黔西地区晚二叠世含煤地层钻井岩芯观察及样品分析测试结果,指出沉积环境对“多层叠置独立含煤层气系统”
的发育具显著的控制作用。研究结果表明,含煤岩系中低渗透岩层的分布对“多层叠置独立含煤层气系统”的形成具有分
划性的阻隔作用,这种分划性隔水阻气的发育受控于沉积环境,从三角洲平原相区至三角洲前缘相区含煤地层中具低孔渗
透条件的隔水阻气层渐趋发育,导致垂向含煤层气系统渐趋复杂。三角洲平原相区偏于氧化环境,不利于准同生成岩-早
成岩作用阶段菱铁矿和黄铁矿的形成,层序内最大海侵面附近泥岩的封堵性能相对减弱,使得原本相对孤立的含气组合彼
此连通构成相对统一的含气系统,垂向含煤层气系统相对简单;而三角洲前缘相区含煤地层中具低孔渗透条件的隔水阻气
层相对发育,垂向含煤层气系统较为复杂。     

压实作用下广西典型红树林区沉积速率及海平面上升对红树林迁移效应的制衡

气候变化造成的海平面上升是迫使红树林向陆迁移的主要驱动力, 而其自身通过捕沙促淤不同程度的减缓了海平面上升速率的影响。基于广西典型红树林区8根短柱的210Pb测年和含水率分析, 以考虑/未考虑沉积物压实作用为研究情景, 通过对比研究红树林区潮滩地表高程抬升速率和相对海平面上升速率的大小关系, 揭示当前海平面上升对广西红树林向陆/向海迁移的驱动机制。研究发现:未考虑压实作用下的沉积速率约是考虑压实作用下沉积速率的1.00~1.34倍(平均1.12倍), 压实作用明显;压实沉积速率介于0.16~0.78 cm/a, 其底层压实沉积速率与潮滩地表高程抬升速率相等。压实作用下, 英罗湾和丹兜海红树林区的地表高程抬升速率小于相对海平面上升速率;与未考虑压实作用得到的结论相悖。由于广西红树林海岸大都建有防波堤, 限制了红树林向陆的迁移;表明英罗湾和丹兜海的红树林正面临海平面上升的威胁。压实作用校正与否对地表高程抬升速率与相对海平面上升速率相当的区域尤为重要。     

湖泊三角洲的地层模式和骨架砂体的特征

大型湖泊三角洲主要形成于淡水或微咸水湖的滨岸地带。湖泊三角洲的突出特征是以分流河道砂体为骨架,河口坝沉积不发育.笔者按地层特征将湖泊三角洲分为两种基本类型:一种是缺乏完整进积序列的薄的浅水台地型三角洲,另一种是进积序列较完整的巨厚的深水盆地型三角洲。前者发育在基底稳定.水深很浅的滨岸带,后者是三角洲推进到有巨厚泥质充填物的深盆地区的产物。在大型湖盆中,随着盆地的充填作用,三角洲体系可以在空间上从“浅水”型向“深水”型过渡,在时间上从“深水”型向“浅水”型连续地演变。     

Integrating Successional Ecology and the Delta Lobe Cycle in Wetland Research and Restoration

Inactive deltas are more extensive than active deltas in most deltaic landscapes; thus, the subsurface generally is dominated by mineral sediments that rapidly accreted at different times, whereas the landscape at any one time generally is dominated by ephemeral emergent wetlands that are slowly accreting via vegetative growth. Subsidence is slow enough in most deltas that emergent wetlands, although ephemeral, can persist for millennia but accelerating global sea level rise probably will slow wetland creation in active deltas and accelerate the loss of existing wetlands in inactive deltas this century worldwide. A recent publication created confusion regarding the effects of river management on coastal Louisiana, where spatially variable subsidence is great enough in some areas to mimic extremely rapid sea level rise. I show how integrating Successional Ecology with the Delta Lobe Cycle, and correcting some omissions and errors in recent publications, clarifies the effects of river management in coastal Louisiana and provides a framework for predicting deltaic landscape dynamics worldwide. Successional Ecology provides a framework for understanding changes in natural and managed environments worldwide, whereas the Delta Lobe Cycle provides a framework for understanding river-dominated deltas worldwide. Sediment diversions are a form of river management that removes artificial barriers to river flow and are designed to mimic hydrologic conditions during the active delta stage of the Delta Lobe Cycle by focusing rapid mineral sedimentation in open water and thus creating new emergent wetlands. Freshwater diversions are another form of river management that also removes artificial barriers to river flow but are designed to mimic hydrologic conditions during the inactive stages of the Delta Lobe Cycle by reducing salinity stress over large areas of emergent wetlands and thus promoting marsh vertical accretion via vegetative growth. The Delta Lobe Cycle and both types of river diversions also create salinity gradients that simultaneously increase the sensitivity of emergent wetlands to disturbance while increasing the ability of emergent wetlands to recover from disturbance. Freshwater diversions only slow the loss of existing wetlands because the natural Delta Lobe Cycle, artificial channels that increase salinity stress, artificial ridges that increase flooding stress, and repeated disturbances eventually will cause vertical accretion via vegetative growth to become inadequate. Formally integrating these concepts might advance research and restoration in deltaic landscapes worldwide especially in the majority of deltas where inactive deltas are more extensive than active deltas.     

Response scenarios for the deltaic plain of the Rhône in the face of an acceleration in the rate of sea-level rise with special attention to<Emphasis Type="Italic">Salicornia</Emphasis>-type environments

One of the most critical problems facing many deltaic wetlands is a high rate of relative sea-level rise due to a combination of eustatic sea-level rise and local subsidence. Within the Rhône delta, the main source of mineral input to soil formation is from the river, due to the low tidal range and the presence of a continuous sea wall. We carried out field and modeling studies to assess the present environmental status and future conditions of the more stressed sites, i.e.,Salicornia-type marshes with a shallow, hypersaline groundwater. The impacts of management practices are considered by comparing impounded areas with riverine areas connected to the Rhône River. Analysis of vegetation transects showed differences between mean soil elevation ofArthrocnemum fruticosum (+31.2 cm),Arthrocnemum glaucum (+26.5 cm), bare soil (+16.2 cm), and permanently flooded soil (?12.4 cm). Aboveground and belowground production showed that root:shoot ratio forA. fruticosum andA. glaucum was 2.9 and 1.1, respectively, indicating more stressful environmental conditions forA. glaucum with a higher soil salinity and lack of soil drainage. The annual leaf litter production rate of the two species is 30 times higher than annual stem litter production, but with a higher long-term decomposition rate associated with leaves. We developed a wetland elevation model designed to predict the effect of increasing rates of sea-level rise on wetland elevation andSalicornia production. The model takes into account feedback mechanisms between soil elevation and river mineral input, and primary production. In marshes still connected to the river, mineral input decreased quickly when elevation was over 21 cm. Under current sea-level rise conditions, the annual amount of riverine mineral input needed to maintain the elevation of the study marshes is between 3,000 and 5,000 g m^?2 yr^?1. Simulations showed that under the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change best estimate sea-level rise scenario, a mineral input of 6,040 g m^?2 yr^?1 is needed to maintain marsh elevation. The medium term response capacity of the Rhône deltaic plain with rising sea level depends mainly on the possibility of supplying sediment from the river to the delta, even though the Rhône Delta front is wave dominated. Within coastal impounded marshes, isolated from the river, the sediment supply is very low (10 to 50 g m^?2 yr^?1), and an increase of sea-level rise would increase the flooding duration and dramatically reduce vegetation biomass. New wetland management options involving river input are discussed for a long-term sustainability of low coastal Mediterranean wetlands.     

黄海、渤海陆架区可见黄河三角洲沉积的形成时代

对于黄河形成史的研究存在两种不同的意见,其一认为黄河在第三纪以前就已出现;其二认为黄河在晚更新切末期才最终得以贯通。黄河的贯通与青藏高原隆起密切相关,黄河不可能在海拔较高的源头出现之关就已存在。冰期海退时期的陆架不存在类似现在的黄河。现代长江口以北地区在末次冰期 非常恶劣的自然环境,部分地区为冻土带分布区,部分地区为古沙漠活动区。     

1962—2019年锡尔河-咸海三角洲湿地时空变化及驱动因素

咸海周边环境变化对中亚干旱区生态稳定有重要影响,研究锡尔河-咸海三角洲湿地演变对认识流域生态环境变化、实施生态修复等具有重要意义。基于多源遥感数据采用面向对象分层提取法方法,分析1962—2019年锡尔河下游三角洲湿地的时空变化特征,并结合咸海变化、耕地变化、河流水量和水利工程建设等探讨近60a湿地变化的驱动因素。研究表明:①近60 a在咸海持续萎缩的情况下,锡尔河下游三角洲湿地呈现先减小后增加的变化趋势,其中1962—1980年、1981—1991年和1992—2019年3个阶段的变化率分别为-38.29 km2/a、193.35 km2/a和14.36 km2/a;②湿地变化有明显的空间差异,锡尔河南、北2个入湖口区的湿地自1980年以来向咸海湖区扩张明显,耕地混合区的湿地自1991年以来向河道两侧扩张;③ 1962年后在入三角洲径流量总体减少的趋势下,灌渠建设和生态用水配置是三角洲湿地面积增加的主要原因,间接导致咸海入湖水量减少,咸海快速萎缩。锡尔河三角洲湿地恢复与咸海干涸形成了明显的生态反差,不利于咸海周边生态的整体恢复。     

末次冰消期以来长江口沉积环境演化及沿岸流变化

长江口附近的沿岸流和水团变化对研究长江三角洲沉积物的“源-汇”机制具有重要意义.对HZK2孔沉积物的粒度、年龄和有孔虫分布特征进行了研究分析.结果表明:HZK2孔52.5 m以上有孔虫均有分布,底栖有孔虫丰度在12 m以上和26.0~52.5 m含量超过40枚/g,代表不同沿岸流和水团的有孔虫属种含量在垂向上呈现明显的分带性.HZK2孔全新世以来经历了河口湾和水下三角洲两大沉积体系,并在全新世早期发育潮流沙脊.末次冰消期,钻孔所在位置受长江冲淡水和苏北沿岸流共同影响.全新世早期,则受苏北沿岸流影响为主;在此之后,长江口冲淡水的作用减弱,苏北、黄海沿岸流影响较强.全新世中晚期,苏北沿岸流、长江冲淡水、江浙沿岸流和东海外海水团多种水体共同作用钻孔所在海域,全新世晚期长江冲淡水作用占绝对优势.      

全球变化中的浅海沉积作用与物理环境演化——以渤、黄、东海区域为例

以渤、黄、东海陆架区为例 ,综合评述入海沉积物通量、浅海沉积作用和人类活动影响下的物理环境变化。黄河、长江沉积物入海后主要堆积于河口附近 ,沉积速率为 10～ 10 0mm/a ,部分物质输运至陆架区 ,形成泥质沉积体 ,其沉积速率为 1mm/a量级。但目前河流入海沉积物通量呈减小趋势 ,今后河口附近的堆积将会减缓 ,并在总体上转化为侵蚀状态。在过去的 7ka里 ,来自黄河、长江等河流的沉积物形成了河口三角洲、滨海平原、潮流脊和潮汐汊道沉积体系 ,其演化方式是双重的 ,既有常态边界条件和外力作用下的演化 ,又有边界条件和外力作用发生变异时的演化。边界条件和外力作用变异的原因包括入海通量变化、全球气候变化、海面上升和人类活动等。建议从中国海岸带城市化发展的现状和需求出发 ,对此进行深入研究。     

Mangrove wetland ecosystems in Ganges-Brahmaputra delta in Bangladesh

The Sundarbans is one of the productive mangrove wetland ecosystems in the Ganges-Brahmaputra delta in Bangladesh. The delta is undergoing rapid ecological changes due to human activity. In the present study, surface water salinity data from 13 rivers of the Sundarbans were collected in order to investigate the saline water intrusion in the mangrove wetlands. Results demonstrate that saline water has penetrated the upstream area as river water salinity has increased significantly in 1976 compared to the year 1968. The soil and river water salinity data also shows that it has crossed the water salinity threshold line in most parts of the Sundarbans wetlands. These observations are due to the construction of Farakka Barrage in 1975, which reduced the water discharge of the Ganges River from 3700 m³/s in 1962 to 364 m³/s in 2006. The shortage of freshwater discharge to the deltaic area is trailing active ecosystems function, especially in the dry season in the south western region in Bangladesh. The objective of this study is to understand and analyze the present degraded mangrove wetland ecosystems and their negative impacts. The findings of this study would contribute to the formulation of the mangrove wetland ecosystems management plan in the Ganges delta of Bangladesh.     

Impacts of sea-level rise on deltas in the Gulf of Mexico and the Mediterranean: The importance of pulsing events to sustainability

In deltas, subsidence leads to a relative sea-level rise (RSLR) that is often much greater than eustatic rise alone. Because of high RSLR, deltaic wetlands will be affected early by an acceleration of eustatic sea-level rise. If there is sufficient vertical accretion, wetlands can continue to exist with RSLR; however, lack of sediment input eventually leads to excessive water logging and plant death. Areas with low tidal range, such as the Mediterranean and Gulf of Mexico, are especially vulnerable to rising water levels because the elevational growth range of coastal vegetation is related to tide range. Reduction of suspended sediments in rivers and prevention of wetland flooding by river dikes and impoundments have reduced sediment input to Mediterranean and Gulf of Mexico deltaic wetlands. This sediment deficit will become more important with an acceleration in sea-level rise from global warming. Most sediment input occurs during strong pulsing events such as river floods and storms, and management policies and decisions are especially designed to protect against such events. Management approaches must be reoriented to take advantage of pulsing events to nourish marsh surfaces with sediments. We hypothesize that deltas can be managed to withstand significant rates of sea-level rise by taking advantage of pulsing events leading to high sediment input, and that this type of management approach will enhance ecosystem functioning.